Inkqubo zooMasipala: Ukubekwa phambili nokuphendula

Udidi lweposi

Eyokuqala-phambili--okanye yeyokuvota okulula nokuqashelwe kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Kwizithili ezikwilungu elinye, abavoti baphosa ibhola enye kubavoti babo abakhethiweyo, kwaye abavoti abafumanayo bephumelele/_abangenako ukuvota bafumana ukuba bakhusele abaninzi abapheleleyo. Le nkqubo yeyona ndlela yokukhetha efanayo. Ngoku isetyenziswa kwidemokhrasi enkulu iquka [[FLT:] iUnited States[FLT: 1] (inani elipheleleyo) [[FLT:] unyulo lonyulo lonyulo lobuzwelo, [[FFLT:]], [FFLT:], [FFFF]], [FFFLT:]

FPP inxulunyaniswa kakhulu noMthetho we-Duverger's, umgaqo wezopolitiko wenzululwazi yokuba ukuvota okuninzi kusoloko kuvelisa inkqubo yezahlulo ezimbini. Isiphumo somatshini (amaqela amathathu akufane aphumelele izihlalo) kunye nesiphumo sengqondo (abayeki ukulahlekelwa abacingelwayo) badibanise ukucinezela amaqela amancinci. Abaxhasi baphikisa oku kukhokelela ekuzinziseni oorhulumente abanobuhlanga olunoknawo abanokuphumeza ucwangciso lwabo oluqinileyo, njengoko kuboniwe kurhulumente beposi-war kunye noorhulumente abaphezulu be-Indiya abakwindawo ende ephezulu yokumisa kunye neBP.

Noko ke, i-FPTP ijongene nogxeko olunzulu ngenxa yotyekelo lwayo lokuvelisa iziphumo eziphezulu zokurhoxa. Iqela lingaphumelela ngokupheleleyo izihlalo ezinezihlalo ezincinane ezincinane zovotelo lwesizwe. Kunyulo lwe-2024 lwe-UK jikelele, umzekelo, iLabour Party yaphumelela 63% yezihlalo nge 33,8% yevoti. Le ngxaki yenza amanani amakhulu "amavoti" kubaxhasi abangengawo abafuni abakhuselekileyo kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo. Inkqubo ikwabakhona nakumgangatho wephondo, apho imida yesithili itsalelwa khona ukuze incede iqela elithile, kwaye ithanda ukuzuza phantsi kwengingqini yelizwe ne-Propotoliki.

Uvotelo olucwangcisiweyo lukuziphatha okuchazayo phantsi kwe-FPTP. Iivoter zisoloko zibala ukuba ukhetho lwazo lokuqala luyasebenza okanye lusemngciphekweni wokunceda abanyulweyo baphumelele. Oku kunyanzelisa iinketho zokwenene kwaye kungakhokelela ekunganeliseki okuninzi ngokhetho olukhoyo. I-ACE I-Electoral Knethwekie [[FLT: 1]] inika ushwankathelo lobuchule bobugcisa be-FPTPP kunye nohlobo lwayo oluqhelekileyo.

Iinkqubo ezi-Runds ezimbini (Phumelela ukukhupha imibhobho)

Inkqubo engqukuva ezimbini (TRS) ithetha ngokungabikho kogunyaziso oluninzi. Iivoter zidla ngokuya kuvotelwa kujikelezo lokuqala. Ukuba akukho mvo iphumeza ubuninzi obupheleleyo (50%+1), umjikelo wesibini ubanjwa phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba ababini abaphezulu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba impumelelo yesiphelo inenkxaso ebanzi. TRS isetyenziswa kakhulu kunyulo lomongameli kumazwe afana [[FLT: 0] FLT, , [FLT:], [FLT]Brazil, [FLT:] [4]],[FLT],[FL:5], kunye [FFLT]

Umjikelo wokuqala wonyulo lwe TRS usoloko usebenza njengesiqalo, uvumela abavoti bachaze izikhethelo zokwenyaniso zokuqala kubalungisi bendawo ephezulu. Isesibini ngoko siba lukhetho olubalulekileyo phakathi kwezinketho ezimbini ezisebenzayo. Esi sakhiwo sikhuthaza ulwakhiwo oludibeneyo phakathi kwemijikelo, njengoko abatshayelwa belahla inkxaso yabo kumntu ogqibelayo. Noko ke, abagxeki baphawula ukuba ujikelezo lokuqala lwesangqa lusoloko luphezulu kunendawo yesibini ejikelezayo, kwaye inkqubo inokuba yexabiso elikhulu ukunikezela, ifuna iziganeko ezimbini zokhetho ngokulandelelana ngokukhawuleza.

