Inkqubo ekhethwa ngayo ngumongameli abanyuli bephondo. Le nkqubo yonyulo engangqalanga, esungulwe nguMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Ngeli xesha abemi bephosa amavote abo bacela umongameli rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine, eneneni bavota ukuba bakhethe isileti sabanyuli abaza kukhetha ngokusemthethweni umongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli kwiKoliji ye-Electoral. Le nkqubo yonyulo, emiselwe nguMgaqo-siseko wase-U.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko soKhetho loMphathi-majoni

Inqaku II, Icandelo 1, iCandelo 2 loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States liyalela urhulumente ngamnye ukuba amisele inani labanyuli abalingana nelo qela lengingqi lesizwe kwaye anike isekela-ndlu yowiso-mthetho nganye ukumisela indlela abanyulwa ngayo. Eli lungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko linika amadinga ngengqiqo ebanzi ngeli limisela inkqubo esisiseko yeKholeji ye-Electoral.

I-Electoral College inabanyuli abangama-538, kwaye uninzi lwabavoti abangama-270 abavoti bayafuneka ukunyusela uMongameli. Urhulumente ngamnye unenani elifanayo labanyuli njengoko enjalo kumalungu akwingingqi yeKhomishini yawo: elinye kwilungu ngalinye kwiNdlu yabameli kunye nabaPhathiswa ababini. Ngaphantsi koLawulo lwama-23 lomGaqo-siseko, i-Didi yaseColumbia inikwa abanyuli abathathu kwaye iphathwa njengeLizwe ukwenzela iinjongo ze-Electoral College.

Abalayishi bemithetho-siseko bayila le nkqubo njengokulungelelanisa phakathi konyulo oluqhelekileyo nokhetho oluqhelekileyo oluvela kwiKhomishini. Inkqubo yokusebenzisa abanyuli ivela kumGaqo-siseko kwaye yayikulalanisa phakathi kwevoti ethandwayo yabemi kunye nevoti ekwiKhomishini. Eli lungiselelo labonisa inkxalabo ngonxibelelwano kwinkulungwane ye-18, umnqweno wokulungelelanisa urhulumente norhulumente, kunye nemibuzo emalunga namandla okhetho lokuvavanya abacholi bemiweyo kumazwe akude.

Igunya loMthetho kaRhulumente Ngaphezu Kokhetho

Amazwe anamandla amakhulu okumisela iinkqubo zawo zokukhetha abachongi, phantsi kwemiqathango ethile yomgaqo-siseko. Urhulumente ngamnye umisela abanyuli abasebenzisa iinkqubo zomthetho ezimiselwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Eli gunya liye laphumela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika kwaye liyaqhubeka livelisa iinguqulelo kwindlela yokusebenza yanamhlanje.

INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaphawula ukuba amajelo angakhetha phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo ezivumelekileyo zokukhetha abachongi, kuquka ngendlu yowiso-mthetho ngokwayo kwivoti edityanisiweyo yezindlu ezimbini, ngokuvota kwabantu ngethikithi jikelele, ngokuvota kwabantu ezithilini, ngokukhetha ngokwenxalenye ngabantu abavota kwisithili nakwindlu yowiso-mthetho, ngokukhetha yindlu yowiso-mthetho, ngokukhetha yindlu yowiso-mthetho kubantu abavotele abantu abakwisithili, nangezinye iindlela.

Noko ke, ubulumko borhulumente abunasiphelo. La mandla anikiweyo asoloko ephantsi komlinganiselo wokuba angesetyenziswa ngendlela echasene namanye amalungiselelo akhethekileyo omGaqo-siseko. Amazwe akanakusebenzisa igunya lawo lokukhetha ukulwa nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko olufana nokhuseleko olulinganayo okanye amalungelo okuvota.

Inkqubo yoKhetho lweSitishi-Bini

Ukukhethwa komongameli wabanyuli kwenzeka kwinkqubo yeqonga eliquka amaqela ezobupolitika kunye nabavoti. Ukuqonda omabini amanqanaba kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela abanyulwa ngayo ekugqibeleni.

