Isiseko SoMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo

IsiHlanzo sesine soMgaqo-siseko weUnited States sifundeka ngolu hlobo: " ilungelo labantu lokukhuselwa, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, ngokuchasene nokuphengulula okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, aziyi kuphulwa, kwaye akukho namnye umxhasi oya kukhutshwa, oxhaswa ngu-Oath okanye imvume, kwaye ichaza indawo ezakuphehlwa, kwaye ingakumbi abantu okanye izinto ezizakuthinjwa. La mazwi angamashumi amane anesibhozo aya kuyila, angenako ukukhusela okunamandla komntu ngamnye kwi-mgaqo-mswo nakungenamthetho waseMerika. I-Amerika i-1991, i-Gemele ukuba iphenjelwe ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kwemithetho ye-onke ne-oyile-everali esetyenziswayo i-'injini-e-magnestiki, ngaphandle koomatina.

Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa amalungelo oMphengululo wesine kubalulekile kuye nabani na ohlala okanye otyelele i-United States. Oku kukhusela kusebenza kunxibelelwano nawo onke amanqanaba okunyanzeliswa komthetho, kuquka amapolisa asekuhlaleni, amajoni, amagosa karhulumente, namanye amagosa karhulumente. Utshintsho alwaqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko olupheleleyo lungaqinisekiswanga kodwa kunoko lukhusela [[FLT:] ugxampuzeko lukarhulumente. Umbuzo ongundoqo kulo naliphi na ityala leSine Sonyuso-Paramende ungokuba ukukhangela okanye ukuphamba kusengqiqweni phantsi kweemeko.

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yachaza uHlaziyo lweSine ukuba lufune ukuba ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula kusekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, kugunyaziswe ngemvume. Noko ke, iNkundla iye yaqonda ukuba kukho iindidi ezininzi ezichaseneyo nemfuneko, ezifana nokuphengulula isiganeko sokubanjwa, imfundiso ecacileyo, iimeko ezicacileyo, kunye nophando olucacileyo. Ukwazi xa ezi zinto zisebenza kwaye xa zingawachananga amalungelo akho.

Imigaqo Yomgaqo Wokohlwaywa Kwesine

Into Ebangela Ukuba Abantu Bafune

Asiyonto yonke uphando lukarhulumente olubalelwa kuphando lweSine soMbetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo ithe yathi uphando lwenzeka xa urhulumente ephazamisa ngokoqobo kwindawo ekhuselwe ngumgaqo-siseko (uvavanyo lwe-tresspass) okanye xa urhulumente ephula umthetho womntu ] ukulindela okusengqiqweni kwemfihlo[[. Umntu ulindele ukuba umntu abe wedwa xa elindele ukuba yedwa xa ebona ukuba uluntu lufanele luzibonele. Lo mlinganiselo wamiselwa ku katz. United States[FLT:] (11877]] kwaye uyaqhubeka noluhlolo lweSihlalo-Geneardenti.

Imizekelo yeendawo apho abantu benolindelo olusengqiqweni lokuzimela kubandakanya umbindi wekhaya, umqulu ovaliweyo, okuqulethwe yicellular (nemiqathango), kunye nepotimenti etshixiweyo. Iinkundla apho ngokuqhelekileyo zingalilindelanga ixesha elifanelekileyo lokuba wedwa quka amasimi avulekileyo ngaphandle kwekhaya, inkunkuma eshiyelwe umgangatho wokuqokelela, kwakunye nengaphandle kwenqwelo-mafutha ebonwa ngaphandle kwindawo yeliso likawonke-wonke.

Into Ebangela Ukuba Ukungabikho Kwento Eyenzayo

Ukuphazanyiswa komntu onengqondo kuyenzeka xa umntu engaziva ekhululekile ukunduluka okanye ukuphelisa ukudibana nomthetho. Asingabo bonke abasebenzi abasebenzisanayo ngokuphandle kusisithuthwane. Ukudibana kokuzithandela apho igosa lisondela lize libuze imibuzo ngaphandle kokuboniswa kwegunya kudla ngokuwa. Kodwa xa umphathi ebonakalisa isixhobo, usebenzisa isandi esilawulayo, umjikelo webloko, okanye ngandlel ’ ithile achaze oko kufunekayo, ukuphazanyiswa kusenzeka ngenjongo yokuLamla I Amendulo Yesine.

