Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samaGunya kaRhulumente

Amandla oorhulumente bakarhulumente akasemagunyeni orhulumente; akwifa nayintloko. Phantsi kwenkqubo yorhulumente wase-U.S., amazwana agcina onke amagunya anganikwanga ngokukhethekileyo ngurhulumente worhulumente wesizwe nguMgaqo-siseko wase-United States. Lo mgaqo ubekwe kwi 10th Amendment , egcinelwe amagunya, okanye abantu, amandla anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente.

Eli gunya linikwe igunya lidla ngokubizwa ngokuba "ligunya lemikhosi. Linika imvume yokuba kuvele amandla okumisa impilo, ukhuseleko, ukuziphatha, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi babo. Ngokusuka emoyeni uphefumla kwindlela oqhuba kuyo, imithetho karhulumente imisela inkqubo yokulawula imisebenzi yakho emininzi yemihla ngemihla. Ngokungafaniyo norhulumente worhulumente, osebenza phantsi kweseti yamagunya adwelisweyo, umgaqo-siseko unika igunya jikelele lomthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba la mazwe angenza nakweyiphi na ingxaki ngaphandle kokuba umGaqo-siseko okanye umthetho worhulumente u-U.S.

Enye ingcamango enzima kulungelelaniso lwamandla phakathi kwamazwe noomasipala bawo basekuhlaleni. Phantsi koMthetho we- Dillon, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni (iingingqi kunye nobalo) bathathwa njengomthetho "osungulo lwesizwe" oku kuthetha ukuba banawo kuphela amandla urhulumente awanika wona. Noko ke, amanye amazwe, anika igunya elibanzi "Lomgosa" kumadolobha abo, abavumela ukuba bazimele ngokwemicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Olu nxulumano phakathi kwe-capitol neholo yesixeko lungumqhubi omkhulu wenkqubo yoluntu. Oku kuthetha ukuba la mazwe anamandla okunika la magunya anamandla ngemithetho elawulayo. anceda abeminye abami basekuhlaleni apho amandla okwenyaniso ezinto ezifana nemfundo, kunye ne-gropolkn.


Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

Urhulumente ngamnye ubonakalisa isakhiwo sikarhulumente esinamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo alungiselelwe ukubonelela ngeengqikelelo kunye nomlinganiselo. Noko ke, iindima ezithile namandla esebe ngalinye ayahluka ngokuphawulekayo kumazwe ngamazwe.

Isebe Eliphethe Amandla: Alipheleli nje Kumphathi

IGovernor isebenza njengomphathi-mphathi oyintloko, ephethe amandla amakhulu kuqingqo-mali lwemeko, iveto (kuquka i-menu-mgce-yomgca kwimimandla emininzi), kunye nokumiswa kwabaphathi bombutho. IRhuluneli imisela udweliso lwenkqubo lwemeko, isoloko inika "Isizwe sikarhulumente" iidilesi kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lwemali okanye lwaminyaka le.

Ngokungafaniyo nomphathi-mikhosi wequmrhu lesizwe, umgaqo-siseko omninzi wenza amagosa aphezulu azimeleyo. uLungu loLawulo , u-Attorneys Jikelele [, [[FLT]], [[FLT]]] izibambi-mali zephondo zeRom-Rom[[, zisoloko zinyulwa ngabantu, zingamiselwa nguMphathi-mikhosi. Oku kuthetha ukuba iRhuluneli iyakwazi ukwabelana amandla nelungu elilinye kwimisebenzi engundoqo. Umbuso uAttorlerney, umzekelo, ufumana ukhuthatho lwemithetho e-mthetho, i-ogxandelo-ogxande, i-ogxande ngokumayela nomthetho, i-mthetho womthetho-ogxandelo.

