Table of Contents

Ukukhethwa kweenkokeli kwisebe elilawulayo kumela enye yeenkqubo ezisisiseko kulawulo lwedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Ukuqonda indlela ezinyulwa ngayo ezi nkokeli, iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa ngaphaya kwamazwe ahlukeneyo, kunye neziphumo ezinzulu ezinazo ezikhoyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi zibalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo kwiinkqubo zezobupolitika. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo ecacileyo luhlolisisa ubuchule obuntsonkothileyo apho iinkokeli ezilawulayo zinyuka khona zinegunya, iinqobo ezahlukeneyo ezilawula ukhetho lwazo, kunye neziphumo ezifikelela kude ezi zinto ezinokulawulwa zezi nkqubo, migaqo-nkqubo, ukwenziwa kwemithetho, kunye nokungenelela koluntu.

Ukuqonda Isebe Elinegunya Nokhokelo Lwalo

Amandla eSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu abekwe kuMongameli waseUnited States, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye noMlawuli-oMphathi wemikhosi exhobileyo. UMongameli ujongene noxanduva lokusebenzisa nokuqinisekisa imithetho ebhalwe yiBhunga kwaye, ukuze afikelele esiphelweni, amisela iintloko zamaqumrhu esizwe, kuquka iKhabhinethi. Ngoko, isakhiwo nomsebenzi wolawulo oluphezulu kuyahluka ngokwahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo zoorhulumente abahlukeneyo ehlabathini lonke.

Igunya lentloko karhulumente, njengomongameli, umthetheli-mbombo okanye umphathi-mikhosi, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwesikhundla namanye amaqumrhu karhulumente, njengolwalamano phakathi kwentloko yesizwe nendlu yowiso-mthetho, lwahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe azimeleyo, ngokuxhomekeke kakhulu kwinkqubo ethile karhulumente okhethwe, ozuze, okanye osungulweyo. Olu manyano lwezikhundla zolawulo lubonisa ukwahlukahlukana kwembali, ngokwesithethe, kunye neemeko zezobupolitika eziye zaguqula iindlela zezizwe zokulawula.

Kwisebe elilawulayo, intloko karhulumente ligosa eliphezulu okanye eliphezulu kakhulu kwelesibini lorhulumente olawulayo, urhulumente othe wanekwayo, ummandla ozimeleyo, umhlaba oxhomekeke kuwo, ikoloni elizihambelayo, okanye omnye urhulumente osoloko ephethe ikhathebhratimente, iqela labalungiseleli okanye ononobhala abakhokela amasebe aphetheyo. Uxanduva oluphambili lwesebe eliphetheyo lubandakanya ukuthwala nokumisela imithetho, ukuqhuba imithetho yamanye amazwe, nokulawula imisebenzi yorhulumente yosuku lwemini.

Inkqubo yobuMongameli: Iindlela ezithe ngqo nezingangqalanga zokuKhetha

Kwinkqubo yobumongameli, abavoti bakhetha isigqeba esiyintloko (esidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi "umongameli"). Le nkqubo imela enye yezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo zokukhetha iinkokeli eziphezulu kumazwe olawulo-melo, nangona iindlela ezithile zinokuhluka kakhulu ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye.

Inkqubo yoKhetho loMongameli waseMerika

Le nkqubo ivela ngendlela yayo yangoku kumGaqo-siseko wase-United States. Ikwaqhelekile nakumazwe amaninzi aseMzantsi Merika. I-United States inendlela yayo engangqalanga yokukhetha umongameli, okhethekileyo ehlabathini: iElectoral College. Ukuqonda le nkqubo intsonkothileyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ukhokelo olunentloko olumiselwa ngayo eUnited States.

Inkqubo yokutyunjwa, equkwa ngonyulo oluphambili kunye neendibano eziququzelela ukunyuswa kwemiqathango, ayichazwanga kumGaqo-siseko, kodwa yaphuhliswa ngexesha ngamaphondo namaqela ezobupolitika. Olu nyulo luphambili ludla ngokubakho phakathi kukaJanuwari noJuni phambi konyulo jikelele ngoNovemba, ngelixa iindibano ezingenaziqu ziqhutywa ehlotyeni. Le ndaleko ibonisa indlela inkqubo yedemokhrasi elungelelaniswayo nephuhlisa ngayo ngaphaya kwesiseko somgaqo-siseko wokuqala.

Ukhetho Oluphambili Nezicwangciso

Uhambo oluya kumongameli luqala kudala ngaphambi konyulo jikelele. Inkqubo yale mihla edibanisa unyulo lomongameli wase-U.S. iquka iinxenye ezimbini eziphambili: uthotho lweziqu eziphambili zonyulo nonyulo oluphambili oluquluzelelwe kwiphondo ngalinye, kunye neendibano zomongameli eziqhutywa liqela ngalinye lezobupolitika. Le nkqubo ayizange iqukwe kuMgaqo-siseko, kwaye ngaloo ndlela yavela ngamaqela ezobupolitika ukucacisa ibala labatshatisi. Unyulo oluphambili luqhutywa ngurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ngoxa oorhulumente bequququ beququzelelwa ngqo ngamaqela ezobupolitika.

