Uphando lophulo-goqo lumela isixhobo esingaqhelekanga esichuliweyo kwiphulo lezobupolitika. Ngokungafaniyo nohlolisiso olusemthethweni oluyilelwe ukuqokelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke olungachananga, ukunyanzela uphando lwenziwe ukuze kusetyenziswe iimbono ezigqwethekileyo, ukusasaza imbali, kunye nokuvota abaxoleleyo ngemibuzo elayishiweyo okanye ekhohlisayo. Impembelelo yabo iyehla ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kuluntu abambalwa nabacekelwe phantsi, apho baxhaphaza khona ubuqhetseba obukhoyo, ukukhuthaza ukuthelekelela, nokungathembana kwebutho labantu. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukunyanzela ukunyanzela, ukusetyenziswa kwabo ngokwembali nakweli xesha linye ukusetyenziswa kwabo ngokuchasene nabemi abachaphazelekileyo, iziphumo zokuthatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi, kunye nemigaqo esemthethweni ekhoyo ukuphelisa umonakalo kubo.

Ukuqonda Iingcamango Zokurhwebesha: Inkcazelo Nomahluko Kwindawo Engcolileyo Esemthethweni

Uphando olunyanzelisayo lukukurhwebelana ngocingo okanye iphulo lemivo elizimilisa njengeliphengululo lophando. I-American Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR) ichaza ukunyanzela uphando njengeqhinga lezobupolitika elisebenzisa uphando lokusasaza ulwazi olungalunganga okanye olulahlekisayo ngomngeni. Ngokungafaniyo nophando olusemthethweni lwenzululwazi, inyanzelela ukuqokelela uphando oluchanekileyo; endaweni yoko, babuza imibuzo erhabaxa njengathi, “Ngaba ubunokuba usenokuba usenokuba usenokuba nokwenzeka kakhulu okanye usebenzise uphatho lobuqhophololo X ukuba wazi ukuba babe batyholwe nge-embezlez?” Isityholo esisemthethweni sisenokuba bubuxoki ngokupheleleyo, kodwa abafuni bomvoti-fram benza amathanda.

Imibutho yophando olusemthethweni ilandela imilinganiselo engqongqo yendlela yokwenza izinto, iquka imizekelo engakhethiyo, amagama abhalwe ngoonobumba, kunye nokutyhilwa komxhasi wovotelo. Uhlolo lomgqomo, ngokwahlukileyo, lusoloko luxhaswa ziikomiti zezenzo zezopolitiko okanye amaqela ophando oluchasayo angenamdla wokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo. Zidla ngokufikelela kumanani amakhulu avoti-/ikhulu amawaka , zisebenzisa iifowuni ezizenzekelayo okanye ezijoliswe kwizibhengezo zekhompyutha, kanye ngenxa yokuba usukelo lugcwele, alulinganisi. Ikhowudi yophando olucacileyo yemithetho yokuziphatha [ igweba ngokucacileyo, ichaza ukuba “iphando lophando lobugcotho-mkhakha-khanyiso-khanyiso-khaphu" luchasene nemilinganiselo yemisebenzi yophando olunyanisekileyo.

Indlela Ukubhebhetha Kwezinto

Uphando lokufola lusebenza ngeendlela eziliqela:

  • Imibuzo enemiba: Iqulathe iingcamango ezididayo, ezifana nethi “Uxhasa i Candidate Smith, oye wanxulunyaniswa nehlazo?" Naxa kungekho lihlazo.
  • Ukulingana okungeyonyaniso: Ivota zicelwa ukuthelekisa indawo yomntu oza kubhaptizwa kunye nemeko egqithisileyo okanye ejijekileyo ekwindawo emileyo evela kutshaba.
  • Ulwimi olucetyiweyo oluyilelwe ukubangela uloyiko, umsindo, okanye ukukrokrela luyasetyenziswa, lusoloko lujolise amaxhala ohlanga okanye enkcubeko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uphinda- phindo lwe tribtle: Umyalezo omnye odidayo uphinda-phindwa kunxulumano oluninzi okanye izibhengezo, ugxininiso olububuxoki lokuba intengo ikholwe ngokubanzi okanye ixelwe.