Isebe Lomthetho: Apho Kwenziwa Imithetho

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ziyi-injini yokwenene yokwenza umthetho waseMelika. Ngaphandle kwe Nebraska (enenkqubo engangeni manzi), zonke izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zingubhiya-madamal, ziquka iState Staten ne [[FLT] Indlu yeSigqeba yabameli (okanye iNdibano). La maqumrhu anomthwalo wokwenza nokudlulisa imithetho elawula ukuxhasa irhafunxa, imimiselo yerhafu, imimiselo yezekorhosho, kunye nemithetho yezomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Abenzi bemithetho yezorhulumente bangabantu abahlala yinxalenye yexesha, abangosomashishini abangobangophangalalisi, kwaye basebenza kwintlanganiso yenani elisikelwe umda leentsuku nyaka ngamnye. Oku kubenza bafikeleleke kakhulu kwii-accessitions. Inkqubo ye- yekomiti yecawa kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho kulapho umsebenzi wokwenene uqhubeka khona. IiBhili zidityaniswa, zilungiswe, kwaye zibulawe okanye zihambe phambili. Emva koko irejingce ngezabelo zazo zekomiti zingenye yeendlela ezingcono zokuqonda indlela esebenzayo urhulumente.

Isebe Eligwebayo: Ilizwi Lokugqibela Kumthetho KaRhulumente

Iinkundla zelizwe ngamahashe asebenzayo enkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Ngeli xesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ithetha amatyala angaphantsi kwe-100 ngonyaka, ivakalisa ukuba iinkundla eziphakamileyo ziva amawaka. Ezi nkowama-mthetho zichaza umgaqo-siseko nemithetho, kwaye zingoothunywa bokugqibela bomthetho wesizwe. Ukukhethwa kweejaji zikarhulumente kuyahluka ngokubanzi, ukusuka kunyulo lwabalawuli ukuya kunyulwa ngendlela esekelwe kwimimiselo (Izicwangciso zeMissouri).

Kuba iinkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente zinegunya eliphakamileyo kumgaqo-siseko wazo wesizwe, zinganika ukhuseleko lwamalungelo olugqitha olo lulungiselelwe nguMgaqo-siseko wase-U. Oku kuye kwaba luphawu olungundoqo lwezi jaji zale mihla kwimibandela esukela kumalungelo obuqu ukuya kwimali yesikolo engekho semthethweni. izikhokelo ezithenjiweyo kumaziko karhulumente, kuquka nokhetho lomthetho, lungafunyanwa eBallottepedia.[FL:1]


Indlela Amandla Karhulumente Abuchaphazela Ngayo Umgangatho Wakho, Impilo Nekhaya

Owona mpembelelo uthe ngqo wolawulo lukarhulumente uvakala kwinkalo zekonkrithi yobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukuqonda la mandla akhethekileyo kutyhila isizathu sokuba imfazwe yomgangatho karhulumente isoloko ingumphumo omkhulu kuneyorhulumente.

Imfundo Nerhafu Yakho

Imfundo yeyona nkcitho inkulu kakhulu phantse kuyo yonke i-orhulumente, equka malunga nesithathu soqingqo-mali lukarhulumente. Oorhulumente bamisela indlela yokuxhasa izikolo zikarhulumente ngemali, ezisoloko zixhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni. Oku kukhokelela kwintlawulo enkulu yesikolo exhasa imicimbi yemali phakathi kwesithili esifumileyo namahlwempu, umthombo welixa lokuzikongozelela rhoqo kwiinkundla zikarhulumente.

Ama-States amisela imigangatho yemfundo ephezulu (njenge-Core eqhelekileyo), anika iimvavanyo ezisezantsi, kunye neemfuno zomfundisi-lwazi ezigunyazisiweyo. Akwagunyazisa kwaye alawula izikolo ze- kunye neenkqubo zomxhasi. Kwimfundo ephezulu, iinkqubo zeyunivesithi zikarhulumente (njenge-UC, i-SUNY, okanye i-UT) kunye nemigaqo-siseko sogcino-lwazi. Unyuselo lwemfundo ephezulu luchaphazela ngqo ukufaneleka kwemfundo yabemi bayo.