Eqhutywa ngamaphondo, amaprimrince angagqibela ngqo (abangeni-mali) okanye abangangqalanga (abameli abanyuliweyo ukukhetha umlandeli), ukuvula (amaqela akhetha ukuba ngawaphi amaqela aphambili avota kuwo) okanye avala (evumela kuphela amalungu abhengeziweyo eqela ukuba avote). Olu mahluko kwifomati ephambili yonyulo lubonakalisa ubunjani obufanelekileyo bezobupolitika ezinyuliweyo zaseMelika kwaye luvumela ulawulo lwawo lulungise imigaqo yokukhetha kwizinto ezikhethwayo zengingqi nezithethe zezobupolitika.

Ezi ndawo zangaphandle kunye nee-caucuses ziyasilela jikelele phakathi kukaJanuwari noJuni phambi konyulo lwamazwe, nge-Iowa kunye neNew Hampshire ngokwesithethe zibambe imo yokuqala yobumongameli i-caucus kunye nesiqu, ngokulandelelana. Ubume obubalulekileyo bale mfazwe bubangela inkqubela kumarhamncwa athile kwaye bungaphembelela ngokuphawulekayo iziphumo ezigqibeleleyo zenkqubo yokuqhamisa.

Inkqubo yeKholeji ye-Electoral

IElectoral College liqela labameli abatyunjwe ngumGaqo-siseko ukukhetha umongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli wase-United States. Ngamnye kumazwe angama-50 wabelwa abanyuli bomongameli abalingana nenani labameli kunye nabaququzeleli bayo. Izixhobo zokuhlaziywa koMphetho wama-23 weSiphendu sonyaka wama1961 zivumele abemi kwiSithili saseColumbia ukuba babe nenxaxheba kunyulo lomongameli kunye nomongameli wase-United States; ngokungaguqukiyo babenabanyuli abathathu.

Ngokwendlela, kunyulo lomongameli, abavoti base-U.S. abakhethi ngqo abanyuli abaza kuthatha umlandeli womongameli, kodwa endaweni yoko bavote u "oomantyi" abathenjiswe ukuvotela umvoteli othile. Inani labanyuli borhulumente ngamnye linani lee-Senator (ngamaxesha onke amabini) kunye nenani labameli kwiNdlu yabameli (ebebebebekiwe ngokusekelwe kubemi). Le ndlela ithe ngqo yokukhetha ibingumbandela wengxoxo eqhubekayo ngokuphathelele ubuchule kunye nokusebenza kwayo kwedemokhrasi.

Umlandeli womongameli kufuneka aphumelele uninzi lwevoti ezirhoxisiweyo ukuze aphumelele — ubuncinane 270 ukuba bonke abavoti abangama-588 bavote. UmGaqo-siseko unika uwiso-mthetho urhulumente amandla okumisela indlela yokumisela abanyuli bawo. Oku kuyimfuneko kwinkoliso yamavoti akhethiweyo, kunokuba kube luvoti eninzi oluqhelekileyo, kwahlula inkqubo yamaMelika kwezinye ezininzi idemokhrasi.

Amagunya Obuongameli Neembopheleleko

Ukongeza kumagunya alawulayo achazwe ngasentla, umongameli angaphinda achaze imithetho edluliswe lisebe lowiso-mthetho, elidla ngokufuna impembelelo enkulu (njengee-3 ezimbini zawo onke amalungu egumbi ngalinye), ukudlulisa umthetho "over" umongameli iveto. Eli gunya limele uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwigunya lowiso-mthetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo ligcina impembelelo engundoqo kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho.

Ngokwahlukileyo kumazwe amaninzi aneentlobo zikarhulumente wepalamente, apho ubukhulu becala iofisi yomongameli, okanye intloko karhulumente, ingumongameli eUnited States unegunya elikhulu kwaye umele ukuba ulelona gunya linamandla linyuliweyo ehlabathini. Oku kunyuselwa kwegunya kumgangatho omnye wegosa elinyuliweyo lokwahlula oomongameli kwiimeko zepalamente.

Inkqubo yePalamente: UkuKhetha ngokuLawulweyo kweeNkokeli eziLawulayo

Kwinkqubo yepalamente, abemi bakhetha amalungu esebe lowiso-mthetho (ngokuqhelekileyo elibizwa ngokuba yi "paraliament"), elithi ngoko likhethe umphathi oyintloko (odla ngokubizwa ngokuba "ngumphathi-nkonzo" kodwa elibhekiswa kulo njenge "inqanawa eJamani"). Kwiimeko ezininzi, isebe lemithetho linegumbi elinye kuphela endaweni yesibini. Le ndlela ingangqalanga yokukhetha ukhokelo oluphezulu idala ulwalamano olwahlukileyo phakathi komthetho kunye namasebe aphetheyo athe ngqo xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo zomongameli.

Imvelaphi Nokusasazwa Kwehlabathi

Le nkqubo yavela eBritane enkulu kwaye ixhaphakile kumathanga amaninzi angaphambili aseBritane (ii-Ostreliya, iKhanada, iNew Zealand, neJamaica). Ulwamkelo oluxhaphakileyo lweenkqubo zepalamente lubonakalisa impembelelo engokwembali yolawulo lwamaBritane kunye neengenelo ezicingelwayo zalo mzekelo kwiimeko ezithile zezobupolitika.

