Ukuqonda Iziqithi Ezishushu Zasedolophini Nesisongelo Sazo Esandileyo

Iziqithi zobushushu zasedolobheni (UHH) zimela enye yezona zinzima zemekobume yezixeko ehlabathini lonke. Zichazwa njengemimandla yasedolobheni enamaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu kunalawo anxulumani asemaphandleni, i-UH Is iyakwazi ukunyusa ubushushu obuphezulu ngo1.7°C (1.8.12.6°F) ebudeni bemini nango-2/5°C (3.6/9°°°F) ebusuku, kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bomzi nobunzima. Kubaphathi besixeko, le nto ithoba ithoba amandla, ithoba ubunjani bomgangatho womoya, kwaye ibeka engozini abantu abachaphazelekayo, yenza uxanduva lwale lwale rhulumente yanamhlanje.

Isiphumo se-UHI asiyonto yendalo kodwa sisiphumo esithe ngqo sendlela esakha ngayo kwaye sisebenza ngayo izixeko. Njenge i-Arhente yemekobume ye-U.S. yoKhuselo lwengingqi (EPA) amanqaku aphambili abaqhubi abaquka ukubuyiselwa kwendalo kunye nobumnyama, indawo engangeni manzi efunxe imitha yelanga; ubushushu benkunkuma obubangelwa yinqwelo-mafutha, izakhiwo, kunye neenkqubo zoshishino-mzi; kunye negeometton enjengemixiname yemingxina yemingxina yemigxuma ebamba ubushushu kunye nomoya ojikelezayo. Ngaphandle kokungenelela umoya.

Oonobangela Beziqithi Ezishushu Zasedolobheni

  • Ukhupho olumnyama: uphahla lwengqungquthela kunye nezinto zokunyusa (asphalt, ikonkrithi emnyama) lubonakalisa kuphela 5-20% yelanga elingenayo, luthatha ezinye kwaye luzitshisa njengobushushu. Uphahla olumnyama oluqhelekileyo lungafikelela kumaqondo obushushu angama 75-1010°C (167-194°FF) ngemini ehlotyeni.
  • [[NTL:0] Iziqabu zomoya we Evapotlanspice: Izityalo zipholisa umoya ngokukhupha umphunga wamanzi ngamagqabi awo. Xa amahlathi nemimandla kuthathelwa indawo ziindawo zokupaka izithuba nezakhiwo, le migaqo-moya yendalo ejikelezayo iyanyamalala. Umthi omnye oqolileyo ungasusela ipetrores ezi-150 zamanzi ngemini, nto leyo enika ukupholisa okulinganayo nezimbini izigulo ze-atmosfera zasegumbini ezibaleka iiyure ezingama-20.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuhlamba i-Heat kwimisebenzi Yabantu: Iyunithi yomoya, iimoto, iilori, kunye noomatshini boshishino bakhupha ubushushu obubodwa kwindawo engqongileyo. Kwezinye izixeko, ubushushu obulahlwayo bungaxela ukunyuka kwama-30% obunzulu be-UHI ngengokuhlwa zasehlotyeni.
  • Isakhiwo se-Urban Geometry: izakhiwo ezincinane zenza imibhobho yedolobha ebamba imitha yomoya ephumayo kwaye icuthe isantya somoya, ithintela ubushushu ekusubeni. Ukuphola kobusuku kuthatha ixesha eliphezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela kubushushu obuncinci obucinezela abantu kunye nesiseko sombane.