Ityala Lokuqala: Iqela Lezobupolitika Alizange Liyiguqule Ingcamango KaElector Slates

Inxenye yokuqala yenkqubo ilawulwa ngamaqela ezobupolitika kwiRhulumente nganye kwaye ayahluka kuRhulumente noRhulumente, kunye namaqela adla ngokubeka izikwere zabanyuli abanokuba ngabanyuli kwiindibano zeqela labo lephondo okanye ibakhethe ngevoti yekomiti ephambili yeqela ngokona nawuphi na umthetho iPhondo kunye nangamanye amaxesha iqela lobuzwe elinayo kwinkqubo.

Kumaphondo amaninzi, amaqela amakhulu ezobupolitika akhetha okanye athathe inxaxheba kubantu abaza kusebenza njengabanyuli bomongameli kwiindibano zephondo eziqhutywa ngamaqela ngokwemithetho yeqela kunye neenkqubo. Le nkqubo yeqela yangaphakathi idla ngokuqhubeka kwiminyaka yonyulo lomongameli, phambi konyulo jikelele.

Amaqela ezobupolitika adla ngokukhetha abantu ngabanye ukuze aqonde inkonzo nokuzinikela kwawo kulo mbutho wezobupolitika, kwaye asenokuba ngamagosa kaRhulumente anyuliweyo, iinkokeli zeqela loRhulumente, okanye abantu baseRhulumente abanxulumene ngokobuqu okanye nezobupolitika noMphathiswa weqela lawo. Ukukhethwa njengonyulwa okunokwenzeka kudla ngokugqalwa njengembeko enikwa amalungu athembekileyo eqela.

Le nxalenye yokuqala yenkqubo iphumela kwimvomfanyelo yoMongameli ngamnye onesisodwa esisodwa sabanyuli. Iqela ngalinye elikhulu, kunye namaqela amancinane kunye nabavoti abazimeleyo abafanelekele ukufikelela kwibhola, balungiselela uluhlu lwabo lwabantu abaza kusebenza njengabanyuli ukuba umvoti weqela lowo uyaphumelela kwivoti ethandwayo yesizwe.

Isigaba Sesibini: Ukhetho Lohlobo Lomculo Othandwayo

Ngexesha lonyulo jikelele, abavoti kwiRhulumente nganye bakhetha abanyuli belizwe labo ngokufaka izivoti zabo. Noko ke, le nkqubo yahlukile koko abavoti abaninzi bangakulindelayo. Xa uvotela umvoteli woMongameli, akunguye ngokwenene umvoti woMongameli.

Kunyulo-mali jikelele lwamamongameli wase-U.S., abavoti ngokusemthethweni kwityala leqela lezobupolitika labanyuli, hayi ilona mongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli abatshayeli. Amagama abanyulwa abanokuba ngamalungu okanye asenokungaveli kwivoti ngezantsi kwegama lomongameli, kuxhomekeke kwiinkqubo zonyulo nakwifomati yebholothi kwiLizwe ngalinye.

IUnited States isebenzisa ezi ziphumo zonyulo jikelele, ezikwasaziwa njengevoti ethandwayo, ukumisela abanyuli babo, kunye neqela lezopolitiko eliphumeleleyo leRhulumente elikhetha abantu abaza kuba ngabanyuli. Oku kuthetha ukuba isisoti sabanyuli esinyulweyo seqela labangeneli sisiba yirele esemthethweni eza kukhupha iivoti zikarhulumente zabanyuli.

Iimfuno Zoqinisekiso Neenkqubo

Amazwe amisele iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa ezisesikweni ukubhala ukhetho lwabanyuli nokuqinisekisa ukuba bagcina ingxelo ngokufanelekileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo. Ezi nkqubo zidala indlela esemthethweni yokuhamba kwephepha ukusuka ekunyulweni kwabanyuli abanokwenzeka ngokumiselwa kwabo kokugqibela.

Amaqela ezobupolitika akhetha abanyuli bomongameli ngokwendibano yeqela okanye ikomiti yephondo kwaye kufuneka aqinisekise amagama abanyuli kuNobhala weSizwe. Esi siqinisekiso sokuqala sidla ngokubakho phambi konyulo ngokubanzi kwaye simisela isireleti esisemthethweni sabanyuli beqela ngalinye.

Kumazwe amaninzi, izibophelelo ezongezelelekileyo ziyasebenza kwesi siqinisekiso. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka siquke isivakalisi somnyuli ngamnye ovumayo ukuvota abanyuli bomnyuli womongameli noMphathi-Ongameli ogunyazisiweyo liqela. Le mfuneko yokuqinisekisa inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba abanyuli bayaluqonda ukuzimisela kwabo ukuvota abathathi beqela labo.