Ukuxhuzula kwempahla kwenzeka xa kukho ukuphazamisana okunentsingiselo nomdla womntu kwipropati. Umzekelo, xa igosa lithatha into kumntu okanye lisusa isithuthi, oko kukuthi ukuxhuzula kwaye kufuneka kuxhaswe ngokuqhelekileyo yisizathu esilindelekileyo okanye isiqinisekiso.

Imfuneko Engummangaliso Neyahlukileyo

UHlomelo lwesine lufuna ukuba uphando nokuxhuzula kuqhutywe kwisiqinisekiso esikhutshwe yijaji engathathi-nxaxheba ngokusekelwe kwisizathu esifanelekileyo. Imvume kufuneka ichaze ngokungqalileyo indawo efuna ukuphengululwa nezinto eziza kuthinjwa. Noko ke, iinkundla ziye zabona iindidi ezininzi ezivumela ukuphengululwa ngaphandle kwemvume phantsi kweemeko ezithile.

Ngokuqhelekileyo kuqukwa ukuphanda (apho umntu avuma ngokuzithandela), ukukhangela isiganeko sokubanjwa ngokusemthethweni, ukuchana kwenqwelo - mafutha (apho kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba imoto inobungqina), iimeko ezicacileyo (iimeko ezifuna ukukhawuleziswa), kunye nemfundiso ecacileyo (apho igosa libona ubungqina obucacileyo bucacile kwindawo esemthethweni). Ukuqonda oku kuyagxeka kuba kuchaza ukuba umthetho umele wenze ntoni ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso.

Ukwazi Amalungelo Akho Ebudeni Bokudibana Nomthetho

Ukuhlala uzolile yaye unentlonelo ngexesha lokusebenza nomthetho kubalulekile. Igosa eliziva lisoyikekile okanye lingahlonelwa linokuyinyusa imeko, linyusa ingozi yokuba neziphumo ezingalunganga. Noko ke, ukuba nembeko akufuni ukunikezela ngokhuseleko lwakho lomgaqo-siseko. Kunokwenzeka ukuba ube nesimilo ngoxa uqinisekisa ngokungqongqo amalungelo akho.

Ukugqiba Ukuba Ukhululekile Ukuba Ungahamba

Xa umphathi-mikhosi efika kuwe, umbuzo wokuqala wokubuza ukuba uvalelwe kusini na. Ungabuza ngqo: " Ingaba ndivalelwe, okanye ndikhululekile ukushiya? Ukuba umphathi uthi ukhululekile ukuba uhambe, ungahamba ungaphenduli nayiphi na imibuzo engakumbi. Ukuba umphathi uthi uvaliwe, awukhululekile ukushiya kwaye umele uthobele imiyalelo esemthethweni, kodwa uyakwazi ukubambelela kumalungelo athile.

Ukuba awuqinisekanga ukuba uvalelwe, ungabuza ngokuzolileyo. Kuphephe ukubaleka okanye ukwenza imijikelo ngequbuliso. Nokuba uvakalelwa kukuba ukuvalelwa akuvumelekanga, ukuthobela imvume ngexesha elithile nakucelomngeni olusemthethweni kamva kudla ngokuba yeyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo yokusebenza. Ukuxhathisa emzimbeni, kwanaxa amalungelo akho ephulwe, kungakhokelela kwityala elongezelelekileyo nengozi engokomzimba.

Umele Uhlale Uthe Tyaba

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sikhusela ilungelo lakho lokuhlala uthule nakweyiphi na intsebenziswano nomthetho, kuquka ngexesha lokumisa kwendlela okanye ukudibana kwendlela. Akuyomfuneko ukuba uphendule imibuzo malunga nalapho uya khona, apho ubuya khona, oko ubukwenza, okanye enoba ubusela. Emva kokunikela ukufunyaniswa xa kuyimfuneko (umzekelo, ngexesha lokumisa kwezithuthi okanye kumazwe ngemithetho elawulayo), ungayekelela ngokuzolileyo ukuphendula imibuzo ebhekele phaya.