Ukufumaneka kwempilo kunye ne-Medicaid

Oorhulumente bangabalawuli abaphambili be-inshorensi ye-inshorensi yezonyango. Umthetho we-Affordble Care Care (ACA) onikwe ukhetho lokwandisa [[FLT: 0]] uMdifithi ukugquma abantu abadala abafunyenweyo abancinane. Ngenxa yoko, ulwahlulo olunzulu luye lwavela phakathi koorhulumente abanwenwayo kunye namazwe angengangenisi mlinganiselo, achaphazela ngqo ityala le-inshorensi yempilo yezigidi zabantu.

Amazwe akwalawula i- Health Inishorensi Morentes, alawule intlawulo ye-inshorensi, kwaye ajonge umsebenzi woogqirha, abongikazi, kunye nezinye iingcali zezonyango. Amasebe ezempilo karhulumente alawula yonke into ukusuka kuvavanyo lwevenkile ukuya kumaphulo okugonya. Isifo se-COVID-19 sibalaselisa amandla amakhulu abalawuli belizwe ukukhupha imiyalelo yempatho ephakamileyo echaphazela ukufihla isigqubuthelo, imisebenzi yeshishini, kunye nokuvala isikolo.

Izithuthi Nezakhiwo

Imeko yeendlela kunye neebhulorho ozisebenzisayo yonke imihla ngumphumo othe ngqo wenkqubo karhulumente. Urhulumente Imisebenzi yezothutho [i- ulawula ulwakhiwo lohola wendlela, ugcino, kunye nokhuseleko lweenqwelo-moya. Umthombo wemali ephambili kule mibutho ngurhulumente irhafu yerhafu ye-. Ama-onke agqiba ukuba ngaba inyuso sinyusiwe na le rhafu, esoloko imisela ubunjani besakhiwo kunye nomgangatho wendlela ehamba-trafiki.

Isebe le Motor Vehicles (DMV) ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo wokuphatha ummi ngqo. I-United States ilawula amalayisensi abaqhubi, ubhaliso lwemoto, kunye namakhadi okuchaza. Kwakhona ibeka imithetho yesantya, imida yesantya, kunye nemimiselo yokuqhuba ephazamisekileyo.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Oorhulumente balawula amapolisa, iinkundla, neentolongo. Ngeli xesha amasebe amapolisa asekuhlaleni esingatha ukujikeleza imihla ngemihla, amasebe amapolisa aseburhulumenteni anika imigaqo ekhethekileyo yokunyanzelisa umthetho kunye nokugada koohola beendlela. Imithetho yezomthetho ichaza ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho elininzi, ukusuka kubusela nokuhlasela ukuya ekusebenziseni iziyobisi nasekubulaleni. iinkqubo zeSizwe zematyala

Oorhulumente bamisela imigaqo yokugweba, ukulawula iibhodi zesigwebo, kunye neenkqubo zentolongo zikarhulumente. Iinkqubo zemithetho ezenziwe ngabamisi-mthetho basematyaleni ziqhuba ngokuthe ngqo amaqondo okuvalelwa. “Nangona imigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho” ukususela kwiminyaka yo-1990 yakhokelela kulwandiso olukhulu lweentolongo zikarhulumente. Namhlanje, izalathiso zolwaphulo-mthetho zitshintsha ngezantsi ngezantsi kutshintsho lwebheyile, ukuthotywa kwesigwebo, kunye neenkqubo zokucinywa kwemiqathango. Urhulumente u-Attarney General udlala indima enkulu ekuthinteleni ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo norhwaphiko.

Ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu nomgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho

Inkqubo yerhafu karhulumente ngumqhubi onamandla wendlela yokuziphatha kwezoqoqosho nentlalo-ntle yemali. Irhafu yengeniso yemali, irhafu yokuthengisa, irhafu yempahla, kunye nokukhupha irhafu kwizinto ezifana nepetroli, utywala, necuba. Isigqibo sikarhulumente sokunyanzela irhafu yengeniso eqhubekayo (njengeKhalifoniya) okanye ukungayihlawuli irhafu ehlawulwayo kuyo yonke indawo (njengeTexas okanye iFlorida) ineziphumo ezinzulu kwindawo amashishini ahlala kuyo nalapho abantu bakhetha ukuhlala kuyo.