Imiphumo Engokwempilo, Amandla Nendlela Efanelekileyo

Iziphumo ze-UH Is zidlulela ngaphaya kobunzima. Ngexesha lobushushu, amaqondo obushushu e-UHI-intenten negalelo ngqo kwizigulo ezinxulumene nobushushu kunye nokufa. I- World Health Organization (WHO) ingxelo yokuba ubushushu obugqithisileyo sele bubulala amakhulu amawaka abantu nyaka ngamnye, kwaye i-UH yenze ezi ziganeko zibe yingozi kakhulu kwiindawo zasedolophini. Utyelelo lwasegumbini lokushukuma kobushushu, uxinzelelo lwentliziyo, kunye neengxaki zokuphefumla ngexesha leziganeko ezinyusa impilo kawonke-wonke.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunyuka kakhulu. Kunyuke kakhulu kobushushu obukwiqondo leqondo lobushushu elikwiqondo eliphezulu lombane, inkcochoyi yombane inganyuka nge-2-24%. Kwizixeko ezifana ne Los Angeles ne Houston, isiphumo se-UHI songeza amashumi ezigidi zeerandi kwimali yamandla ombane ngonyaka. Oku kwanda oku kufuna, kuphembelela ukukhutshwa kwegesi ekhupha amandla agqithisileyo kwizityalo zamandla e-athom, kudala i-eathongths eyingozi.

Mhlawumbi okubuhlungu kakhulu, iUH yindawo ephantsi efunyenweyo kunye noluntu olunombala lusoloko lunemithi embalwa, amatye avulekileyo, kunye nemidala, evalelwe kakubi kwizindlu ezikwindawo ephezulu. /iindawo ezigqunywe kakubi ezibangela ubushushu. Uphando oluye lwenziwa Unxibelelwano olugqithisiweyo[ lufunyaniswe ukuba kwizixeko ezingama- 97% ze-U.S., abantu abanombala bahlala kwimimandla enomphezulu ophezulu kakhulu kunabemi abamhlophe. Ngoko abaphathi beziXwezi-UHI bamele baluphathe njengombandela wokulungisa okusingqongileyo, beqinisekisa ukuba inzuzo yokunika uhlalo-mali ingeniso ifikelele kubushushu obugqithisileyo.

Ukulinganisa iZiqithi zeDolobha: Ukusuka kwiiSatellite ukuya kwiZiviyo ezikwiqondo lesitrato

Uqikelelo olusebenzayo luqala ngomlinganiselo ochanekileyo. Abaphathi bezixeko abanakukwazi ukuxhomekeka kwizikhululo ezimbalwa zemozulu kwizikhululo zenqwelo-moya; bafuna ugcino-lwazi oluneentambo zokoqobo, lokwenene ukuchaza iindawo ezishushu kunye nenkqubela-phambili yendlela. Iizixhobo ezininzi kunye neendlela ezikhoyo ngoku:

  • Ukuvakala okukude kwe-Satellite: i-MODIS kunye neLandsat satellite zinika umfanekiso-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono we-infrared kwiziphumo ezisuka ku-30 emitha ukuya kwi-1 km, ivumela izixeko ukuba zimephule iipateni zobushushu bomphezulu kulo mmandla wonke wedolophu. Olu lwazi lunceda ukuphawula ingingqi entulayo engenayo umphezulu wemithi okanye enemiphandle egqithisileyo.
  • Izivo ezisekelwe kwisiseko sesazinge: Iinethwekhi zobushushu obuphantsi kunye neziva zomphunga ezinyuswa kwimibane yesitrato, izakhiwo, kunye nezibonda zesixhobo sombane zingathatha iimeko eziphezulu kakhulu kwindawo ezihlala kuyo rhoqo ngemizuzu embalwa. Izixeko ezifana noLouisville, Kentucky, kunye nePhoenix, Arizona, zithumele amakhulu ezivamvo ezinjalo kwisongezo sedata yesatellite.
  • Intetho ePhakamileyo kunye neSayensi yoMntu: Amavolontiya angaqhuba okanye iindlela ezichazwe kwangaphambili ngebhayisekile ezinabenzi bomsinga wobushushu abanyusiweyo ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi ngamaxesha awahlukeneyo emini. Iinkqubo ezifana ne Heat.gov (Inkqubo yolwazi lwezempilo yesizwe e-U.S. National Edityanisiweyo) inikeza imigangatho esezantsi kumaqela okubala i-mestom yobushushu boluntu.
  • Imodeli yemozulu ehamba phambili:[[FT:1] Izixhobo zemfaniso eziqhubela phambili ezinjenge-oyile yophando lwemozulu kunye noqikelelo (WRF) kunye nemilinganiselo yeplagi ekwidolophu ingaxela ukuba utshintsho olucwangcisiweyo kwisigqubuthelo somhlaba okanye izinto zokwakha luza kuchaphazela amaqondo obushushu azayo. Ezimodeli zivumela abaphathi besixeko ukuba bavavanye iimeko phambi kokuba basebenzise ii-retrofit ezibiza imali eninzi.