ITRS yahlukile kwivota ekhawulezileyo esusiweyo (RCV) kuba ifuna uhambo olubini olwahlukeneyo ukuya kuvota kunokuba ibe lilonke. Olu lwahlulo lomzimba luyayitshintsha icalculus esebenzayo, njengoko abavoti banexesha lokusabela kwiziphumo ezijikelezayo. Amazwe afana asebenzisa iTRS kunyulo lwemithetho ngokunjalo, edala icandelo elintsonkothile elinezipheko ezimbini kwiqondo lesithili elisoloko likhombisa izithuba ezinkulu.

Ujikelezo Olunqandayo

Iblock (eyaziwa ngokuba lunyuko-kunkulu) isebenzisa umgaqo we-FPTP kwisithili esinamalungu amaninzi. Abavoti banezivoti ezininzi njengoko kukho izihlalo zokuzalisa, kwaye abavoti abanezihlalo eziphezulu bafumana iindawo ezikhoyo. Le ndlela iqhelekile kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe, ezifana ne SAPROUR[ Umelo lweQelaniso lweQelaniso (GRCC) kunye neenxalenye ze [FLT:]

Ukuvota kungavelisa ukurhoxa okugqithisileyo. Iqela elilungelelanisiweyo elinabavoti abaninzi abaqhelekileyo lingatshayela zonke izihlalo kwisithili, livale ngokupheleleyo inkcaso. Ukunciphisa, amanye amagunya amkela ukuvota okulinganiselweyo okanye ivoti enye engaguquguqukiyo (SNTV), elinganisela ukuba baninzi kangakanani abavoti abanokuyivota. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuvota kunika ukuphek ’ ityala okunamandla kwasekuhlaleni, njengokuba abavoti benokuhlawula okanye banokuvuza umntu ngamnye okwimibutho, kodwa isoloko ingakwazi ukubonakalisa ukugqithisela ukusasazeka kokhetho lwezobupolitika.

Umelo oluPhicothiweyo: Ukufumana iiNkcukacha eziQhelekileyo

Umelo loluhlu

Umelo loluhlu lokulungelelana (Uluhlu PR) yeyona ndlela yokuvota iqhelekileyo ehlabathini, esetyenziswa kakhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eLatin America, nase Afrika. Umgaqo ongundoqo ucacile: amaqela afumana izihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuhambelana nesabelo sawo sovotelo lwesizwe okanye lwengingqi. Oku kudla ngokufunyanwa kwisithili esinamalungu amaninzi kwaye kuvaliwe okanye kuqedwe uluhlu lweqela elivulekileyo.

[[NTL: 0] Oluluhlu oluvaliweyo PR[[FLT: 1] lunika iinkokeli zeqela ulawulo olubalulekileyo, njengoko zimisela ulandelelwano lwabathathi-nxaxheba kuluhlu. Iivoters ziphosa ibholati yeqela, kwaye izihlalo zigcwaliswe ukusuka phezulu kuluhlu. Olu qeqesho lunganceda ngaphantsi kweqela elibekwe ngempazamo kwindawo eziphezulu. [[FLT:] FL [5], [5], i-[FFFF:], isebenzisa kukhetho lomntu ngamnye, ukuvumela ukuthelekisa, ukhuphiliso, [[12] [[10], kunye noluhlu oluthelelwano olusezantsi.[12] [enye oluninzi.[FFLT], luyakwazi ukuncedisa ukusetyenziswa.[12]

Uluhlu PR luvelisa ezinye zeziphumo ezichanekileyo nayiphi na inkqubo. Amazwe ayisebenzisayo athanda ukuba nomvoti ophezulu kunye nomelo olungcono kumabhinqa kunye neqela elincinane lohlanga. i-Electoral Reformation Society inika uthelekiso oluneenkcukacha[[[FLT: 1] lwendlela ezisebenza ngayo iimodeli zoLuhlu lwePR.