Kwinkoliso yeenkqubo zepalamente, kuquka ii-monarchy zomGaqo-siseko, intloko yorhulumente yinkokeli yezopolitiko ephambili karhulumente, kwaye imele iphendulelwe ubuncinane kwigumbi elinye lendlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kuphendula kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kudala amandla ahlukileyo olawulo lwezopolitiko xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo zomongameli, apho amasebe aphetheyo kunye nezowiso-mthetho asebenza ngokuzimeleyo.

Iinzuzo zeenkqubo zePalamente

UMphathiswa oPhathiswayo udla ngokuba lilungu leqela elikhulu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba umthetho udluliswa lula kakhulu; akunakwenzeka ukuba isebe elilawulayo lilawulwa liqela elinye kwaye isebe lowiso-mthetho lilawulwa lelinye, njengoko kuye kwenzeka rhoqo eUnited States, olu lawulo lungakhokelela ekulawuleni okunempumelelo nokucacileyo kwemigca yokuphendula kwezobupolitika, njengoko abavoti benokubona lula ngakumbi ukuba liliphi iqela elinoxanduva ngemigaqo neziphumo zikarhulumente.

Iinkqubo zePalamente ngamanye amaxesha ziquka umlawuli obandakanyekileyo kurhulumente, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo njengomntu onegunya onegunya elifuziselayo (ii-Britani, iSpeyin, iNetherlands neSweden). Ezi mikhosi zomGaqo-siseko zibonisa indlela amaziko angokwesithethe anokutshintshwa ngayo avumelane nolawulo lwedemokhrasi lwale mihla, neentloko zezithethe zelizwe ezihlala kunye nabefundisi abaphambili abanobuGawulayo.

Inkqubo ye-Semi-Prestin kunye ne-Hybrid

Kwinkqubo ezincinane, intloko karhulumente ingaphendula zombini kwintloko karhulumente kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho enezichazi ezinikelwe ngumgaqo-siseko welizwe ngalinye. Umzekelo wangoku ngurhulumente okhoyo wamaFrentshi, owaqala njengeFrentshi yesihlanu yeRiphabliki yonyaka ka-1958. Ezi nkqubo zidibeneyo zizama ukudibanisa amalungu olawulo lwamasekela omabini nolawulo lwepalamente, zidala amalungiselelo akhethekileyo alawula amandla.

Noko ke, umongameli kufuneka akhethe umntu onokuthi asebenze kakuhle njengegunya eliphetheyo, kodwa okwafumana inkxaso yendlu yowiso-mthetho yaseFransi, iNdibano yesiZwe, ukuze akwazi ukumisela umthetho. Ukujonga ukuba uninzi loluntu lulawula ngakumbi inkxaso yorhulumente kunye nomthetho oyintloko, umongameli unyanzelekile ukuba akhethe umphathi-nkulu kwiqela elichasayo ukuze aqinisekise ukuba umlawuli osebenzayo, osebenzayo. Kule meko, waziwa ngokuba ngumthetho wokuhlalisana, umphathi-mikhosi, kunye nemithetho yasekhaya, ngempembelelo kamongameli, ngokuxhomekeka kwimicimbi yangaphandle.

Iindlela Zokhetho Ezinokungenye Indlela kunye nemeko ezikhethekileyo

Iinkqubo zobuKomanisi kunye necandelo elinye

Kumaphondo obukomanisi, unobhala jikelele weQela lobuKomanisi yinkokeli ephakamileyo, ekhonza njengentloko-ntloko karhulumente norhulumente. ETshayina, intloko yejaji karhulumente yiNkulumbuso. Umongameli waseTshayina uyisikhundla esisemthethweni, kodwa unobhala jikelele weQela lamaKomanisi (ophezulu kwiqela elinye) usoloko ephethe le ofisi ukususela ngo1993 ngaphandle kweenyanga zotshintsho. Ezi nkqubo zibonisa indlela ukhetho lokhokelo oluphezulu olusebenza ngayo ngaphandle kwemigangatho yedemokhrasi.

Inkqubo yabalawuli

Kwinkqubo yolawulo, iimbopheleleko ezilawulayo zentloko karhulumente zisasazwa phakathi kweqela labantu. Umzekelo obalaseleyo liBhunga loManyano-mikhosi waseSwitzerland, apho ilungu ngalinye lebhunga liyintloko lingusebe kwaye livote kwizicelo ezinxulumene nawo onke amasebe. Le mizekelo yeqela imela indlela ekhethekileyo yokulawula ulawulo olulawulayo olusasaza amandla angakumbi kunenkqubo yesithethe enye yokhokelo.

Inkqubo Yokutyunjwa Komongameli EUnited States

Umongameli ngamnye omtsha oza eofisini umisela amawaka amadoda namabhinqa ukuba ancedise ekukhokeleni isebe eliphetheyo. Ngoxa abasebenzi bezomsebenzi abasebenza phantsi kolwalathiso lwabo beqeshwa rhoqo yi-Ofisi yoLawulo lwabasebenzi kunye namaqumrhu angomnye, iinkokeli ngokwazo ziqeshwa yi-White House of Monicial Service, esekwa ngokutsha ngumongameli ngamnye.