Ngokudibanisa ezi ndlela, izixeko zingenza iimaphu ezinokuchanabeka kubushushu eziza kudibanisa inkcazelo yobushushu enamanani, impilo, kunye nesiseko solwazi. Olu hlalutyo lunemingxuma lutyhila ukuba ngoobani abantu abasengozini kakhulu kwaye apho ungenelelo luza kuvelisa iziphumo ezikhulu zokuphola.

Ubuchule Bokudityaniswa: Izibuko Lemingeni

Akukho kungenelela kunye okunokuphelisa i-UHIs. Endaweni yoko, abaphathi besixeko kufuneka bavule izibuko lecebo elisebenza ngokwemilinganiso eyahlukeneyo.

Yandisa Ulwakhiwo Oluluhlaza

Ukulungisa isixeko kungumlinganiselo onconyelwa kakhulu nowandiswa kakhulu nowamaxabiso. Uthungelwano oluhle lwezibonelelo luquka imithi, iipaki, uphahla oluluhlaza, imiyezo ethe nkqo, ibhaswoles, kunye nezitiya zemvula. Imithi inamandla ngokukhethekileyo: umthi okhulayo onokuthi uthintele ukuya kuma-40% emitha yelanga ephuma ethafeni ethafeni kwaye ipholise umoya ojikeleze umoya nge-2/5°C nge-evacpotlanspings. Ngokwenkonzo yehlathi..S.

Luphahla oluluhlaza-_neenkqubo zophahla ezinemifuno ekhulayo nenezityalo . Zinciphisa amaqondo obushushu angaphezulu aphezulu ngo 15-3°C xa kuthelekiswa nophahla oluqhelekileyo olumnyama, amanzi asezantsi aphumayo ngama-50-100%, kwaye ziphucula ulungiso lolwakhiwo. Izixeko ezifana neChicago, Toronto, kunye ne Copenhagen ziye zagunyazisa uphahla oluluhlaza olukwinkqubela-phambili entsha, kwaye ubugcisa bunwenwabela ngokukhawuleza ehlabathini lonke.

Ipaki nezithuba eziluhlaza zenza iziqithi ezipholileyo ezinokuthoba ubushushu obuphakathi kwemida yazo kwaye zinwebe iziphumo zokuphola kumakhulu eemitha. Noko ke, azizizo zonke iipaki ezilinganayo: ezo zinobunzima obuphezulu bemithi kunye neempawu zamanzi zinika eyona ndawo ipholileyo. Abaphathi bezixeko kufuneka bamisele ukwenziwa kweepaki zepokotho kwindawo ezixineneyo, ezishushu apho iipasile ezinkulu zingekho khona.

Ukufakelwa kweminxeba epholileyo kunye neentlawulo ezipholileyo

Uphahla olupholileyo lwenzelwe ukubonisa umlinganiso ophezulu wemitha yelanga kunye nokukhupha ubushushu obufunyanwayo kakuhle. Ngokuqhelekileyo omhlophe okanye okhanyayo, uphahla olupholileyo lunelanga elikhanyisayo (albedo) lika 0.60.0.5 ngokuthelekiswa no 0.10.0.20 kumgangatho osezantsi wophahla olumnyama. Ukusetyenziswa kwamaphahla apholileyo ngaphaya kwesixeko kunganciphisa amaqondo obushushu omoya akwindawo ebanzi nge 0.2/0.C, ngokutsho kwe [[FLLL:0] LAWREnce Berceboration National Laboration .