Emva konyulo jikelele, amatyala alungiselela isiqinisekiso sonyulo. Emva konyulo jikelele, uMphathi woMmandla ulungiselela isiqinisekiso soluvo lobungqina bodweliso lwabantu bonke abakwizirela zomvotelwa ngamnye, inani levoti nganye eyamkelwe, kwaye ibonisa ukuba ngabaphi abanyulwa njengabanyuli bakaRhulumente.

IElectoral Count Reform Act ichaza ukuba isigqeba sorhulumente esimele siqinisekise ukutyunjwa korhulumente wabanyuli yirhuluneli, ngaphandle kokuba umthetho karhulumente owiswe phambi konyulo uchaza isigqeba esahlukileyo solawulo ukuze sifeze umsebenzi. I-ECRA inika ukuba isigqeba esiphezulu sikarhulumente ngamnye kufuneka siqinisekise isiqwenga sonyulo sikarhulumente sentsuku ezintandathu phambi komhla abavoti abadibana ngawo ngokusemthethweni ukuvota.

Umphumeleli Uthatha- Konke Ngokuphikisana Nenkqubo

Ngelixesha amazwe ekwazi ukuba bhetyebhetye ngendlela anikezela ngayo amavoti awo, uninzi lwamkela indlela yokufumana impumelelo, ngoorhulumente ababini kuphela abasebenzisa indlela eyahlukileyo.

Inqanawa ethatha-onke

I-States ezininzi zinenkqubo "yokuthatha-anke" enika bonke abanyuli kuMphathiswa ophumelele kwivoti ethandwayo kaRhulumente. Kumaphondo angama-48 kunye neWashington, D.C., ophumeleleyo ufumana zonke iivoti zonyulo zelo lizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba nokuba umnyulwa uphumelela ngomda omxinwa, bafumana ikhulukhulu leevoti zelo lizwe.

Umvuzo ofumana yonke inkqubo unika eso siso sonke isisombululo sabanyuli abaphumeleleyo kwivoti ethandwayo kwimo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isondele kangakanani ivoti ethandwayo kwimo yayikubuphi ubuchule bokuphumelela kwaye yenza iimeko apho abathathi-nxaxheba bajolise amaphulo abo kukhuphiswano "kutsala" kunokuba bachaze apho iqela elinye linoncedo olucacileyo.

Ngo1836, umvuzo olupheleleyo lwendawo oluthatha lonke ukhetho lwabanyuli lwaba ngumsebenzi. Ngexa le nkqubo ibingagunyaziswanga ngumGaqo-siseko, uthetha ukuba yamkeleka ngokuthe ngcembe njengendlela yokulawula, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba inyusa impembelelo karhulumente ngamnye kunyulo lomongameli ngokukhupha zonke iivoti zabanyuli njengecandelo elimanyeneyo.

Inkqubo yeSithili seNebraska neMaine

Maine neNebraska ngamnye unomahluko "wokumela iprojekthi". Ngokukhethekileyo, eNebraska naseMaine, uRhulumente ophumeleleyo wamkela abanyuli ababini kunye nomvuzi wesithili ngasinye sombutho wamkela unyulo omnye, ovumela iNebraska neMaine kwabanyulwa abafumana ibhaso kwabaninzi abangeneli.

Maine wamkela isicwangciso sakhe sesithili ngo1972 kunye neNebraska ngo1992, kunye nezibini kwizikhulu zabanyuli ezabelwe umvuzo wovoti edumileyo yaseburhulumenteni ngokubanzi. Le nkqubo ivumela ukuba kubekho ukurhoxa kovotelo lokhetho phakathi kwabanyulwa, oluye lwenzeka kunyulo lwakutshanje. uMaine wahlula iivoti zabo ezine ezikhethiweyo 3-1 kwezingama-2020 kunye no-2016, kunye ne-Nebraska yahlula iivoti zayo ezintlanu zabanyuli 4-1 kwi-2020.

Phantsi kwale ndlela yesithili yengqungquthela, amaphulo kufuneka anikele ingqalelo kungekuphela nje kwiziphumo ezikhoyo kodwa nakwisithili ngasinye, nto leyo engenza izithili ezithile zikhuphisane kakhulu kwanokuba urhulumente uphela uxhomekeke kwiqela elinye.