Ngenxa yokuba uphando olunyanzelekileyo alulawulwa njengezibhengezo zezobupolitika kwimimandla emininzi, zisebenza kwindawo engekho mthethweni. Olu nxulumano ludla ngokuqala ngomgqomo ofana nothi “Lo nguhlolisiso lwezopolitiko,” kodwa bambalwa abavoti abaluqaphelayo uphatho. Uhlolisiso lwama-202020 lwe-Pew Research Center lufumanise ukuba phantse umntu omnye kwabahlanu kwabahlanu oye wafumana oko wayekholelwa ukuba luhlolisiso lwezopolitiko kamva olwathi kamva lwajika lwaba lukhuthulo lwenkqesho. Olu hlolisiso lwaphawula ukuba iindlela ezinjalo zifikelele kumaqela aphezulu abantu abambalwa abahlala e-RCLT. [[FLT:]] Prew] uphando lubala indlela uphando olungaqhelekanga lwezingciso lwe-otho lwemiza-othom oluthi ye-intanethi lwemizantiodwa ne-intanethi yezo zezorhwebo oluchaphaza okanye ukutyhala i-intsala i-inst.

Ukujoliswa Kobuncinane Nemibutho Engangqubani

Uphando olucinezelayo aluqhutyelwanga ngokuzenzekelayo--------okanye lujoliswe ngabom kuluntu apho uloyiko, ukungathembani, okanye izithuba zolwazi zibangela ukuba abavoti bachaneke kakhulu. Ukuncitshiswa kwamalungu asezantsi, kuquka amaBlack, i-Latino, i-Asia, i-Infrikent, kunye nabemi abaphambukeli, bajongene nembali ende yokuxhatshazwa kwezobupolitika, ukusuka ekucinezelwani kwevoti ukuya kukhuthuthwa kwemiyalezo ethetha ngezizwe.

Iingcali zezobupolitika zikudala ziqonda ukuba uhlanga nohlanga lungabangela ukuba kubekho izinto ezinamandla. Ngeminyaka yee-1980 kunye no-1990, “Iqhinga lasemazantsi” elisebenzisa ulwimi olubhalwe ngekhowudi malunga nentlalo-ntle, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye namalungelo karhulumente ukubhenela kumaxhala obulungu obumhlophe. Namhlanje, ukunyanzela ukuphendla inja efanayo kusebenzisa iimpempendulu ezicacileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuvuselele imbono echaphakileyo. Umzekelo, umfowumbi ubuza: “Ubungazi ukuba iCandite Jones isondelelene ibutho labemi baseSpanic kwaye ufuna ukunika i-Expool bonke abaphambukeli abangangeni?" Isizathu sithetha ukuba amaqhina anjalo anjalo ayingozi, nokokuba imeko yomntu usuke athanda ukurhoxinzele.

Imizekelo Neenkcuba - buchopho Ezingokwembali

Iziganeko eziliqela ezibhaliweyo zibonisa umonakalo oye wabangelwa luhlolisiso olunyanzelekileyo kuluntu oluncinane:

  • Unyulo loMongameli olungu-2008: Ngexesha lephulo lobhabhaki-bhama, lokutyhalela ngemfonomfono eOhio nase Pennsylvania wabuza ukuba ngaba abavoti babeza kuxhasa “ilungu elimnyama elingumSilamsi” (ingcamango yobuxoki). Unxulumano lwalenziwe kwiqela elixhasa uHillary Clinton, nangona iqela lalalelwa ngempazamo ukubhabha-. Noko ke, umphumo wawukuko ukuqinisa uqwalaselo oluyingozi phakathi komlungu.
  • 2016 Ukhetho kunye namaSilamsi-Melika: kwiiveki ezingaphambi konyulo, ukunyanzela uphando kwajolisa uluntu lwama-Arabhu namaMelika namaSilamsi eMichigan, lubuza imibuzo exhobileyo “ngeSilamsi sobuSilamsi” kwaye lubuza amaqhina anxulumene neecawa. Amaqela oluntu anikela ingxelo yokwanda kumagqabaza amaSilamsi onyuko-aphobobc kunye nokuncipha kobhaliso lwevoti phakathi kwamaSilamsi.
  • 2020 Ukhupho lwaseMelika eAsia: Kumaphondo amaninzi, abavoti base-Asia bajolise ivoti ngenkohliso bathi umnyuli “waxhasa ukutshabalalisa ishishini lentsapho yakho” okanye“iintelekelelo zokuphelisa uvumo.” Ezi vizo zasebenzisa umahluko wamava e-Asian American ukwahlula uluntu (bona iMelika yePsychology ye Psychology ukwenzela ukushwankathela).