Ukucela ilungelo lakho lokuthula, ungatsho ngokucacileyo: " Ndisebenzisa ilungelo lam lokuthula. Andifuni kuphendula nayiphi na imibuzo. Ukuthula nje kusenokunganele ukuba inkundla kamva igqiba ukuba ukuba ukuba ubuthule akucacanga. Ukucela ngokucacileyo kususa nayiphi na into ecacileyo kwaye kunika igosa isaziso sokuba uqinisekise amalungelo akho okuLandlwa kweFind Remprivement.

Iphepha Elilandelayo

Elinye lamalungelo abalulekileyo phantsi koMphetho-mva wesine lilungelo lokungavumi ukuphengululwa. Ngaphandle kokuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kugunyaziswa okanye kusetyenziswa imfuneko efunekayo, akunyanzelekanga ukuba uvumele ukuphengululwa komntu wakho, inqwelo-mafutha yakho, ikhaya, okanye impahla yakho. Noko ke, abantu abaninzi baliqonde kakubi eli lungelo kwaye baziva benyanzelekile ukuba bathobele xa igosa libuza, "Uyayithanda ukuba ndikhangele?" okanye "Ngaba ndingaphengulula imoto yakho?"?

Ukungavumi, yithi ngokucacileyo: andivumi nakuphi na ukuphendla. Ndiqinisekisa amalungelo am oMphengululo wesine. Kubalulekile ukukuthetha ngokuvakalayo oku, nokuba ukholelwa ukuba ukuphendla kuzakuqhubeka. Ukungaphenduli kulondoloza amandla akho okuvavanya uphando kamva enkundleni. Ukuba igosa liphengulula ngeliphandle, ubungqina obufunyenweyo bungacinywa ukuba ijaji igqiba ukuba uphando lungekho mthethweni.

Lumka ukuba umphathi-mikhosi akuyomfuneko ukuba akuxelele ukuba unelungelo lokungavumi. Ngokungafaniyo [[FLT: 0] imandana izilumkiso, ezimele zinikelwe phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya, akukho mfuneko yokuba amapolisa akuxelele ukuba uyavuma ngokuzithandela. Ngoko ke, yimbopheleleko yakho ukuqinisa amalungelo akho.

Into Omele Uyenze Ukuba Ubanjiwe

Ukuba uvalelwe, qhubeka uqinisa amalungelo akho ngokuzolileyo. Musa ukuxhathisa ngokwasemzimbeni, nokuba ukholelwa ukuba ukubanjwa akuvumelekanga. Cela igqwetha ngoko nangoko: [[FLT: 0]]" Ndifuna ukuthetha negqwetha. Andiphenduli mibuzo de ifike igqwetha lam.

Ukufowunela amabanjwa kudla ngokubhalwa phantsi, kwaye incoko yakho namanye amabanjwa isenokusetyenziswa ngokuchasene nawe. Libekele umda iingxubusho zakho kwigqwetha lakho. Ukuba awunamali yokuthenga igqwetha, lowo uza kumiselwa ukuba akumele nangamalini nangayiphi na ityala elinokuphumela kwintolongo.

Ukufuna Ukuqonda Nemithetho Esetyenziswayo

Uhambo Ngezithuthi Luyama

Ukumiswa kwezithuthi yenye yezona zenzo ziqhelekileyo phakathi kwabemi kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Ngexesha lokuma, igosa lingafuna ukuba unikezele imvume yokuqhuba, ukubhalisa imoto, kunye nokuqinisekisa nge-inshorensi. Kufuneka uvumelane nezi zicelo. Noko ke, igosa alisayi kukwandisa ukuma ngapha koko kuyimfuneko ukuchaza isizathu sokuqala sokuma ngaphandle kokuba likhe lirhanele ngokusengqiqweni ngomsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho owongezelekayo.