Izimfaneleko zomGaqo-siseko neMiqathango yabaCwangcisi

Ngoxa amazwe enegunya elibanzi lokukhetha abanyuli, umGaqo-siseko umisela iimfaneleko ezithile nemithetho ethintelayo enokusebenza kule ndima.

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uqulethe amalungiselelo ambalwa kakhulu anxulumene neemfaneleko zabanyuli, neGatya II, icandelo 1, icandelo 2 elinika ukuba akukho Mphathi okanye Ummeli, okanye Mntu ophethe iOfisi yokuThenjelwa okanye i-Inignome phantsi kwe-United States, uza kumiselwa njengomnyuli. Oku kuthintela abalawuli besebe ukuba basebenze njengabanyuli, begcina ulwahlulo phakathi korhulumente kunye nenkqubo yokukhetha esekelwe kurhulumente.

IsiHlanzi se-14 soHlaziyo sinika imvume yokuba amagosa kaRhulumente aye abandakanyeka kwimvukelo okanye ukuvukela iUnited States okanye anikwa uncedo kunye nentuthuzelo kwiintshaba zawo angafaneleki ekukhonzeni njengabanyuli. Oku kunxulumene nexesha lasemva kwemfazwe yeCivil, nangona iseyinxalenye yesiseko somGaqo-siseko.

Ngaphaya kwezi mfuneko zomgaqo-siseko worhulumente, urhulumente angamisela iimfaneleko ezongezelelekileyo kubanyuli. Amaqela ezobupolitika orhulumente ngamnye akhetha isiqwenga sawo sabenyuli abanokuba ngabanyuli, kwaye lowo unyulwe ukuba abe ngumnyuli, njani, kwaye xa ehluka ngokwesizwe. Amazwe afuna abanyuli ukuba babhaliswe ngokusemthethweni kwaye anyanzelise ezinye iindinganiso zokomelela ngomthetho wesizwe.

Ukudibana Kwabaqeqeshi Nokuhlukaniswa Kweeoli

Xa abanyuli benyulwa kunyulo jikelele, kufuneka baququzelele ukuvota kwabo ngokusemthethweni kumongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli. Le ntlanganiso imela incopho yenkqubo yokukhetha umnyuli kunye nelo xesha linye xa iElectoral College isebenza njengoko kucetyiwe.

Ithuba nendawo yeNtlanganiso yeKoleji ye-Electoral

Intlanganiso yabavoti iyenzeka ngoLwesibini lokuqala emva koLwesithathu lwesibini kuDisemba emva konyulo jikelele, kunye nabavoti bentlanganiso eMadolobheni abo, apho bafaka amavoti abo kuMongameli kunye noMongameli weSizwe kwiivoti ezihlukeneyo. Eli xesha lahlaziywa nguMthetho weElectoral Count Reformation ka-2022, owaguqula umhla wentlanganiso ukusuka kuMvulo wokuqala ukuya kuLwesibini emva koLwesithathu lwesibini ngoDisemba.

Abaphandi abadibani kwindawo enye yesizwe. Endaweni yoko, badibana ngexesha elinye kumakomkhulu abo ephondo, ngokuqhelekileyo kwisakhiwo sesizwe secapitol okanye kwesinye isibonelelo sikarhulumente. Le ndlela ilungelelanisiweyo ibonakalisa ubume besizwe benkqubo yeElectoral College kwaye inciphisa ubungozi bokuphazamiseka okanye impembelelo engafanelekanga enokwenzeka ukuba bonke abanyuli bahlanganisene kwenye indawo.

Inkqubo Yokuvelisa Iigesi

Iivoti zabanyuli zibhalwe kwisiqinisekiso seVote, elungiselelwa kwintlanganiso ngabanyuli, kwaye iSatifiketi sikaRhulumente saseVote sithunyelwa kwiBhunga, apho amavoti abalwa khona, nakwi-NARA, njengenxalenye yeerekhodi ezisemthethweni zonyulo loMongameli. Olu xwebhu luqinisekisa ukuba iivoti zorhulumente ngamnye zibhalwe kakuhle kwaye zidluliselwe kurhulumente worhulumente wolawulo ukwenzela inkqubo yokugqibela yokubala.