Amasango apholileyo asebenzisa ii-aggrees ezibonisa amathambeka, izibopheleli ezimibalabala, okanye iindawo ezikhanyayo zokunciphisa ukufunxeka kobushushu. Ngeli xesha kuvela ubugcisa bomqhubi wenqwelo-moya, imisebenzi eyenzekayo ePhoenix, eLos Angeles, nase Baltimore ibonise ukuba izigqumo ezipholileyo zomphezulu zinokuthoba amaqondo obushushu ngo-3/6°°C. Imida ehambayo ivumela amanzi ukuba angene kwaye anciphe, anike ukupholisa nokuhlisa amanzi aphuma. Abaphathi bezixeko kufuneka bavavanye ukupholisa izixhobo ezise trafikishini nakumagumbi okupaka e-mastiki phambi kokuba kunyuke, njengoko kufuneka kubhekiswe.

Ukuxhotyiswa kwephulo

Uqikelelo lwexesha elide lwe-UHI lufuna ukuncitshiswa kobushushu obujikelezayo bube yikhowudi elawula indawo, imigangatho yokwakha, kunye nezicwangciso ezibanzi. Iinkqubo ezingundoqo zokuxhathisa ziquka:

  • Imithi yeKhawuni eGqityiweyo: Ifuna ipesenti encinci yesigqubuthelo somthi kumaqashiso abucala ngexesha lophuhliso olutsha okanye ukuphinda lukhule. Ezinye izixeko zibeka ixhoba le-30-40% yesongezo somphetho wemiphezulu kwimimandla ehlala abantu.
  • [[UMHLA] Iqokobhe leNqanawa neNtloko ePhakamileyo: Yamkela i International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) inkxaso yophahla okanye elinganayo yasekuhlaleni, kwaye ifuna izinto zokubonakalisa izitrato zikawonke-wonke kunye neendawo zokupaka iipatroli.
  • IFektri eluhlaza okanye ulinganiselo lwendawo eluhlaza: Iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwinqaku ezifuna inkqubela-phambili ukufumana inani elincinane leendawo zezityalo, uphahla oluluhlaza, kunye nemiphandle ebonakalisayo -- idityaniswe kunengcembe eluhlaza.
  • [[NTL: 0] Izicwangciso ze-Heat Action: zidityaniswe ngapha nangapha kwempilo kawonke-wonke, ulawulo longxamiseko, ucwangciso lwedolophu, kunye namasebe ezindlu ukuze kuvulwe iindawo zokupholisa, kukhangelwe kubemi ababuthathaka, kwaye kulungiswe ucwangciso lomsebenzi ngaphandle ngexesha lamaza obushushu.

Ukuhombisa kungathetha ngejometri yasedolophini ngokukhuthaza iindlela zokwakha kunye nobubanzi bezitrato obukhuthaza ukufudumala komoya. Ezinye izixeko zimisele umphakamo omkhulu wokwakha kunye nomlinganiselo womgangatho wemimandla eshushu ukunqanda ukwenza imijelo enzulu yasedolophini.

Unikezelo logcino-lwazi oluqhutywa ngumoya kunye nobugcisa bobugcisa obukrelekrele besixeko

Abaphathi besixeko sangoku bayakwazi ukuva idata edityanisiweyo kunye nezixhobo ezikrelekrele zesixeko ukwenzela ukuba utyalo-mali lwe-UHI lube luhle. Iinkqubo zolwazi lwe-Goographic (GIS) zingabona iindawo eziphambili zongenelelo-luvo ngokudibanisa iqondo lobushushu bomhlaba, ukhuhleko lwemithi, indawo engangenwa yintla, kunye nokunganyaniseki kwemeko yentlalo yezoqoqosho. Amanani eenkqubo omatshini angaxela kwangaphambili ukuba iziphi iingingqi eziza kungenelo olukhethekileyo, ukwenza ukuba kubekho uhlalutyo lwemali olubiza imali ehlaziweyo ngaphambi kokuba kusetyenziswe.