Ukuba igosa licela ukuphengulula inqwelo-mafutha yakho, unelungelo lokulandula. Igosa lingase licele ukuphengulula, kodwa akufuneki ukuba unikele ngalo. Ukuba igosa linosizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho kwinqwelo-mafutha (njengevumba lomya okanye ivumba le-ankile ebonakalayo), bangaphengulula ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso phantsi komnxeba wenqwelo-mafutha. Kulo mzekelo, ukwala kwakho akuyi kukuthintela ukuphengulula, kodwa kugcina ilungelo lakho lokuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwemvume yophando kamva.

Ngexesha lokumisa kwendlela, ungabuza: " Kutheni ndimisiwe? Umphathi-mikhosi kufuneka anike isizathu sokumisa. Ukuba isizathu sijika sibe sibhalwe kwangaphambili okanye singaxhaswanga ngokukrokrela okusengqiqweni, nabuphina ubungqina obufunyenweyo bungacinywa. Khumbula ukuba umphathi angasoloko enika impendulo enyanisweni, kodwa abuze umbuzo udala ingxelo.

Uphando Lwekhaya

Ikhaya lifumana umgangatho ophezulu weSine SoMthetho ohlaziyiweyo. Umthetho usoloko ungena okanye uphengulule ikhaya ngaphandle kwemvume, ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ngaphandle kweemeko okanye imvume. Ukuba amagosa eza emnyango wakho aze kuphengulula, unelungelo lokulandula. Ukuba bathi banesiqinisekiso, ungacela ukulibona ngaphambi kokuba uvumele ukungena.

Xa uhlola isiqinisekiso, khangela ukuba siquka idilesi elungileyo, igama lomgwebi owayityobelayo, kunye nenkcazelo yezinto ezakubanjwe. Ukuba isiqinisekiso sibonakala singalunganga okanye idilesi iphosakele, ungachaza uxhathiso lwakho: " Ndikholelwa ukuba le mvume ayisebenzi, kwaye andivumi ukungena. Ngoko, ukuba abaphathi bangena noko, musa ukuba baphazamisa ngokoqobo. Igqwetha lakho mali malibekele umgunyaziso kamva.

Ukuba abaphathi-mikhosi bangena ekhayeni lakho ngaphandle kwemvume yakho kwaye ngaphandle kwemvume yakho, kwaye akukho zimeko zigqwethekileyo, nabuphi na ubungqina ababufumanayo bunokuba phantsi konyanzelo phantsi komthetho wobugqwirha . Umthetho wokuzikhetha uyimfundiso eyenziweyo ethintela ukuchaswa koMgqomo wesiC5 wokuHlayishwa ekusetyenzisweni kwakho ekuvavanyweni.

Uphando lwezixhobo zombane

INkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ukuba icell phone kunye neekhompyutha zale mihla zineenkcukacha ezininzi zobuqu kwaye ngoko zifumana ukhuseleko olunamandla lwesi-5 IsiHlaziyo. Riley v. California (2014, iNkundla iyavuma ukuba amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula iziphumo zeminxeba zeselfowuni ezibanjwayo. Lo mthetho usebenza kwii-cell phone, kwii-ptable, kwii-laptop, nakweminye izixhobo ze-electron.

Ngaphandle kolu khuselo, kukho iimeko apho ukunyanzelisa umthetho kusenokuzama ukuphendla isixhobo sakho ngaphandle kwemvume, njengakwindawo yomda onqumla okanye phantsi kweemeko ezixeliweyo. Ukuba igosa licela ikhowudi yakho yokugqitha okanye izicelo zemvume yokuphendla ifowuni yakho, ungalandula: " andivumi ukuphengulula umnxeba wam. Ndiza kuqinisekisa amalungelo am esihlanu nowesihlanu wesiHlaziselo. Ulungiso lwesihlanu lungakhusela ekunyanzelweni kwekhowudi edluliselweyo, nangona iinkundla zahlulele kulo mngeni.