Izixhobo Zengqondo NezobuGcisa

Uphando locoselelo luphumelele kuluntu olusezantsi kuba lusebenzisa uphengululo oluqinisekisa ukurhanela kunye kwiqela/iqela elingaphandle-iqela lobugosa. Xa umvoti sele eziva ephantsi kwenkqubo yezobupolitika, uhlolo olunyanzelisa ukukrokra kwabo ``ukunganyaniseki kwabo'''. Uvavanyo oluqinisekisa ukuba umvoteki okanye iqela lichasa kwiqela labo(*) linokuziva lithembekile ngakumbi kunolwazi oluvela kwimithombo emikhulu. Ngokungakumbi, amaqela amaninzi asekuhlaleni aye afumana ucalucalucalucalulo olukhoyo kumacandelo karhulumente, ewenza aqonde ngakumbi izisongelo. Uphando oluphapheleyo lwezixhobo luphaphengulule.

Izixhobo zekhompyutha zezentlalo ziphucula iziphumo. Abavumi bovolo olunyanzelisayo ngomnxeba bangabelana “inkcazelo” kubume bengingqi okanye kumaqela eFacebook, apho isasazeka ingadityaniswanga. Iimithetho zokumiselwa kokubophelela ngokuchanekileyo ngokufuthi zinyusa oko kuqulethwe kokukodwa, ingakumbi xa ziquka ulwimi oluchukumisiweyo olumalunga nohlanga okanye unqulo. Uhlolisiso lwama-2021 olusuka kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia lufumaniwe lunzima ukunyanzela ukuba lwabenethuba eliphindwe kane lokubelwa phakathi kwamaqela ezizwe ezinqinileyo, zenza kubekho i-intellions ezithi ezichuliweyo ezithiweyo

Iziphumo Ezibhalwe Ngokwamaphepha

Ingozi ebangelwa kukunyanzeliswa kohlolisiso idlulela ngaphaya komjikelo omnye wonyulo. Kuluntu oluncinane, iziphumo zibandakanya ukuphelelwa kwentembelo yexesha elide kwezobupolitika, ukuncitshiswa kokuthathi-nxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle, kunye nokwanda kwengquzulwano yentlalo.

Ukuphelelwa Kwentembelo

Xa uluntu lufumanisa ukuba luye lwajoliswe kuphando olunyanzelwayo, qha, ingakumbi olulawula ubuhlanga okanye unqulo, lunganzulu. Abalawuli basenokuthi inkqubo yezobupolitika ixhotyiswe ngokwemvelo nxamnye nabo. Uhlolisiso lweBrennan Center for Justice 20222 lufumanise ukuba Black no Latino bavoti abafumene uvavanyo olusenokuba lunyanzele ukunyanzeleka ukuthenjwa okusezantsi konyulo nakumaqela amabini amakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nabo bangazange bafumane. Ukholo luyidemokhrasi.[FLT: 0] luyindawo yedemokhrasi yolawulo-melo [, ukanti lunyanzela ukuba uphendulo olucekisiwe lwemiqatha lwemibatho olufuna ukuqhutyelwa konyuselwa.

Incopho yombane oncitshisiweyo

Enye yezona ziphumo zomonakalo yi uxinzelelo lovoti oluphendulweyo. Uhlolo lotshitshiso ludla ngokusasaza umyalezo othi “omabini amacala ayafana” okanye ukuba umntu othile oza kubhalisa ngokufihlakeleyo utshabalalisa iqela elincinane. Abathathi-nxaxheba abanokuthi bagqibe kwelokuba oku kuthabatha inxaxheba akuncedi. Okanye, ukucinezela kungadala uloyiko lokuthatha indawo ngokudibanisa ukuvota kuyingozi, umzekelo, ukubuza okubuza oku: “Uyazi ukuba ukuvota kwe X kungakhokelela kwimimandla yengingini yakho? Iindlela ezinjalo zibhalwe kwingingqi ye-Latino e-Arizona ne Texas. I-AU ixekelele iimeko ezininzi apho ukuxilonga kusetyenziswa khona ukuphenjelelwa kwendalo. [FFOT] [2] Iingxelo ezithenjiweyo ze-FOcka:[3]