Inkqubo yokuvota ibandakanya abavoti abakhupha amavote ahlukeneyo kumongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli, njengoko kufuneka nguMphetho-mda weThalfth weSinyuso kumGaqo-siseko. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weTweli-siHlomelo watshintsha inkqubo yokufuna ukuba umongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli ngamnye anyulwe kumavoti ahlukeneyo yiElectoral College, kunye nabameleli ngoku abakhethe ukuba basebenze ecaleni kwabo njengesekela labo elingumongameli.

Abaphengululi Abangenalukholo: Imithetho Nesinyanzelo

Enye yezona mpawu ziphikisanayo zenkqubo yeElectoral College ibandakanya umbuzo wokuba ngaba abanyuli kufuneka bavote abaphumelele kwivoti ethandwayo karhulumente okanye ukuba banobuchule bokuvota ngokwahlukileyo.

Umthetho osisiQhagamshelanisi namalungiselelo oMgaqo-siseko

Akukho lungiselelo lomGaqo-siseko okanye umthetho wamaZwe ofuna abavoti ukuba bavote ngokweziphumo zovoti eyaziwa eUnited States. Kananjalo umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. okanye imimiselo yorhulumente ithetha ngengcamango ye "abanyuli abangakholwayo" njengoko le nkupho igcinelwe amaphondo.

Abavoti abangenalukholo ngabavoti ekugqibeleni abavotela omnye umntu ngaphandle kokuba bathembise. Ukubakho kwabavoti abangenalukholo kuye kwaphakamisa inkxalabo ngokusemthethweni kwedemokhrasi yendlela yeElectoral College kwaye kwashukumisela amazwe amaninzi ukuba amisele imithetho ethetha ngalo mba.

Imithetho yeRhulumente yokuQokelela abaPhathi

Amanye amaZwe afuna abavoti ukuba bavote ngokwevoti ethandwayo, kunye nezi zifungo ziwela kwiindidi ezimbini", abagwebi ababotshelelwe ngumthetho weRhulumente nabo babotshelelwe ngezivumelwano kumaqela ezobupolitika. Uninzi lwamazwe kunye neSithili saseColumbia zinemithetho kwiincwadi ezifuna abanyuli ukuba baqinisekise ukuvotelela abameli babo abangoMongameli noMongameli ophetheyo.

Ubuchule bokunyanzelisa le mithetho bahluka kakhulu. Ngelixesha amaphondo angamashumi amathathu anesithathu kunye neSithili saseColumbia zifuna abanyuli ukuba bavote abathenjiswe, kuphela abali-14 kula mazwe banenkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuthatha indawo yomnyuli ongenalukholo kunye nevoti yakhe egqwethekileyo. Amanye amaphondo ajonge ukwaphula umthetho njengokwenza izithuba ezimele zigcwaliswe, ngexa amanye emisela izigwebo kubanyuli abangenalukholo.

Ukugunyaziswa Kwemithetho KaRhulumente Yinkundla Ephakamileyo

NgoJulayi 2020, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States yathi uRhulumente u "ungamnyulela umnyuli wokwaphula isifungo sakhe kunye nokuvota omnye umntu ngaphandle komvotelwa ongumongameli owaphumelela kwivoti ethandwayo yeRhulumente". Esi sigqibo sikwi khifalo v. Washington wasombulula imibuzo ekudala ihleli ngomGaqo-siseko wemithetho ebophelela abavotisi bombutho wabo.

Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo saqinisekisa ukuba amagunya agunya ukunyanzelisa izifungo zonyulo nokuba ukunyanzeliswa okunjalo akuwphuli umGaqo-siseko. Esi sigqibo siye someleza isiseko esisemthethweni semithetho karhulumente efuna abanyuli ukuba bavote ngokweziphumo ezithandwayo zevoti karhulumente wabo, nangona singafuni mithetho efuna ukuba ilandelwe.

Ukuzalisa Umatshini

Iimeko zivela ngamanye amaxesha apho umnyuli engakwazi ukuya kwintlanganiso ye-Electoral College okanye apho ivoti yomvoti itshitshiswe ngenxa yokuvota okungenalukholo kumazwe asebenza ngokunyanzelisa. Amazwe amisele iinkqubo zokulungisa ezi zithuba.

Ukuba kukho isithuba kwintlanganiso yabanyuli, abavoti kufuneka bavote ukuzalisa isithuba. Iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokuzalisa izithuba ziyahluka-hluka ngurhulumente, kodwa zibandakanya abakhethi abaseleyo abakhetha indawo yeqela elinye lezobupolitika njengomnyuli ongekhoyo okanye ongafanelekanga.