Ukukhusela amanani akho, sebenzisa ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo ngamandla kwizixhobo zakho kwaye wenze utshixo oluzenzekelayo. Cinga ukusebenzisa ikhowudi egqithileyo kunokuqinisekisa (ushicilelo lweminwe okanye ulwamkelo lobuso), njengoko iinkundla maxa wambi zikholelwa ukuba i-biometrics inganyanzelwa ngokhuseleko olungemthetho kune-amanani amanani okanye i-alphanumeric codec.

Ukukhangela Umda Neincopho Zokukhangela

Uhlaziyo lwesine lusebenza ngokwahlukileyo kwimida yezizwe ngezizwe nakwizikhululo zenqwelo-moya. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ukuphengulula okungaqhelekanga [[FLT: 0] okuvumela ukuphengululwa kwabantu nokungena ngokomthetho kwi-United States. Oku kunxaxhiswa kudlulela kwizikhululo zenqwelo-moya, amazibuko, kunye nonqumlo lwemida yomhlaba. Uphengululo lomda we-Routine lungafuneki sizathu, kodwa luninzi olungenayo (njengokuphengulula okanye ukukhangela umzimba) lufuna ukukrokraza okufanelekileyo.

Iindawo zokukhangela ezingaphakathi kwe-United States, ezifana neendawo zokuhlola ukunxiba okanye iindawo zokuhlola ukufuduka, zikwaphantsi kovavanyo lweSine soLawulo oluhlaziyiweyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo ixhase iinkcazo zokuhlola ukungakhucumfuki xa ziqhutywa ngokwemigaqo yobundilele kwaye inciphisa ukungenelela kweenqwelo-mafutha. Iindawo zokuhlola ukumiswa kobumi zisenokuxhaswa ngenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ummi, kodwa ukubuza kwegosa kufuneka kulinganiselwe kumlinganiselo. Kuyo nayiphi na indawo yokuhlola, kufuneka ume kwaye unikezele ukuchaza, kodwa usenokuyeka ukuphendula imibuzo engaphaya koko kufunekayo.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okukhusela Amalungelo Akho Ohlaziyiweyo Okwesine

Ukudibana koxwebhu noMthetho onyanzeliswayo

Ukubhala ingxelo yokusebenza komthetho kunganika ubungqina obubalulekileyo ukuba amalungelo akho aphulwe. Kumaphondo amaninzi, unelungelo lokurekhoda amapolisa ewenza imisebenzi yawo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, lo gama nje ungangeneleli emsebenzini wawo. Amanye amaphondo anemiqathango ekushicileleni isandi ngaphandle kwemvume, ngoko kububulumko ukwazi umthetho ekholwe nguwe.

Ukuba ukhetha ukushicilela, yenza oko kumgama okhuselekileyo kwaye ungawathinteli abaphathi. Siza ukuba ushicilele ukuba kukhuselekile ukwenza oko. Gcina umnxeba wakho ukwindawo apho ubamba zombini isandi nevidiyo ngokucacileyo. Ukuba umphathi-mikhosi uyakuyalela ukuba uyeke ukushicilela, ungaliqinisa ngokuzolileyo ilungelo lakho ukubhala: " Ndiqhelisa uLawulo lwam lokuqala ukushicilela le ngxoxo kwindawo kawonke-wonke. Noko ke, linganisela ixabiso lokuqhubeka ubhala nxamnye nomngcipheko wokubhalisa okanye ukubanjwa.

Ukuba ubanjwa, khumbula iinkcukacha zonxibelelwano: amagama namanani ebheji, amajoni enqwelo-mafutha, ixesha nendawo, kunye namangqina. Yabelana ngeli nqaku negqwetha lakho ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ukuba uxhasa nayiphi na ingozi, funa ingqalelo yabezamayeza ngoko nangoko uze ubhale iingozi ngemifanekiso.