Ukuvuselela Ukwahlukana Nokukhathazwa

Uphando locoselelo lungaphinda luxele uxanduva lwentlalo olukhoyo kunye noxanduva lwemiba ekhoyo yentlalo. Ngokunika elinye iqela ulwazi olungachananga malunga nelinye, bafaka i-steke phakathi kwe-communiny. Umzekelo, uphando olunyanzelekileyo lungaxelela abaBlackvotant ukuba umvoti we-Latino abaxhasi “baxhasa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kwiprofilting” kwaye baxelele umvoti we-Latinoclate “octiveritions interriation.” Isiphumo sisixhobo esahlula uluntu ebenokwahlula inginye ingini. Kwizixeko ezininzi, iindlela ezinjalo zinxulumene nokwandisa ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokhuthuko olunenoknanochukulandela unyuso kunxibelelwano.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo esemthethweni neyobunkokeli

Nangona zibhalwe phantsi, uphando olunyanzelekileyo lusasemthethweni eUnited States. UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Komthetho ukhusela intetho yezopolitiko, kuquka iingxelo zobuxoki, logama nje zingahlazisi okanye zingaqhathi. Noko ke, kukho izixhobo zomthetho nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ezimisele ukuphelisa ukuxhatshazwa.

Imithetho Yangoku

IKhomishini yoNxibelelwano oluManyano (FCC) ilawula ii-promocalls phantsi koMthetho we-Telefone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA). Iminxeba ezenzekelayo equlathe “umyalezo wezobupolitika” kufuneka iphawule umbutho oxhasayo, kodwa umthetho awufuni ukuba umyalezo ube yinyaniso. Amanye amazwe amisele imithetho ecacileyo. Umzekelo:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-New Hampshire ngokucacileyo ukuvalwa kohlahlo-hlolo oluqhutywa kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 zonyulo kwaye ifuna ukuba naluphi ubizo luphawulwe njengonyulo olunyanzelekileyo ukuba luchaza inkcazelo engakhiyo.
  • North Carolina ifuna ukuba lonke uhlolo lwezopolitiko luquke ukurhoxisa okungahlawulwayo kwemali ehlawulwayo, kodwa ukunyanzelisa ugcino-mthetho kubuthathaka.
  • [[UMTL: 0] ICalifornia iqwalasele amatyala achaza ukutyhalela phambili njengendlela yonxibelelwano lonyulo, ngaloo ndlela ifuna ukutyhilwa kwemithombo yemali.

Kumgangatho karhulumente, uMthetho we-Faneily Ads ucetyisiwe kodwa awudluliswanga. Kungafuna amaqonga amanani ukugcina isiseko sogcino-lwazi lwezibhengezo zezobupolitika, ezinokuthi zincede ukuphawula amaphulo alungelelanisiweyo okutyhalela ingqungquthela. Ngaphandle kokubonakala okunjalo, kuhlala kunzima ukulandela ukutyhalela unyulo emva kwabasunguli babo.

Ucelomngeni Lokunyanzelwa

Owesibini, ungqina ukuba umbuzo ucetywe ukulahlekisa kunokuba uzenze zingcungcuthekise ngokusemthethweni. Okwesithathu, abaninzi batyhala imibutho ejolise ekuchongeni iintsontela zekhompyutha eziphantsi, ezingaxeleli amagunya.

Imilinganiselo Yokuzikhusela: Indlela Abahlali Abanokuzikhusela Ngayo

Kubalulekile ukuba kusetyenziswe unyango olusemthethweni, imfundo kunye nokuzinziswa kwentlalo. Ukunciphisa umgangatho wesiCwangciso somsebenzi kusenokusetyenziswa iindlela eziliqela zokunciphisa impembelelo yokunyanzeliswa kohlolisiso.