Amazwe akwamisela umvuzo ophantsi [ ongaphantsi, onokuba ngaphezulu kakhulu kunomvuzo omncinci karhulumente. Asebenzisa i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa kunye neenkqubo zembuyekezo zabasebenzi. Oorhulumente basebenzisa iityala zerhafu kunye neentshukumisa ukutsala amashishini, nto leyo ekhokelela kukhuphiswano olunzulu phakathi kwamazwe kushishino olukhulu lwenkampani, olunje amashishini amatsha okanye ikomkhulu. Olu khuphiswano loqoqosho lwemeko lwezoqoqosho lubumba imobume bethuba eMelika.

Ugcino-lwazi lokusingqongileyo kunye noovimba bendalo

Oorhulumente baqinisekisa imithetho esisiseko yokukhusela umoya namanzi eMelika. I-Nvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) imisela imigangatho karhulumente, kodwa amazwe anikwe igunya lokuyizalisekisa nokuyinyanzela. Amanye amazwe ahamba ngaphaya kwemigangatho karhulumente. ICalifornia’s Moyer Resources Board (CARB) imisela imilinganiselo yokukhupha imoto enempembelelo kangangokuba amisele ngokunempumelelo umgangatho welizwe lonke. Amanye amazwe angakhetha ukwamkela imithetho ye-Spesentiernia yomsila weKhalifoni endaweni yemineno.

Amazwe alawula amazwe kawonke-wonke, alawula amalungelo amanzi (ingakumbi abalulekileyo kwimpumlo yaseNtshona), kwaye ajonge ukuveliswa kwamandla. I-grid yamandla yaseTexas (ERCOT), esebenza ngokuzimeleyo ngaphandle kolawulo lukarhulumente, ngumzekelo onamandla wokulawula urhulumente kwiisakhiwo esineemeko ezinzima.

Ukhetho Namalungelo

UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ushiya ulawulo lonyulo phantse ngokupheleleyo kumazwana. Le yenye yamandla alandelayo urhulumente abambayo. Amazwe amisela iinkqubo zokuvota, indawo neeyure zeendawo zokuvota, iintlobo zoomatshini bokuvota abasetyenziswayo, nemithetho yokurhoxa nokuvota iposi.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zizoba imida yemida yequmrhu kunye nephondo lowiso-mthetho ngenkqubo ye i-dididiging, eyenzekayo rhoqo kwiminyaka elishumi emva kobalo lwabantu. Indlela ezi migca ezizotywa ngayo zingatshixa kumandla ezobupolitika kalishumi leminyaka, zenza ulawulo lwemigangatho karhulumente yokuphelisa umba we-ofice oshushu. Amazwe akwayidlulisa imithetho enxulumene neemfuno zovota, amaxesha okuvota akuqala, kunye nokurhoxiswa kwemivoti. Ezi zigqibo zineziphumo ezithe ngqo nezinokusetyenziswa kwivoti evoti ejikayo kunye nengqibelelo yokhetho.


Ukukhululwa: Umlo Wamandla Phakathi Kwelizwe Nemithetho Yasekuhlaleni

Enye yezona ndawo zinamandla zolawulo lukarhulumente kukusetyenziswa kwe ukukhulula. Oku kwenzeka xa urhulumente evingco okanye esusa igunya loorhulumente basekuhlaleni (iingingqi kunye neerejistamenti) ukudlulisa imithetho yabo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amajelo aye asebenzisa ngamandla ukukhulula ukubulala imithetho yasekuhlaleni kuludwe olubanzi lwemibandela, kuquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Imali encinci: Amazwana avimbele amadolobha ekumiseleni eyawo, umvuzo omncinci kakhulu.
  • Ibhanki yePlastic: Amazwana athintele izixeko eziselunxwemeni ekuvaleni iplastiki ezisetyenziswa enye.
  • Izixhobo:[ Ama- States adlulise imithetho ethintela ulawulo lwemipu yobulali, idala imigangatho yengingqi efanayo.
  • Imithetho elawulayo yeNkcubeko: Ama- States acel ’ umngeni isixeko sasekuhlaleni "sothulelo" imigaqo elinganisela intsebenziswano nokugcinwa kolawulo lwengingqi lokufuduka.