Ii-atcads zexesha lokwenene lokuhlola ubushushu zingenza iimpendulo ezizenzekelayo: umzekelo, xa uluvo lufumana amaqondo obushushu asecaleni komgca othe tyaba, inkqubo echuliweyo yokunkcenkceshela ingashukuma ukuze ipholise indawo ngemiphunga epholileyo. Iibhodi zamanani ezibonisa umlinganiselo wobunjani bobushushu bokwenene ziyakwazi ukunceda abaphathi besixeko banxibelelane nengozi kuluntu kunye noovimba abathe ngqo apho zifuneka khona kakhulu. Izixeko ezifana neBarcelona neSingapore sele zifake i-UHI kwiqonga lokuhlola kwimigangatho yazo yolawulo lwedolophu esembindi.

Ubandakanyeko Nemfundo Yoluntu

Akukho naluphi na ulungiso lobugcisa oluya kuphumelela ngaphandle kokuthengwa nguluntu. Ukudibanisa abahlali namashishini e-UHI kuqinisekisa ukuba izisombululo zifanelekile ngokwenkcubeko, zabelwe ngokulinganayo, kwaye zigcinwe ngexesha. Abaphathi bezixeko kufuneka:

  • ungenelelo olukhawulezileyo noluntu: lubambe ushishino lukawonke-wonke kwingingqi ezishushu ukuba ziqonde izinto eziza kuqala kunye nezithinteli. Umzekelo, abemi balapha basenokukhetha imithi yemthunzi kumacala asecaleni abonisa amacala enqanawa ukuba bafuna isithuba esinokusetyenziswa ngaphandle.
  • Yenza iinkqubo zokhuthazo kumnini mhlaba: Izahlulo zofakelo lophahla olupholileyo, umthi ongatshaliyo kumalungelo ombindi, kunye nemali yemiyezo yoluntu ingakhawulezisa ukusetyenziswa. ELos Angeles, inkqubo yeCoout Seal inika abaninimzi izigquma ezipholileyo ezipholileyo kwimimandla enoxanduva lobushushu.
  • Amaphulo emfundo yobushushu yobushushu: iziphakamisi ezisasazwayo, izinto eziqulethwe yimbuyiseli yezentlalo-ntle, kunye nezilumkiso ezihambayo malunga neengozi zobushushu, iindawo eziphakathi, kunye namanzi. Ukusebenzisana neekliniki, amathala eencwadi, kunye nemibutho yokholo ukufikelela kumntu okhulileyo kunye nabo bangangeni kwi-intanethi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Abaphathi boluntu: Abaqeqeshi abahlala apho ‘ njengabalawuli abathintelayo i-'cool' ukunyamekela imithi emitsha yesitrato' nokuxela iimfuno zokuyilungisa. Amaqela okuzithandela angalungiselela iintsuku zokutyala imithi kwaye ancede ekulondolozeni izithuba eziluhlaza zasedolophini.

Esinye isixhobo esinamandla yigadi yasedolophini okanye amahlathi atyiwayo, anika ukuphola nokutya. Le misebenzi inokuqaliswa yimibutho yoluntu engqinelanayo nexhaswa yimali yasedolophini, iguqule amaza ekhonkthithithi abe ziindawo ezichumileyo nezinomthunzi ezinciphisa ukukhuthuka kwe-UHI xa kusenziwa intlalo-ntle.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko: Izixeko Zikhokele

Izixeko eziliqela ziye zabonisa ukuba amabhongo eUHI anokufumaneka.