Ukuqonda Imida Yokuvumelana Nento

Ukuvunywa kokuphengulula kufuneka kube ngokuzenzekelayo, ukwazi, kunye nobuchule. Ukuba umphathi-majoni uthi uyavuma ekuphengululeni, ityala kufuneka libonise ukuba imvume inikwe ngesisa kwaye ayinyanzelelwanga. Izinto ezinzima ngokuchasene nokuphakama kwamandla ziquka umphathi obonisa isixhobo, esebenzisa ulwimi olusongelayo, okanye ubonise amandla. Ukuba uziva unyanzelekile, chaza ngokucacileyo ukuba awuvumi.

Lumka ukuba imvume isenokurhoxiswa nangaliphi na ixesha. Ukuba uyavuma kuqala kuphendlo kodwa utshintshe ingqondo yakho, unokuthi: " Ndithi ndirhoxisile imvume yam. Nceda phelisa ukukhangela. Igosa malikuyeke ukuphendla kanye ukuba umvume irhoxisiwe, ngaphandle kokuba linegunya elizimeleyo elisemthethweni ukuqhubeka (njengesiqinisekiso okanye unobangela ofanelekileyo).

Yazi Umthetho Kwilizwe Lakho

Ngoxa uHlaziyo lweSine lulungiselela umgangatho wokhuseleko lwamarhulumente, amaphondo ngamanye anganikela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo ngomgaqo-siseko wawo nemimiselo yawo. Amanye amaphondo afuna ukuba umthetho unyanzeliswe ukuze ufumane isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokuba akhangele ikhompathimenti yemoto okanye ibhuti, kwanaxa ukusetyenziswa kwenqwelo-mafutha kuvumela ukuphengululwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Amanye amaphondo afuna ukuba amapolisa azise abantu ngelungelo labo lokungavumi ukuphendla ngaphambi kokuba acele imvume.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqhelane nemithetho yeli lizwe lakho. Iintlangano ezinjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) kunye nee-ofisi zoluntu ezikhusela uwonke-wonke zisoloko zinika uSazi Amalungelo Akho izinto ezichanekileyo kulawulo lwakho. Kwakhona ungaqhagamshelana negqwetha lokhuseleko lolwaphulo-mthetho lasekuhlaleni ukuze uqonde umahluko womthetho weSine Somgaqo-Mthethwe-mvume kummandla wakho.

Oko Umele Ukwenze Ukuba Amalungelo Akho Aphulwayo

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuye kwawaphula amalungelo akho okuHlaziselwa kweyesine, thabatha la manyathelo alandelayo:

  • Ubungqina obugciniweyo. Gcina nabuphina ucwecwe, iifoto, amaxwebhu, kunye nobungqina obuphathekayo obunxulumene nesiganeko. Bhala phantsi inkumbulo yakho yeziganeko ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kuquka umhla, ixesha, indawo, kunye namagama abaphathi ababandakanyekileyo.
  • Ifayile isikhalazo. Amasebe amaninzi amapolisa anamacandelo angaphakathi alwahlula-hlula imicimbi yangaphakathi amkela izikhalazo ezivela kubemi. Ungafaka isikhalazo kwibhodi yasekuhlaleni yabaphathi-mikhosi, ukuba kukho omnye, okanye negosa-gosa-gosa likarhulumente.
  • Igqwetha. Ukuba umangalelwe ngawe, igqwetha lakho lingayifaka inyathelo lokucinezela ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuchasene noMphetho-mva wesine. Ukuba ubungqina bucimiwe, abatshutshisi banganyanzeleka ukuba balahle izityholo. Ukuba uphando olungekho mthethweni okanye ukuphazanyiswa ngaphandle kokubekwa ityala, unokuba nezizathu zokumangalelwa kwamalungelo abantu phantsi ko- 42.SC. 76.
  • Funa inkxaso yoluntu. Imibutho enjenge ACLU kunye neNational Lawers Guild inika ugcino-lwazi olusemthethweni kwaye inganika umelo kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa.