Amanye amazwe achaza abanyuli abatshintshileyo ngaphambili ukuqinisekisa ukuba indawo zingagcwaliswa ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo. Ezi zitshintshiso zikhethwa ngeqela elinye inkqubo yokutyunjwa njengeentloko zabanyuli kwaye zime zilungele ukusebenza ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Indima Yamagosa Onyulo KaRhulumente

Amagosa onyulo lwelizwe, ingakumbi abagcini-zigwebo bakaRhulumente, adlala indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo kwinkqubo yokukhetha abanyuli, nangona bengenagunya kumaqela ezobupolitika angenalo unyulo lwamaqela akhethayo.

Abafihlisi beRhulumente okanye abanye amagosa ayintloko abanyuli bafumana iziqinisekiso ezivela kumaqela ezobupolitika malunga nabanyuli babo abachongiweyo, bagcine iingxelo ezisemthethweni zeziphumo zonyulo jikelele, balungiselele iziqinisekiso zokongamela isiqinisekiso sokuphumelela kwabanyuli, kwaye balungelelane namagunya equmrhu asekuhlaleni ukudlulisela ivoti yonyulo kwiBhunga. Le misebenzi yolawulo iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokukhetha umnyuli isebenza kakuhle kwaye uxwebhu olufanelekileyo lukho kuzo zonke iinqanaba.

Amagosa onyulo lwelizwe akwasebenza njengoovimba bolwazi malunga neenkqubo zikarhulumente ezingqale. Kwinkqubo yeElectoral College kuRhulumente wakho, qhagamshelana noNobhala weSizwe sobuRhulumente bakho. La magosa anganikela iinkcukacha malunga neenkqubo zonyuso lweqela, iifomati zokuchola iibhola, kunye nexesha lamanyathelo awahlukeneyo kwinkqubo.

Imbali ye Evolution yendlela zokukhetha i-Elector

Iindlela ezisetyenziswayo ekukhetheni abanyuli zivele ngokuphawulekayo ukususela oko umGaqo-siseko wavunywayo. Ukuqonda le nkqubela yembali kunikela umongo wezenzo zangoku kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo ngotshintsho lweElectoral College.

Kwiminyaka yokuqala yerepublic, amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa ukumiselwa komthetho kunokuba avotelwe ngokuthandwayo. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zazingakhetha abakhethi ngaphandle komngeni wokuvota. Le nkqubo ngokuthe ngcembe yaphuka iphelelwa ngumdla njengoko inxaxheba yedemokhrasi yanda kwaye amazwe ashukunyiselwa kwiintlobo ezithe ngqo zolawulo oluqhelekileyo.

Ukutshintshela kwindlela ezidumileyo zokuvota zenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe kuyo yonke inkulungwane ye-19. Ngexesha lophakathi ko-1800, uninzi lwamazwe lwamkela uhlobo oluthile lonyulo oludumileyo ekunyulweni kwabakhethi, nangona iindlela ezithile zahluka. Inkqubo yokuphumelela yafumana yonke yaba yeyaqhubekeka ngamandla, nangona yayingafuneki ngokomGaqo-siseko.

Inkulungwane yama-20 yabona ulungiso oluthe vetshe, phantse onke amazwe amkela ulwamkelo lokufumana ungenelelo lonke ngexesha lala maphulo ombutho womongameli. Ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yesithili sombutho ngo1972 kunye neNebraska ngo1992 kwamela ukunduluka okusuka kulo tyekelo, nangona ezi zishiyeka zingurhulumente osebenzisa enye indlela ezimbini kuphela.

Iimbambano Zexesha Elizayo Nezindululo Zotshintsho

Inkqubo karhulumente yokukhetha abavoti iyaqhubeka ivelisa impikiswano ebalulekileyo, nezindululo zotshintsho ezijolise ekutshintsheni abanyuli bekhethelwe okanye bashenxise iElectoral College ngokupheleleyo.

Ingqokelela yeSizwe ebizwa ngokuba yiVote Interstate

Omnye umgudu ophambili wotshintsho ubandakanya iNational Popular Vote Interstate Community, isivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe anenxaxheba kumavoti awo avotilwe kumongameli ophumelele kwivoti ethandwayo yesizwe, kungakhathaliseki iziphumo zeli lizwe lawo. Lo manyano lungasebenza kuphela ukuba amazwe aneleyo aba nenxaxheba ekuphumezeni uninzi lwasekholejini enyuliweyo, kwaye ngoMeyi 2024, amazwe ali-17 kunye neSithili saseColumbia avuma ukuba nenxaxheba.