Umda weziGcino zoMongameli

Iindawo ekubhaliswa kuzo ii-OPP zibaluleke kakhulu kwisebe eliphetheyo: ikhabhathi kunye ne-asethi, iinkokeli zabameli abazimeleyo, kunye neekhomishinari ezilawulayo. Zizonke kunye nee-ofisidia (185), amagqwetha (94), amaqela e-U.S. (94), kunye namanye, inani elipheleleyo lamalungiselelo omongameli afuna ukuqinisekiswa yiBhunga elingu-1,125. Eli gunya likhulu lokutyunjwa livumela umongameli ngamnye ukuba abumbe isebe eliphetheyo ngokwenkqubo yabo ephambili kunye nentanda-ntanda-bulumko yezobupolitika.

Amalungu ekhabhathi kamongameli amiselwa ngumongameli ngemvume yeBhunga. Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesihlanu luwachaza njenge "abaphathi-mikhosi abayintloko bamasebe aphetheyo," kodwa amandla abalulekileyo aye ampompana kwinkxaso yomongameli yemigangatho ekwikota. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa iBhunga isebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla obumongameli, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abamiselwe bahlangabezana nemilinganiselo encinane yemali kunye nehambo entle.

I-Evolution yenkqubo yedinga

Umsebenzi wobupolisa wobumongameli watshintshwa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-20 ngeendlela ezine. Okokuqala, ubuchule obuthe kratya bokubhaliswa koosomashishini bathatha indawo yamaqela ezopolitiko njengomthombo oyintloko wabanyuli. Okwesibini, lo msebenzi, owaqala ngomntu omnye ophetheyo kubaphathi bamaTruman, wasekwa ngokuthe ngcembe njengelungu eliqhelekileyo le-White House Office ekhokelwa ngomxholo welungu lomncedisi kumongameli. Oku kubonisa ukuntsonkotha okukhula kolawulo lwanamhlanje kunye nemfuneko yobuchule obuphezulu kwisikhundla solawulo.

Indima Yezi Hlalulo Zezobupolitika Ekukhetheni Imigaqo Ephakamileyo

Unyulo lokhokelo lukhuphiswano lwezobupolitika oluqhutywa kumazwe awahlukahlukeneyo apho amalungu eqela lezobupolitika agqiba khona ukuba ngubani oya kuba yinkokeli yeqela lawo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, nawuphi na umbutho wezobupolitika unokumisela imithetho yawo elawulayo indlela noxa kufuneka unyulo lokhokelo lwelo qela luqhutyelwe ngayo. Amaqela ezobupolitika asebenza njengemida ebalulekileyo phakathi kwabemi norhulumente, elungiselela inkqubo yokukhetha nokunika abavoti ukhetho olunentsingiselo.

KwiAnglecus, amaqela ezobupolitika eKhanada (iNkokeli, iLiberal, iNew Democratic and the Green) nakuManyano eUnited Kingdom (iNjongo, iLibervative, iLiberal Democrates kunye neqela eliluhlaza) aqhuba unyulo lwenkokeli apho amalungu eqela avotela iNkokeli. Le nkqubo yangaphakathi ingaba nempembelelo ephawulekayo ekubeni ekugqibeleni abe ngumxhasi wesikhundla esiphezulu, abe lilungu leqela kunye nenxaxheba kwimibutho ebalulekileyo yokudibaniselwana kwebutho.

Amagophe Nolungelelwano Kumandla oLawulo

Urhulumente owahluleleneyo kwiinkqubo zoomongameli

Nokuba umongameli ukhethwa njani, inkqubo yomongameli ingenza imeko yomongameli ovela kwelinye iqela lezobupolitika kunye nesebe lowiso-mthetho (iKonsole) elikhokelwa lelinye iqela. Ngenxa yalo rhulumente "ohlukeneyo," abagxeki bachaza ukuba kunzima ukumisela, ngoxa abanye besithi luvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulo lwezigqeba. Olu xinezeleko phakathi kwempumelelo noxanduva lumela ucelomngeni olungundoqo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukuzincama kunye neenkqubo zokususwa

Enye ingqwalasela enokwenzeka kumandla aphezulu kwinkqubo yomongameli yinkqubo yokungagunyaziswa, apho indlu yowiso-mthetho inokugqiba ukususa umongameli eofisini ukwenzela umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba kwanezona nkokeli zinegunya zinamandla zihlala zinoxanduva kumthetho nakubameli babantu.

Kwinkqubo yomongameli neyomzinzo ongaphantsi konyaka, umphathi oyintloko (uMongameli) angasuswa kuphela ngenkqubo yokungacebisi, enokuqaliswa kwiimeko ezithile nangenkqubo ekhethekileyo (ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni imigaqo yemithetho ephezulu, ukuphengululwa yinkundla yomGaqo-siseko, okanye zombini), kwaye ukususwa kubandakanya unyulo olungaqhelekanga okanye oluzenzekelayo oluya kumgangatho womongameli onguMongameli.

Inkokeli Nempumelelo Engendawo

UmGaqo-siseko unika isekela lomongameli imisebenzi emibini kuphela. Okokuqala, isekela lomongameli likhonza njengomongameli weBhunga. Kule ndima, isekela lomongameli linamandla okuvota amaqhina xa lonke iBhunga lowiso-mthetho lahlulelene ngokulinganayo kwimbambano. Umongameli olisekela alithethi ngexesha leengxoxo zeBhunga, ngoko ke, akafumani ukuvota nakweyiphi na imeko.