Urhwebo olungundoqo luzinzo lukarhulumente. Iinkqubo zepropotical zisoloko zivelisa oorhulumente abalungelelanisiweyo, maxa wambi abanokucotha ukuyila nokunikezela kwimekobume engqukuva kakhulu (umz., Israel, Itali). Noko ke, oorhulumente abasebenzisanayo basoloko bevelisa iziphumo ezithe tye, ezisemthethweni. Abahlalutyi bakwa ukuba uLuhlu lwePR lunika amandla agqithisileyo kwiqela elinobusela, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo zoluhlu oluvaliweyo, kwaye imiqobo esezantsi kakhulu inokwenza amaqela aphembelela amaqela avunee.

Isivakalisi esinye esidluliswayo (STV)

IVote eDlulisiweyo enye (STV) yindlela ekwindawo ezimeleyo esetyenziswa kwimimandla emininzi. Abathathi-nxaxheba bakwisigaba esikhethiweyo ngokulandelelana kokhetho. Ukunyulwa, umvotelwa kufuneka afikelele kumlinganiselo othile wamavoti, owaziwayo njenge Iqela le-Droop : . Umlinganiselo ongaphezulu ugqithiselwe kwabatsha abatsha abathathi bejoliswe kwizinto ezikhethwayo ezilandelayo. Ukuba akukho mvoti eseleyo ifikelele kwinani labavoti, umvoti omncinci owaziwayo ukhutshiweyo uyasuswa, kwaye ivoti yabo iyarhoxiweyo. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de zonke izihlalo zigcwaliswe.

STV ithathwa ngokubanzi njengenye yezona ndlela zovota ezintsonkothileyo nezimeleyo. Isetyenziswa kunyulo lwesizwe kunyulo . Idityanisela ulwahlulo loluhlu lwePR kunye noxanduva lweziqithi ezikwilungu elinye. [[FLT] , kunye ne iququzelela ulwano loluhlu lwePR kunye noxanduva lwemiba enye. Ii Voters zingakhetha phakathi kwabathathi abasuka kwiqela elinye, abanomvuzo abathandwayo nababethiweyo abathandwayo.

Ingxaki enkulu ye-STV kukuntsonkotha kwayo kunye nemfuneko yokubala. Iziphumo zingathatha iintsuku ukugqiba, kwaye abavoti maxa wambi bafumane inkqubo ephezulu edidayo. Amaphepha amakhulu afuna imibala afunwayo kwimimandla emininzi anokuba nesoyikisa. Phezu kwayo nje le miqobo, abavoti abaninzi abaguquli bacinga nge-STV imigangatho yegolide ngenxa yokukwazi kwayo ukudlulisela zombini iziphumo zomlinganiselo kunye nokhetho lomvoti wokwenene.

Iinkqubo ze Member ezixutyiweyo: Ukuvala ulwahlulo

Ipropoti yorhwebo exutyiweyo

I-Member Proportigal (MMP) ijolise ukudibanisa ukuphendula kwengingqi zamalungu elinye kunye nolungelelwano loLuhlu lwe-PR. Voters ziphosa iibhola ezimbini: enye yezalowo ubhaptiziweyo (ngokuqhelekileyo egqitywe ngu FPTP) enye kuluhlu lweqela lesizwe okanye lwengingqi. Izihlalo zeqela zabelwa ukuhlawulela nayiphi na into engaqhelekanga eyakhiwe kwimilo yelungu elinye, ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke izihombiso zendlu yowiso zibonakalisa ukuvota kweqela.

I-MMP isetyenziswa kwi- yesiJamani (i-Bundestag), New Zealand, Scotland[, kunye [[FLT]] kunye [[FLT]]] Awales [[[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [iiindawo ebanzi]. Ukwamkeli weMMP ngoluvolo, ngokuphawulekayo ukuguqula umhlaba wayo wezobupolitika, ukuthatha izithuba ezimbini zeLabour and National complivectived jovelse. Votersssss kwimistss jikelele zixela ulwano "mamplaye woluwo lolwahlulo lwesizwe" olufumana umlinganiselo wobulali besizwe.