Ubuxhakaxhaka Nohlaziyo Lwesine

Ukukhangela i-GPS kunye nogcino-lwazi lwendawo

Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba ukudibanisa isixhobo sokufumana iGPS kwinqwelo-mafutha nokuhlola intshukumo yayo kubumba uphendlo phantsi koMphetho-wesine. United States v. Jones (202]), iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ukufakwa kwesixhobo seGPS kwinqwelo-mafutha erhanelwayo ngaphandle kwemvume echasene noMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko wesine. Inkundla yasebenzisa uvavanyo lwetyala, ifumanise ukuba ukungenelela komzimba kwinqwelo-mafutha kwakunguphendlo.

Noko ke, urhulumente uyakwazi ukufumana indawo yogcino-lwazi kumaqela amathathu, njengawo anika icell phone amaziko eengcinga, alawulwa sisakhiwo esahlukileyo somthetho. Phantsi kwemfundiso yesithathu-yahlulwa ngokuzithandela , ulwazi olwabelwe iqela lesithathu lungakhuseleki ngendawo yeSine Soguqulo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibeke umda le mfundiso kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ephethe Carcenter v. United States[FLT] (20:3]) ukuba urhulumente udla ngokufumana isiqinisekiso sokufumana indawo ye-cell-encwadi yenkonzo. Esi sigqibo siqonda ukuba indawo ebanzi ye-immat-eat ezilueququ ze-s ze-teast.

Ubungqina Bezobugcisa Namanani

Umthetho oya ufumana ubungqina obuvela kwiingxelo zezentlalo, abanikezi be-imeyili, kunye neenkonzo zokugcina amafu. Ukhuseleko loMphengululo wesine lwale nkcazelo luxhomekeke ekubeni umsebenzisi ulindele ukuba abe wedwa na. Imiyalezo yobuqu kunye nee-akhawunti ezikhuselwe ngegama le-password zifumana ukhuseleko olungaphezulu kunee-ofisi zikawonke-wonke okanye ulwazi olunabaphulaphuli abaninzi.

Ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kucela ugcino-lwazi lwakho lwezentlalo-ntle kwiqonga, inkampani ingakwazisa ngaphambi kokuba uthobele, ikunike ithuba lokucela isicelo enkundleni. Noko ke, iinkampani azisoloko zifuneka ukuba zinike isaziso, kwaye ezinye zingavumelana nezicelo zikarhulumente ngaphandle kokubazisa abasebenzisi. Ungabunciphisa obu mngcipheko ngokusebenzisa ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo oya ekupheleni xa zikho kwaye uqwalasela ngenyameko ukuba luluphi ulwazi olusebenzisana nabo kwi-intanethi.

Injongo yogcino-lwazi kunye nobuninzi

Iinkqubo zolawulo lukarhulumente, kuquka ezo ziqhutywa yi-NSA kunye namanye amasebe karhulumente, ziphakamisa imibuzo entsonkothileyo yeSindululo sesine. UMthetho wobuNgqila obuSurveillance (FISA) kunye noMthetho ka-USA PATRIOTT ulongeze igunya likarhulumente lokuqokelela unxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwemvume ekhethekileyo. Ngelixa ezi nkqubo ziphantsi kokuphatha nokuqulungela kwakhona, iziphumo zazo kwimfihlo zihlala zingumbandela wengxoxo nento eqhubekayo.

Ukukhusela amathuba akho obuqu amanani, qwalasela ukusebenzisa ii-apps ezifihlakeleyo ezifana ne-Synal okanye i-Achosapp, uthungelwano oluzii-IP (VPN) ukufihla idilesi yakho, kunye nokuqinisekisa okuzii-faktha ezimbini zee-akhawunti zakho. Ngexa ezi zinyathelo zingenakuthintela zonke ii-odolo zikarhulumente, zinyusa iindleko nomgudu ofunekayo kurhulumente wokuqwalasela imisebenzi yakho.