Le ntsintela imele imigudu yokudala inkqubo yokuvota ethandwayo yesizwe ngaphandle kokuxhasa umGaqo-siseko. Ixhomekeke kwigunya lomgaqo-siseko wamazwe ukumisela indlela abanyuli babo abamiselwa ngayo, besebenzisa elo gunya ukwenza inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo kumazwe amaninzi.

Uluvo Loluntu Ngotshintsho LweElectoral College

Ngokutsho kohlolisiso lwama-2023 olusuka kwiZiko loPuw loPhicondo, ama-65% abantu abadala baseMerika axhasa ukutshintshwa kweElectoral College ukuya kwivoti ethandwayo kulo lonke ilizwe. Olu ninzi lubonisa inkxalabo eqhubekayo ngokugunyaziswa kwedemokhrasi yenkqubo apho umvumi odumileyo ophumeleleyo angaphulukana nonyulo.

Ngo1824, 1876, 188, 2000, no2016, uMongameli weKoleji yase-Electoral (ngoko ke uphakamile-ocet(ukuphulukana nevoti ethandwayo. Ezi meko zongeze impikiswano yokuba inkqubo yangoku ibonisa ngokufanelekileyo na ukuthanda kwabantu baseMelika nokuba utshintsho luyimfuneko kusini na.

UMthetho woTshintsho wama-2022

Umthetho wakutshanje wequmrhu lorhulumente uye wahlaziywa iinkalo ezithile kwinkqubo yeElectoral College, nangona ungatshintshanga ngokusisiseko indlela oorhulumente abakhetha ngayo abachongi.

IKhomishini yadlulisa uMthetho weElectoral Count Reform Act ka-2022 (ECRA), umthetho we-bipartisan oqukiwe njengenxalenye ye-omnisbus appropriation kunye nepakethe yenkqubo ehlaziya uMthetho we-alder Electoral (ECA) wonyaka wama-1887. I-ECA, njengoko ihlaziyiwe yi-ECRA, inika isiseko esingundoqo somthetho sokuyila nokubala i-Elector Colleges kunyulo lomongameli.

I-ECRA ithetha ngokuyintloko kwinkqubo yokubala nokucacisa izinto ezathi zacaca ngexesha lonyulo lwama-2020. Kodwa ke, ikwaquka amalungiselelo achaphazela iinkqubo zikarhulumente, ingakumbi malunga nemigca yexesha elimisiweyo kunye negama labalawuli bephondo abajongene nokumiswa kwamalungiselelo okunyulwa.

Ezi nguqulelo zijolise ekuqiniseni ukuthembeka kwinkqubo yeElectoral College kwaye zinciphise amathuba okuphikisana okanye ukuphatha, ngeli xesha zigcina isiseko sokhetho olusekelwe kurhulumente.

Imisebenzi Esebenzisekayo Yezorhwebo

Ukuqonda indlela abavoti abakhethwa ngayo ngoorhulumente abanemiphumo ebalulekileyo kubavoti abafuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kunyulo lomongameli.

Okokuqala, abavoti kufuneka baqonde ukuba ivoti yabo yesalathisi yivoti yetyala labavoti kunokuba ivele ngqo kubachongi. Oku kunceda kucacise ukuba kutheni iifomati zebhola zahluka ngaphaya kwamaphondo nesizathu sokuba ezinye iibhola zikhethe amagama akhethiweyo ngoxa ezinye zingawavoti.

Okwesibini, inkqubo yokufumana impumelelo esetyenziswa zininzi iirejista ithetha ukuba abavoti kumazwe angaphazamisiyo banokuvakalelwa ukuba amavoti abo anempembelelo encinci kunabavoti kumazwe ajinga-jingayo. Le nto iyokwenene imo elungele ukumiswa kwephulo kunye nempembelelo apho abatshati bagxininisa ixesha labo kunye nobuncwane babo.

Okwesithathu, imithetho yesizwe emalunga nabavoti abangenalukholo inika imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yesiqinisekiso sokuba amavoti azakubonakalisa iziphumo ezithandwayo zevoti. Iivoti ezikhoyo kumazwe anezimo zokunyanzelisa ezinamandla zingaqiniseka ngakumbi ukuba iivoti zikarhulumente zizakuvumelana neziphumo ezithandwayo zevoti.