Olu ngquzulwano luphakathi kwe-capitol neholo yesixeko luphawu oluchaza ulawulo lwale mihla. Luphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko ngedemokhrasi kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Ingingqi efuna ukubona utshintsho idla ngokuzifumanisa ihamba kule ndawo intsonkothileyo.


Ukukhusela nokwandisa amalungelo KwimiGaqo-siseko Karhulumente

Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela umgangatho wamalungelo omntu ngamnye, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ungazimisela kwaye uzenze zimise isiseko esiphezulu. Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe zingachaza imigaqo-siseko yazo ephakamileyo ukulungiselela ukhuseleko olubanzi olufuna ubuqu, ukuthetha, nokulingana, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States iyichaza njani imigaqo-siseko yorhulumente.

Ngokomzekelo, iinkundla ezininzi eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente ziye zagqiba kwelokuba umgaqo-siseko wazo wesizwe ukhusela ilungelo lemfundo eyaneleyo, unyanzelisa ukuba iinkqubo zemali ezigqithiseleyo ezisezikolweni. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zikwaphambili ekuqapheleni amalungelo emfihlo ngexesha lamanani, elawula ukusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi lwendawo yeselfowuni kunye neekhamera zomzimba. Amandla eenkundla zikarhulumente okwandisa amalungelo, ngaphandle kwemithetho yejaji yesizwe, ayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yomthetho-American.


Ukusebenzisana Norhulumente Wakho

Ngenxa yokuba urhulumente esondele ngakumbi kubantu, ukwalula ngakumbi. Ukunxulumana norhulumente wephondo yenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokuphembelela inkqubo. Ngokungafaniyo norhulumente wengingqi, apho kunokuthi kubekho ilizwi elinye, abamisi-mthetho basoloko beyifowunela okanye bedibana kude.

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo:

  • [[UMTLL:0] Fuma Abaphathi Bomthetho Wakho: UnoMphathi weSizwe noMmeli weRhulumente. Jonga ulwazi lwabo loqhakamshelwano kunye neerekhodi zokuvota.
  • Landela Umthetho: Iiwebhsayithi zemithetho yeSizwe zikuvumela ukuba ulandelele amatyala ngesihloko. Cwangcisa izilumkiso zamatyala emfundo, engokwasempilweni, okanye erhafu.
  • IiNcam zikawonke-wonke: IiBhili zibunjwe kwiikomiti zokuvakala. Ukuvavanya okanye nje ukuya kwityala elibalulekileyo kuwe linokuphembelela kakhulu.
  • IVote kukhetho lwelizwe: I-Turmout yemeko kwaye unyulo lwengingqi ludume ngokusezantsi, ithetha ukuba ukhetho lwakho luthwala ubunzima obubalulekileyo kunonyulo lomongameli.
  • Imeko-bume ehambelanayo: Ukuba umbutho worhulumente (njenge DMV okanye iSebe le-Inishorensi) uyasilela ekuncedeni uwonke-wonke, ukudibana nommisi-mthetho wakho kungaxhobisa uphatho olukhawulezileyo.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Ulawulo Lwelizwe Lubaluleke Kumntu Wonke

Oorhulumente abalawuli; bangamanyathelo aphambili enkqubo karhulumente eUnited States. Izigqibo ezenziwayo kwiicapitols zikarhulumente zimisela ubunjani bezikolo, ukhuseleko lweendlela, ucoceko lomoya, ixabiso lezonyango, kunye nobulungisa bocholo. Ukuqonda amagunya karhulumente linyathelo lokuqala lokuba ngummi ophumelelayo. Ngokubandakanyeka kwezobupolitika, abemi bayakwazi ukukhokela ezona zixhaso zikhawulezileyo nezinamandla zolawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukukhuthaza uluntu oluhlala kulo namalungelo alo. Ukuqonda idemokhrasi kuvuleka, kwaye bonke abami bayamenywa ukuba babe nenxaxheba kuvavanyo oluchaza ubomi baseMerika.