IMMP ayinazo iingxaki. izihlalo eziphezulu zenzeka xa iqela lifumana izihlalo ezininzi ezikwilungu elinye kunaleyo inelungelo lokusekela kwisabelo seqela lalo lokuvota. IJamani kufuneka izise "izihlalo eziphezulu" ukulungisa oku, ukubhalubhalisa ubungakanani be-Bundestag. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yenza iindidi ezimbini zabameli: ii-MP kunye noluhlu lwe-MP, ezinokuthi ngamanye amaxesha zikhokelele kwingxabano. Ngaphandle kwale miba, i-MMP ihlala inye yezicwangciso ezithandwayo zamazwe afuna ezona zinto zingcono ehlabathini.

I-Member Majorian (MMM) exutyiweyo

I-Member Majoritarian (MMMM), eyaziwa ngokuba kukuvota okuthelekisayo, kufana ne-MMP kodwa inomahluko obalulekileyo: izihlalo zoluhlu azibuyekezi imbuyekezo yokungalawuleki. Izihlalo zesithili kunye nezihlalo zeqela lasekuhlaleni zinikwe ngokwazo. Esi sakhiwo sithelekelelwayo silungiselelwe ukuvelisa ngokucacileyo, sizinzile, oorhulumente abahlukeneyo.

MM isetyenziswa kwi- ye-Japan (Indlu yabameli), Mexico, kunye yaseMzantsi Korea[[[FLT:]] (esandul' ukutshintshelwa kuguquko oluthe vetshe). EJapan, iLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) iyakwazi ukukhusela izinto ezinkulu eziziintloko zombini ezilawula imimandla enye kunye noluhlu lweqela. Ngelixa uMM inikezela ngomphathi onamandla, ngokufuthi phantsi kwexabiso labo baxhasa amaqela amancinane, njengoko ivotasi yabo inegalelo kwisiphumo sesiphumo sonke. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika ziqwalasela "MMD] kwinkqubo yolawulo oluzinzinyana lwendawo esetyenziswayo ngaphandle koluhlu lwamaqela.

Inkqubo ezongenye indlela neyamkelekileyo

Ulongezo Olunemigca enqamleza esiqwini (Umqhaphu oPhakathi)

Uvoto olunyuliweyo olunyuliweyo (RCV), okanye uvota okhawulezileyo, lufumana ngokukhawuleza uvoti kwi- yaseUnited States njengotshintsho kwi-FPTP. Voters abaveleli abaphezulu ngokulandelelana kokhetho (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.). Ukuba akukho mvoti ufikelela uninzi lwevoti yokuqala, umvoti onezona zivoti ezimbalwa zirhoxisiwe, kwaye iivoti zabo ziphinde zifakwe kukhetho olusebenzayo olulandelayo. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de omnye umngenisi afikelele kumda omkhulu.

RCV isetyenziswa ngokubanzi i-MAIN kunye ne-Alaska kunyulo lwezwe, Australia kwi House of Seaders, kwaye kwintabalala yezixeko zase-US (San Francisco, New York City, Minneapolis). Umbutho u-Fairvice RCV uhambisa i-RV i-acvoctacy kunye nokwenziwa kwelizwe .

Abaxhasi be-RCV baphikisa i-RCV ikhupha "isiphumo se-spoiler" esihlasela i-FPPP, sikhuthaza ukukhuthazwa kwephulo elilungileyo (njengoko abathathi-nxaxheba befuna inkxaso yesibini yevoti) kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba umvuseli ufumana inkxaso enkulu. Noko ke, i-RCV isengozini kwi-[ phakathi kwesiphumo, apho umncomo we-centristy iziphumo, apho inkxaso yesibini-choce inokuthi ikhululeke kwangoko ukuba iswele ivoti yokuqala eqinileyo, ishiya abatsha abatshakazi ababini abagqithisileyo kujikelezo lokugqibela. Unyulo olukhethekileyo lwe-2022] kunye nonyulo olukhethekileyo lwangowamagxandelwayo lwama-Greasterllulwenziwayo, i-RCcot i-odroot, ubalo oluphezulu lwemposotho, ubalo lwempothotho, okanye unyusothothotho lwempotho lwebhola.