  • [[FLT: 0] Phoenix, Arizona: Elinye lawona madolobha ashushu kakhulu e-U.S., iPhoenix yamkele iPhoenix icebo elibanzi Isicwangciso sesenzo [ esiquka ulwandiso lomphetho womthi (ukugquma nge 25% nge 2030), iprojekthi yomqhubi epholileyo egquma ngaphezu kweekhilomitha eziyi-100 zezitrato, kunye neNt-Gosaign elungelela imigudu yokuquqululisa amasebe.
  • Milan, Itali: Inyathelo leFortaM lijolise ekutshaleni imithi ezizigidi ezintathu ngaphaya kwengingqi yesixeko ngo-2030, ijolise kwingingqi ezishushu. Isixeko sikwayalela ukuba uphahla oluluhlaza kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezintsha kwaye inika izithambiso zerhafu ukwenzela uphahla lwe-retrofit.
  • [[NTL:0] I-Melbourne, e-Australia: Ubuchule be-Urban Forest bucwangcise ixhoba le-40% yeglasi ye-ifig ngo-2040 kwaye busebenzisa ukwenziwa kwemaphu yobushushu ukuchaza iipaseji eziphambili zokutyala. Esi sixeko sikwasebenzisa unyango olusemgangathweni kwipaki ukugcina imithi iphilile ngexesha lembalela.
  • Seville, eSpeyin: iSeville iphuhlisa i-'pixel' edityanisiweyo''''''''''''''''''''''''''inethwekhi edityaniswe nephini le-injini yesixeko, kwaye ithiye ibizwa ngokuba ngumphathi wokuqala we-Heat. Esi sixeko sisebenzisa inkqubo yokubiza amaza obushushu kunye nokudibanisa isantya esifana nesiqu senkanyamba ukunyusa uluntu.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba ukuphumelela kwe-UHI kufuna uluvo lwezopolitiko, ukuxhaswa kwemali okuqhubekayo, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezidibeneyo, nokuvuma ukuvavanya ngobugcisa obutsha. Abaphathi beziXeko kufuneka bahlolisise le mifuziselo kodwa bayilungelelanise nemozulu yabo yasekuhlaleni, inkcubeko, kunye noqingqo-mali.

Isiphelo: Ubizo Lokupholisa Zonke Iisigqibo

Iziqithi ezishushu zasedolophini azinakunqandwa ngenxa yemo yesixeko, zibububungozi obulungisekayo. Ngokuqonda ingcambu ebangela ingxaki, ukulinganisa ingxaki kumgangatho wodonga, ukuzalisekisa umgangatho ohlukeneyo wobuchule bokukhusela isantya, kunye nokubandakanyeka kuluntu njengamaqabane, abaphathi besixeko bangabunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ubunzulu be-UHI kunye nengozi enxulumene nayo.

Iingenelo zidlulela ngaphaya kwezitrato ezipholileyo. Imimandla efuthiswe kakuhle ikhuthaza ukuhamba nokukhwela ibhayisekile, iphucula impilo kawonke-wonke kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezithuthi. Uphahla olupholileyo kunye nezixhobo eziluhlaza ezincinane ezikumgangatho ophantsi, zidala imisebenzi eluhlaza, ziphucula imozulu etshintshayo. Kwaye ngokubeka phambili utyalo-mali kwiindawo ezigciniweyo, abaphathi besixeko bangaqalisa ukuphelisa amashumi eminyaka okungekho sikweni kwemekobume.

Izantsa-msi, ubushushu, ukutshiselwana kwemali exesheni, ungxamiseko longxamiseko lwempilo oludityaniswe kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu luyisikhumbuzo sokuba imeko yemo yezulu ayinakufikeleleka. Abaphathi bezixeko banazo izixhobo, ulwazi, negunya lokubuyisela ubushushu bedolophu. Ixesha lokuthatha inyathelo ngoku lingu-$phambi kokuba amaza alandelayo obushushu aqhubele uluntu lugqithe indawo yokwaphuka.