Omnye umsebenzi wesekela lomongameli phantsi komGaqo-siseko kukuthatha indawo yomongameli ofayo, orhoxayo, okanye ongakwaziyo ukwenza umsebenzi. Le nkqubo yokulandelelana iqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kokhokelo oluphezulu ngexesha lobunzima kwaye inika umgca ocacileyo wegunya xa umongameli engakwazi ukuphumeza imisebenzi yakhe.

Umongameli usebenza igama elithatha iminyaka emine kwaye unyulwa kangangaphezulu kwezihlandlo ezibini. Umongameli ophethe umongameli uxhasa umongameli. Ukuba umongameli akakwazi ukukhonza, isekela lomongameli lingumongameli. Isekela lomongameli linokunyulwa likhonze inani elingenasiphelo lamabinzana athatha iminyaka emine njengesekela likamongameli, kwanaphantsi komongameli owahlukileyo.

IKhabhinethi namaSebe aphetheyo

IKhabhinethi liqumrhu lokwabelana ngemithetho eliyilwe ziintloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15. Limiselwe nguMongameli kwaye liqinisekiswa yiBhunga, amalungu eKhabhinethi asoloko eyizityandyelelo ezikufutshane zoMongameli. Amalungu eKhabhinethi adlala iindima ezimbini njengabaphathi-mthetho bobabini kumongameli nakwabalawuli bamasebe amakhulu karhulumente.

Amasebe ajongene nemimandla emikhulu karhulumente kwisebe elilawulayo. Ngonyaka ka-2005, kukho amasebe alishumi elinesihlanu: Ezolimo, ezorhwebo, ezokhuselo, ezemfundo, ezeMyezo, ezoMmandla, ezoMmandla, ezoKhuseleko lwaBantu, ezoMmandla, ezoMmandla, ezoMkhosi we-Homeland, ezoMkhosi, ezoMsebenzi, ezoMsebenzi, ezokuBurhulumente, ezothutho, ezoMali, ezoNyaka, kunye neziNdlukwano. La masebe adityani aqesha izigidi zabantu kwaye alawule ubuncwane obuninzi, ewenza ukhokelo bawo bube luncedo olusebenzayo ekulawuleni.

Abalawuli bajonga amakhabhathi abo ukuze bafumane ulwazi kunye necebiso kwimicimbi ebalulekileyo yezomgaqo-nkqubo nezigqibo. Noko ke, ngokuqhelekileyo, oomongameli abadibani nekhabhathi yonke ngexesha elinye. Endaweni yoko, bayadibana namalungu ekhabhinethi ngamanye okanye baba neentlanganiso namalungu anokuba luncedo kwimbambano ethile. Le ndlela ilungelelanisayo yokuthetha nekhabhathi ivumela oomongameli ukuba bafumane ubuchule obunxulumene nezo ngxaki ngoxa begcina impumelelo ekwenzeni izigqibo.

Imali yeCandelo namaZibonelelo

Iimeko zemali zokukhetha ukhokelo oluphezulu ziye zaya zisibaluleka ngakumbi kulawulo-melo lwale mihla. Unyulo olufumana imali eninzi lwephulo lomongameli ludla ngokufumaneka kwiikomiti (iiPAC), iminikelo, nakumaqela ezobupolitika ngokwawo, zichithe izigidi-zigidi zeerandi ukutyhubela imbali kunyulo lomongameli. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngempembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika nokufikelela kwesikhundla esiphezulu kwabathathi-nxaxheba ngaphandle kokuxhaswa yimali.

Ngenxa yeenguqu kwimithetho yezemali yesizwe ukususela ngowe-1970 malunga nokutyhilwa kweminikelo yamaphulo karhulumente, abathathi-nxaxheba abavela kumaqela amakhulu ezobupolitika ngokuqhelekileyo bavakalisa iinjongo zabo zokuqhuba kwasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo yekhalenda engaphambili kunyaka phambi konyulo (malunga neenyanga ezingama-21 ngaphambi koSuku lokwenziwa kwemitshato). Ilixa elandisiweyo libonisa ukuntsonkotha kwamaphulo anamhlanje nemfuneko yokwakha iimbutho zemali ezikwaziyo ukuxhasa imigudu yeminyaka emininzi.

Ukufuna Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kubemi Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi

Amandla Omlozi

Abemi baseMerika banelungelo lokuvotela umongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli ngenkululeko, ngevoti ezifihlakeleyo. Eli lungelo lisisiseko limela isiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nesixhobo esiphambili abemi abalawula ngaso ukhokelo oluphezulu. Ukuqonda indlela yokulisebenzisa ngokunempumelelo eli lungelo kufuna ulwazi lwenkqubo yonyulo, izikhundla zabatshayeli, kunye nomongo wezobupolitika.

Kwidemokhrasi, amagosa karhulumente akhethwa ngabantu kwaye akhonza ixesha elithile elibizwa ngokuba ligama leofisi. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho karhulumente, umphathi angasebenza ukuze afumane unyulo kwakhona xa eli gama liphelile. Inkqubo karhulumente wethu ibizwa ngokuba yidemokhrasi yabameli. Le nkqubo imela ithetha ukuba abemi kufuneka baqwalasele ngenyameko kungekuphela izithembiso ezikhawulezileyo zabathathi-nxaxheba kodwa kwanokwenza kwabo phezu kwexesha elipheleleyo leofisi.