Ukubhala Nokufundisa

Iintlangano ezingafumani ngeniso ezifana [[FLT: 0] ``Ballot Ready', [[FT:2] Isizathu seCommon, kunye Isikhuseli samabhinqa Voters[ inikezela iives zocalulo lokuchonga ukhuthulo olunyayo. Imiqondiso engundoqo iquka:

  • Oku akufuni nkcazelo isisiseko yabemi okanye kubuza imibuzo embalwa kakhulu.
  • Imibuzo iqala ngokucinga kakubi okanye ngokusebenzisa iziphawuli ezicaphukisayo.
  • Umfoti uzama ukukungxamela ukuphendula yaye akaniniki nani lokubuyela emva.
  • Olu nxulumano luthetha ngotshaba okanye imbambano ngendlela evakala ngathi kukuhlaselwa, kungekhona ukubuza.

Iinkokeli zoluntu kufuneka zikhuthaze abavoti ukuba banyuke ngoko nangoko ze banike ingxelo ngenani kwi FCC okanye ibhodi yonyulo karhulumente. Izaziso zenkonzo kawonke-wonke kwizixhobo ze-media zobuhlanga/ii-adio, amaphephandaba, kunye namaphepha ezentlalo-ntlalo-lwazi ziqinise le miyalezo ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo zenkcubeko.

Imigaqo-nkqubo enconyelweyo kwiiPlatforms nakwii-arhente

Iinkampani zezentlalo-ntle zinokuthatha amanyathelo athe tye. I-Facebook, i-twitter, ne-Tik Tok kufuneka zifake ii-akhawunti zeflegi ezithi ngokuphindaphindiweyo zifake intelekelelo-yomtyaba, nokuba oko kuqukelwe kokungangqubani ngqo nemithetho yemithetho yokuthetha yentiyo. Imithetho-mithetho-mthetho ingalungiselwa ukutshintsha iipali ezaziwayo ezisebenzisa iipakethi ezinya-ngqula-lulwimi. Ngaphezu koko, iindlu zowikio-mthetho kufuneka zidlulise imithetho efuna naluphi na ubizo okanye kwi-intanethi equlethe isibophelelo malunga nomntu okanye iqela kufuneka iquke ikhonkco kumthombo wemithetho efuna ukuqulungela olo ngxelo. Ngexa imigaqo enjalo isenokujongana neengxaki zenkundla, zimisela umthetho wokuphendula.

Kumgangatho woluntu, izithethe ezinqamleza amaqela eentlanga zingabelana ngobulumko malunga namaphulo okutyhala ingqushu. Xa iqela lifumana umlinganiselo, ukulumkisa imibutho ehlangeneyo ingathintela ubuchule ekusebenzeni kumaqela amaninzi abantu. Iinkqubo ze-rapid-response, ezifana naleyo isetyenziselwa ukulwa nonyulo, zingavuselelwa ukukhupha ulungiso lukawonke-wonke wonke kwiiyure ezingama-2020.

Isiphelo

Uphando locweyo lungaphezulu kakhulu kunenkathazo; lusisixhobo sobugocigoci sobugocigoci. Ngokuhlasela ingingqi kunye nabantu abaphantsi kunye nabalukileyo ngenkohliso, ngokuthumela imiyalezo esekelwe kuloyiko, banciphisa ukuthembana, bacinezela, baphelisa ulawulo, baphucule ucalucalulo lwentlalo. Ngoxa izakhiwo ezingokwasemthethweni zihlala zibuthathaka kwaye zinzima, abantu banokulwa ngolwazi lwemfundo, ukuphaphaphazanyiswa, kunye nolwakhiwo lwentlawulo lwedelelo lwezopolitiko. Ukuvuma ukunyanzela ukuba luyintoni nakuko kunokuzama ukulawula kunokuba kulinganiswe nomlinganiselo, linyathelo lokuqala ekukhuseleni ingqibelelo yonyulo nomgangatho wokhetho nesidima sabo bonke abavoti. Ngaphandle kokuqonda okulula, impembelelo yokunyanzeleka kwezo ezo zinto ziya kuqhubekeka ukumelwa kwiziphumo zezopolitiko zezo zezo zezo zezopolitiko.