Ekugqibeleni, ukuqonda inkqubo yokukhetha umvoti kunika amandla abavoti ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo ezinolwazi malunga notshintsho olunokwenzeka nokuvavanya izindululo zokuguqula inkqubo. Ukuba baxhasa isakhiwo sangoku okanye bakhuthaza ezinye iindlela ezingezizo, abavoti bayangenelwa ngokuqonda indlela inkqubo ekhoyo esebenza ngayo.

Oovimba bolwazi oluthe vetshe

Abalawuli abaninzi abagunyazisiweyo banika iinkcukacha ezongezelelekileyo malunga nendlela abakhethi abalawula ngayo oomatshini abakhethiweyo kunye nenkqubo ebanzi yeElectoral College.

Ulawulo lweNational Archives and Records Administration lugcina ulwazi olubanzi malunga ne-Electoral College, kuquka inkcazelo eninzi ngenyathelo ngalinye kwinkqubo kunye namakhonkco kwimithetho ye-ovement. I-website yabo ku abaphathi-mikhosi.gov/umlawuli-mthetho usebenza njengovimba wesizwe osemthethweni.

IBhunga lesiZwe loManyano lobuSekethi beSizwe liqokelela imithetho eshwankathelwe ngokwesivakalisi sombuso malunga nabanyuli bomongameli, linika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha malunga neenkqubo zokuchongwa komtyunjwa, iimfuno zoqinisekiso, kunye nezibophelelo zokhetho kwiphondo ngalinye. Lo mnikelo ubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni iinguqulelo ezicacileyo zemeko kwinkqubo.

INkomfa kaZwelonke yeMithetho yeSizwe inikela uhlalutyo lweenkqubo zeElectoral College kunye nomthetho wemithetho yezomthetho wezonyulo onxulumene nokukhethwa kokhetho. Ubuncwane bayo bunceda abaphengululi kunye nabemi abanomdla baqonde zombini izenzo ezikhoyo kunye neenguqu ezicetyisiweyo.

Iiofisi zonyulo nganye-nganye zikarhulumente zinika ulwazi oluchanekileyo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente. Ukuqhagamshelana nonobhala karhulumente wakho okanye umphathi wonyulo omkhulu anganika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha ngendlela urhulumente wakho akhetha ngayo, akhethe, aphinde afake abanyuli bomongameli.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo ekhethwa ngayo amatyala abanyuli bomongameli ibonisa isakhiwo sorhulumente waseMelika sorhulumente kunye nokunikwa kwegunya lomGaqo-siseko ukuba kuchazwe kule ndawo ibalulekileyo. Ukusuka ekutyunjweni kokuqala kwezileta zonyulo ngamaqela ezobupolitika ngovotelo oluqhelekileyo olumisela ukuba sisiphi isikwere esimisiweyo, kwintlanganiso esesikweni apho abanyuli bafaka amavoti abo, inyathelo ngalinye libandakanya ukudityaniswa komthetho wesizwe, iinkqubo zeqela, kunye neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko.

Ngelixesha inkqubo ivele ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa, ngokuphantse ukuba jikelele kwamkeleke iindlela zokuvota ezithandwayo kunye nolwabelo lomvuzo, amaphondo agcina ububhetyebhetye ngendlela azalisekisa ngayo ezi nkqubo. Ubukho bendlela ezizayo eMaine neNebraska, impikiswano eqhubekayo malunga nemithetho yabanyuli engenalukholo, kunye nezicelo zeenguqu ezingundoqo zonke zibonisa ukuba inkqubo yokukhetha umkhethi ihlala inamandla kwaye ikulungele ukutshintsha.

Ukuqonda indlela abakhethi beemeko abanika ngayo ukuqonda okubalulekileyo ngonyulo lomongameli waseMelika kunye nendima ekhethekileyo efezwa burhulumente ekukhetheni isigqeba esiyintloko sohlanga. Nokuba inkqubo yangoku iyaqhubeka ingatshintshi okanye iphumelele kutshintsho kwiminyaka ezayo, inkqubo esekelwe kurhulumente yokukhetha iza kuhlala iyinxalenye echaza indlela amaMelika akhetha ngayo umongameli wawo.