Ubandakanyeko Lomsebenzi Ngaphandle Komsebenzi

Ngoxa ukuvota kumela eyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokuthabatha inxaxheba kukhetho oluphezulu, ukubhalisa ngedemokhrasi kudlulela ngaphaya kwebhokisi yokuvota. Abami banokuphembelela inkqubo yokukhetha ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukuba nenxaxheba kunyulo oluphambili, ukuya kumaziko okuvota, ukunikela ngemirhumo, ukwenza iminikelo yemali, nokubandakanyeka kwimicimbi yezopolitiko.

Ukuqonda inkqubo yokukhetha abalawuli abaphezulu kunika abemi amandla okugcina iinkokeli zinokuphendula kwisikhundla sabo. Ngokwazi indlela ezikhethwa ngayo iinkokeli kunye namandla ezinawo, abavoti bangavavanya kakuhle ukuba amagosa anyuliweyo azalisekisa izithembiso zawo zephulo nakukunceda abantu abanomdla. Olu lwazi lukwanceda abemi baqonde xa igunya elilawulayo lisetyenziswa kakubi okanye xa ii-checks kunye nezikali zingaphumeleli ukusebenza kakuhle.

Impembelelo Kumgaqo-nkqubo Nolawulo

Indlela abakhethwa ngayo iinkokeli eziphetheyo inentsingiselo enzulu kwiintlobo zeenkqubo zoorhulumente eziphuthunyiswayo kunye nokusebenza kwazo. Iinkqubo zomongameli, kunye nokwahlula-hlula kwawo amandla kunye namandla orhulumente owahluleleneyo, zingavelisa utshintsho olungakumbi lwenkqubo yolwahlulo kwaye zifune ulalaniso olukhulu phakathi kwamasebe. Iinkqubo zepalamente, kunye nokudityaniswa kwazo kwamandla olawulo kunye nomthetho, zingenza inkqubo itshintshe ngokukhawuleza nangenkcukacha xa oorhulumente betshintsha.

Amandla aye aqhubekeka ngokuya enyuka aya kwiSebe loLawulo oluPhezulu, eliphumele ekulawuleni amandla omongameli achazwa kungeyiyo ngokomGaqo-siseko njengesithethe esenziwe kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo. Phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, ulawulo olukhulayo kunye nesenzo esilula solawulo kumandla owiso-mthetho akhawulezileyo axhobisa umongameli. Le ndaleko yamandla alawulayo ibalaselisa ukubaluleka kokuphaphaphakanyiswa nokuzibophelela ekulondolozeni idemokhrasi.

Iingxaki Nempikiswano

Izifundo zeKholeji zeElectoral

EUnited States, umongameli akagwetywanga yivoti yesizwe ethandwayo kodwa yiElectoral College — inkqubo ephelelwe lixesha nengasetyenziswayo maxa wambi evelisa iziphumo ezichasene nokukhethwa kwenkoliso yabavoti baseMerika. Kwizihlandlo ezihlanu, kuquka kwizihlandlo ezibini kwezigqibeleyo zonyulo, abatshati baye baphumelela kwiElectoral College, yaye ngaloo ndlela isekela, phezu kwako nje ukuphulukana novoti ethandwayo kwilizwe lonke. Oku kurhoxiswa phakathi kokhetho oluqhelekileyo nokhetho kubangela impikiswano eqhubekayo ngotshintsho lokhetho.

I-Electoral College inemvelaphi yobuhlanga — xa yamiselwa, yasebenzisa icandelo elinamashumi amathathu anesihlanu, elanika amancedo amakhoboka akwimimandla esezantsi, kwaye liyaqhubeka licombulula amandla ezobupolitika abavoti bemibala. Ifaka iphulo lomongameli ukujolisa kwinani elincinane "amazwe atsalayo" kunye, la malungu anamandla aye akhuthaza impikiswano malunga nokufaneleka kwenkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Izindululo Zokutshintsha

Ukwenza i-United States ibe yidemokhrasi engakumbi yabameli, abaguquli baqhubela phambili ukuba umongameli agqitywe endaweni yoko yivoti ethandwayo yesizwe, eya kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umvoti ulingana. Iingcebiso ezahlukeneyo zokuguqula ziye zaphuhliswa, kuquka iNational Popular Vote Intertate Convention Convention, eya kuphumeza ngokunempumelelo ivoti ethandwayo yesizwe ngaphandle kokufuna ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngenkqubo zonyulo kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi, oovimba abanjenge-website Brennan Center yeJaji banikela uphando oluphangaleleyo kunye nohlalutyo lwamalungelo ovota kunye nolawulo lonyulo. USA.gov inikeza ulwazi olubanzi malunga neenkqubo kunye namathuba okuthabatha inxaxheba kubemi.

Imbono yomhlaba wonke kunye nohlalutyo oluthelekisayo

Xa kuhlolisiswa indlela eyahlukeneyo amazwe akhetha ngayo iinkokeli zawo eziphetheyo anika uluvo olubalulekileyo ngobuchule nobuthathaka benkqubo yezohlukeneyo. Ngoxa i-United States isebenzisa inkqubo yayo ekhethekileyo yeElectoral College, ulawulo-melo oluninzi lusebenzisa ivoti exhaphakileyo kuomongameli okanye kukhetho lwepalamente yabalungiseleli abaphambili. Amanye amazwe aye azama iinkqubo ezixubanisa iinzuzo zombini.