Ukuthunyelwa koMsebenzi

Ukuvota okuvunyiweyo kukwenye yeziguqulo ezilula ezikhoyo. Iivoters zingavotela (uqinisekiso lwamaza) njengoko bethanda. Umvotelwa onezona zivoti zivunyiweyo uyaphumelela. Ngoku usetyenziswa kunyulo lukamasipala kunyulo iMorego, umNtla Dakota, kunye St. Louis, Missouri nayimibutho emininzi yoochwepheshe.

Ukuvota kuyanconywa ngenxa yomqobo wako osezantsi ekungeneni nasekuxhathiseni okunamandla kwisiphumo somonakalo. Abavongi bangaxhasa oko bakuthandayo kanye nokulalanisa okusebenzayo, banika umfanekiso ochane ngakumbi weqela oza kulunga kune-FPTP. Noko ke, abagxeki bayaphikisana ngokuthi "ibhoti yokuvota" (kuphela ukuvuma umvoteli omnye kuphela), okunciphisa ixabiso lolwazi lomxhasi. Ayivumeli umvoti ukuba abonise amandla okukhetha ngaphandle koewewe/omda olula.

Inqaku nokunduluka

Ukuvota (okubizwa ngokuba yiRouth Voting) kuvumela abavoti ukuba balinganise umvoti ngamnye kwisikali samanani, njengo 0 ukuya ku 10. Umvotelwa onenqaku elikwi-avareji ephezulu uphumelele. Le yindlela yokuvota [[FLT: 1]], ithetha ukuba ithatha ubunzulu bokhetho lomvoti, hayi nje umyalelo wabo wesikhundla. Isetyenziswa kukhetho lwequmrhu kunye nolo khetho lwebhodi engafaki ngeniso.

Uvoto (Score Kwangoko oluzenzekelayo luyintelekelelo elungiselelwe ukunciphisa ukuchaphazeleka okucacileyo kwenqaku lokuvota. Abathathi-nxaxheba abafumana inqaku kwisikali esingu 0-5. Abathathi-nxaxheba abanenani eliphakamileyo bangena kwisixhobo sokukhupha isantya ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ibhola yoomatshini ichazwa ukubona ukuba yeyiphi kwezimbini eyabekwa phezulu ngobuninzi babavoti. Le nqanaba lokuphuma ligcina umgaqo "umthetho wobunyani" owexabiso labavotisi abaninzi. I-Equal Vote Coalition abaxhasi be-STRAR njengomgangatho wolungiso lwe-Pratoggggzi elungele ukuchana nokuchasana. Ezi nkqubo zimele umgaqo womgaqo wokwenza ubuchule, ukuzama ukunyusa ulwazi olunyusweyo lobuchule.

Isiphelo: Imeko nguKing kwiElectoral Design

Akukho ndlela yokuvota jikelele. Inkqubo nganye imele urhwebo olwahlukileyo phakathi kwamaxabiso akhuphisanayo: ulwahlulo-luxanduva, ulwahlulo, ulwahlulo, ucalulo olulula. Ukungagqibeki kwemiqathango yotolo kusikhumbuza ukuba akukho nkqubo yokhetho enokuthi yanelise zonke iinketho ezinqwenelekayo ngexesha elinye.

Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokuvota sisigqibo esisisiseko somGaqo-siseko esilawula lonke ummandla wezobupolitika. Ibutho elahlulelene kakhulu lingabeka indawo yokuqala yolwahlulo lwe-PR, ngeli xesha ilizwe elifuna ulawulo olunomqatha lisenokuxhomekeka kwi-FPTPP okanye MM. Unyuko lwe-RCV kunye novota lubonisa ukukhula komnqweno wokufuna iindlela ezithe zahlula ukungunda kokungunda kwePR-Majotarian dichomy. Ukuqonda ezi zinto ziyimfuneko kumfundi wedemokhrasi, njengokuba imithetho yomdlalo ingunogalelo oluthi ekugqibeleni lufumanise.