Umgangatho olungelelanisiweyo wonyulo lwaseMerika uchasene nezinye iinkqubo zolawulo-melo. Inkqubo yonyulo lomongameli wase-U.S., njengazo zonke ezinye iinyulo eUnited States, yinkqubo elungeleleneyo. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela imilinganiselo yonyulo lomongameli kunye namanye amagosa karhulumente, umthetho karhulumente, hayi olawulayo, ulawula iinkalo ezininzi zonyulo eU.S., kuquka unyulo loonobumba-mthetho, kuquka ukufaneleka komvotelelo oluphezulu (ngaphandle kwenkcazelo esisiseko yemithetho-siseko), kunye neenkcukacha ezithe ngqo zokuqhuba unyulo lwephondo ngalinye. Zonke iintlanganiso zephondo, kuquka norhulumente, zilawulwa ngurhulumente ngamnye.

Indima Yentetho Yesidlangalala Neyeedili

Iinkqubo zokukhetha ulawulo oluphezulu lwale mihla ziphenjelelwa kakhulu yingxelo yosasazo nentetho yesidlangalala. Iingxoxo zoMongameli, izibhengezo zephulo, ukupapashwa kwengxelo yeendaba, kunye nokukhula kwenkqubela-phambili yamajelo eendaba konke konke kuphawula indlela abathe bathatyathwa ngayo abathathi-nxaxheba nendlela abavoti abazenza ngayo izigqibo. Indima yamajelo eendaba ekujoliseni abathathi-nxaxheba, ukukhangela inyaniso, nokulungiselela iingxoxo zokukhetha uwonke wonke iye yaba ngundoqo kwinkqubo yokukhetha.

Ukuvela ngokukhawuleza kwamaqela ezobupolitika kwakhokelela kwindima yeendibano zonyulo, zonyulo oluphambili, kunye nokunconywa kweminwe ekukhetheni umlandeli wobungameli weqela. Njengokuba ubugcisa bezixhobo zobugcisa bezixhobo zokusasaza ikhompyutha buye bavela, ngokufanayo banezicwangciso zephulo kunye neendlela abaza kunxibelelana ngazo nabavoti. Ukuqonda ulwazi lwezopolitiko kunye nokuhlalutya ulwazi lwezopolitiko kuye kwaba bubuchule obubalulekileyo kubemi abanolwazi.

Imida Yegama Neenguqu Zokhokelo

Abalawuli banyulwa kwixesha lesikhundla elithatha iminyaka emine. Umongameli wokuqala welizwe, uGeorge Washington (1322-1799; usebenze 1789-97), umisela umzekelo wexesha lesithathu ngokungavumi ukubaleka kweyesithathu isikhundla. Le sithethe kamva yamiselwa kwiSindululo sesibini esisemthethweni, esimisela oomongameli ngokwemiqathango emibini. Imida yemithetho iqinisekisa ukutshintshwa kolawulo oluthe rhoqo kwaye ithintela uxinzelelo lwamandla olunokufika ngokusetyenziswa okude.

Ukudluliselwa koxolo kwamandla phakathi kolawulo kumele enye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zedemokhrasi. IBhunga landula ke liqinise iziphumo ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari, kwaye igama lomongameli liqala ngoMhla woKwahlulwa, othe ukususela ekudluleni koMphetho-mda wekhulu leshumi elinesi-20 othe wamiselwa ngoJanuwari 20. Le nkqubo yokutshintsha ngocwangco, kunye nemithetho yayo yesithethe, iqinisekisa umgaqo wokuba amandla olawulo oluphezulu afumaneka ebantwini kunokuba afike kumntu okwisikhundla sakhe.

Ikamva Lokhetho Olunegunya Eliphezulu

Njengokuba ulawulo-mpuku luqhubeka luguquka, ngendlela eziza kukhethwa ngayo iinkokeli eziphetheyo. Inkqubela-phambili yezobugcisa ingenza ukuba iindlela ezintsha zokuthabatha inxaxheba kubemi, ukusuka kwi-intanethi ukuya kwiiholo ze-intanethi ukuya kwii-ofisi zedolophu ezisebenzisa amanani. Ukutshintsha komgangatho wedolophu kunye nokutshintsha kwemibutho yezobupolitika kuya kuchaphazela abo babaleka befuna isikhundla nendlela eqhutywa ngayo. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, kunye nezinye iingxaki zomhlaba zingabuyisela izinto eziphambili zomvoti kunye neempawu abafuna kuzo kwiinkokeli eziphetheyo.

Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ephathelele iinkqubo zonyulo iphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngemigangatho yedemokhrasi nezinto eziza kuqala. Ingaba iinkqubo zifanele zimise ulungelelwaniso okanye iinguqu zendawo? Ingaba zifanele zikhethe ukuzinza nokuqhubeka okanye ukusabela kwimbono yoluntu etshintshayo? Ingaba kufuneka zikwenze kube lula okanye kube nzima kumaqela amatsha nakuqhushumbisa? Le mibuzo ayinazimpendulo ezilula, kwaye intlalo eyahlukeneyo inokuzifikelela ngokufanelekileyo izigqibo ezahlukeneyo ezisekelwe kwiimeko neemilinganiselo zawo ezahlukeneyo.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okufumana Ubuchule Bokuba ngummi

Ukuqonda indlela ezikhethwa ngayo iinkokeli eziphetheyo kuphela kunyathelo lokuqala lokuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Ingingqi zingenza izinto eziliqela ukuze zibandakanyeke ngokunentsingiselo kwindlela yokukhetha:

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Iindawo zophando, imvelaphi, neengxelo phambi konyulo
  • Ukuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo oluphambili nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ukuphembelela iqela
  • abaza kungena kwiholo, kwiiholo zedolophu, neengxoxo zokuphulaphula iintetho
  • Ngokuzithandela kuphulo okanye kwimibutho yezobupolitika ehambisana nemilinganiselo yobuqu
  • Ukunxibelelana namagosa anyuliweyo ukuze avakalise iimbono kwimibandela ebalulekileyo
  • Zibone iziganeko ezikhoyo ngeendaba ezahlukeneyo nezinokuthenjwa
  • Thetha nabahlobo, intsapho namalungu ebutho labantu ngemibandela yezobupolitika
  • Ukuxhasa amaphulo emfundo karhulumente anceda abanye baqonde iinkqubo zedemokhrasi
  • Abasemagunyeni abanyuliweyo baphendulwe ngokuhlola umsebenzi wabo

Amalungiselelo anjenge I-website yaMadoda Voters inikezela ngezixhobo zemfundo ezingeyoparatisi kunye namathuba okubotshwa kweso sivumelwano soluntu. iVote.org inika izixhobo zokuvota, izicelo ze-collee ease, kunye nokuhlawulwa kwenkcazelo yendawo.

Imeko Ebanzi Yolawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Iinkqubo zokukhetha ezilawulayo azikho ngokuzikhetha kodwa kunoko ziyinxalenye yenkqubo ebanzi yolawulo-demokhrasi. Ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya elilawulayo, imigaqo-mthetho, namasebe okugweba; indima yamaqela ezobupolitika nemibutho yebutho labantu; ukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nezilangazelelo ezincinane; kwaye iindlela zokucombulula ingxabano zoxolo ziyavumelana ukuze kumiliselwe ukusebenza kwedemokhrasi.

UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States wahlula urhulumente wamasebe amathathu ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu okanye iqela eliya kuba namandla agqithisileyo: Imithetho Yomthetho (INkundla, equlunqwe yiNdlu yabameli neNtlanganiso). Igunya elilawulayo likhupha imithetho (ummeli, umxhasi wecaawe, iKhabhinethi, inkoliso yamasebe) Imithetho ye-Justice (Inkundla yeNkundla yeSizwe nezinye iinkundla). Oku kwahlula kwahlula-mandla, kudityaniswe neengqini ezahlukeneyo, kudala inkqubo ecetyiselwe ukunqanda ubuzwilakhe ngoxa kusenza ulawulo lube nempumelelo.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Oqhubekayo Wolawulo - melo

Ukukhethwa kweenkokeli eziphetheyo kumela imbonakalo esisiseko yolawulo lobukhosi oluqhelekileyo kunye nolawulo-demokhrasi. Enoba ngonyulo oluthe ngqo lomongameli, ngokukhetha ipalamente yeenkokeli, okanye iinkqubo ezidibanisa amacandelo omabini, inkqubo abakhetha ngayo abemi babo iinkokeli zabo iwuguqula ngokunzulu umgangatho worhulumente nomgangatho wobomi bedemokhrasi.

Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kunika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, bagcine iinkokeli zinokuphendula, yaye basebenzele ekuguquleni imimandla eyomeleza idemokhrasi. Njengoko iinkqubo zezobupolitika ziqhubeka ziguqula ukuphendula kwiingxaki namathuba amatsha, abemi abazileyo nababotshelelweyo bahlala bebalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhetho lwezikhundla eziphezulu lunceda umgangatho olungileyo nobonakalisa idemokhrasi.

Impilo yedemokhrasi ayixhomekekanga kuphela kwimibutho neenkqubo ezikhethwa ngazo iinkokeli kodwa ikwakuthathela ingqalelo okusebenzayo kwabemi abaqonda ezi nkqubo baze basebenzise ulwazi lwabo ukubumba iziphumo zezobupolitika. Ngokufunda indlela iinkokeli eziphetheyo ezikhethwa ngayo, zibandakanyeka kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, kwaye benobutyala, abemi basekuhlaleni baphumeza iimbopheleleko zabo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi yaye bancedwe ukuba urhulumente ancede abantu ngenene.

Inkcazelo eyongezelelekileyo malunga nobume bukarhulumente kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba koluntu, oovimba bohlanga banika ukufikelela ekusekeni amaxwebhu kunye nobuncwane bembali, ngelixa imibutho enjenge iziko lemfundo yeCUB inika iinkqubo zokufundisa kunye nezinto zoncedo lwabemi bazo zonke iinkathi. Ezi zinto zinganceda ukunyuswa kokuqonda iinkqubo zedemokhrasi nokukhuthaza ukuqulungwa kwe-somrhu.

Ukukhethwa kweenkokeli eziphetheyo kuza kuqhubeka kuguquka njengoko imibutho itshintsha kwaye kuvela iingxaki ezintsha. Ngokuhlala unolwazi, uthatha inxaxheba kwaye usebenzele ukomeleza amaziko edemokhrasi, abemi bayakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezi nkqubo zihlala zisabela ekuthandeni kwabantu kwaye ziyakwazi ukuvelisa ukhokelo olusebenzayo noluneempendulo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.