Ugcino-lwazi lwe-bimetric kunye nelungelo lokuzimela

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-biometric data, kuquka iminwe, ukuqwalaselwa kobuso, kunye ne-DNA, kubangela inkxalabo ebalulekileyo yoMphetho-Mgaqo wesine. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yathi ukuthatha isampuli yeDNA kumntu obanjwa ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu akungqubani noMphetho-mthetho wesine, kodwa ukuqokelelwa kweDNA ukuze ifakwe kwisiseko sogcino-lwazi kufuna isiqinisekiso okanye isizathu esilindelekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa bokuphawula ubuso ngomthetho kuxhomekeke kwimilinganiselo esemthethweni, kunye nemiqatha yemiqathango ethile elawula ukusetyenziswa kwayo.

Ukuba umthetho ucela ukuba ulandelise iinkcukacha zakho zebhayoloji, unelungelo lokuthetha negqwetha ngaphambi kokuba ulinike. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukunikela ugcino-lwazi olungokwamayeza kusenokuwachaphaza ngokuzithandela amalungelo akho eSine Sommisi-Mbetho nokuvumela urhulumente ukuba asebenzise loo nkcazelo kuphando lwexesha elizayo. Ngamaxesha onke funa icebiso elingokwasemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba uvume ukuqokelelwa kwenkcazelo yebhayoloji.

Inkxaso engokwandisiweyo

Ukukhusela amalungelo akho oMphetho-mvisiswano wesine kufuna ulwazi, ukuphaphama nokufumana izinto ezingokwasemthethweni.

  • [[FLT: 0] Isibonelelo soluntu sase Merika i-Union (ACLU)[#811]; i ACLU inikeza ulwazi oluninzi lwezikhokelo zamalungelo akho ukugquma amavandla amapolisa, ukukhangela, kunye nelungelo lobuqu bamanani. Hamba [[FLT: 2] www.aclu.org/ ulwazi- amalungelo akho [ ngolwazi ulwazi oluneenkcukacha.
  • Electronic Foundation (EFF) & #811; iEFF ibhekisa kwimfihlo yamanani kunye nokuchaza kwasimahla, kuquka imiba yesine yoMmiselo onxulumene nobugcisa kunye nolawulo. Ubuncwane babo bukhona ku www.eff.org/issues/ziso-amalungelo akho[.
  • [[NTL: 0] Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho lwe-Cornell (LII)[#811]; LII inikeza ushwankathelo olubanzi lomthetho wesiHlazo sesine, kuquka izigqibo ezingundoqo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkcazelo zemithetho. Fumana isikhokelo sazo ku www.law.corell.edu/wex/forth_endiment.
  • Abaxhasi bomthetho besizwe Guilld (NLG)[#811]; NLG inika inkxaso esemthethweni kumalungu alwamkelo kunye nabantu abajongene nokuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa, kuquka nokwaphulwa kwemithetho yesine yoLawulo. Fumana isahluko se-NLG ukuya ku-[FL:2] www.lg.org
  • Apho uhlala khona ukhuseleko lwe-ofisi zikawonke-wonke ̵ Abakhuseli boluntu banamava kwimibandela yesine yoLawulo oluHlaziweyo kwaye bangakucebisa ukuba umangalelwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba awunakukwazi ukuhlawula icebo labucala, cela ukutyunjwa ngumkhuseli kawonke-wonke.

Ikamva Lokohlwaywa Kwesine

Uhlaziyo lwesine luyaqhubeka luguquka njengoko ubugcisa buhambela phambili kunye neentlobo ezintsha zokhangelo zivela. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibonise ukukulungela ukutshintsha imigaqo yeSine Soguqulo kwiimeko zangoku, njengokuba kuboniswa kwiimeko ezifana ne Riley kunye [[FLT]] [FLT]] .[FLT]

Umthetho kumgangatho wesizwe nowaserhulumenteni ungadibanisa ukhuseleko lweSihlalo sesine soMphetho-Mphetho-mva. Umthetho woNxulumano lobuLungu (ECPA) noMthetho Waretap [ unika ukhuseleko lokhuseleko lwezonxibelelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki, lo gama imithetho karhulumente ifuna imfuneko yohlobo oluthile lokuphengulula okanye ukubeka imiqathango ekusetyenzisweni kobugcisa bokuhlola. Ukungafihliswa kwe-mthetho kunye nolwazi lukawonke luyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lwemfihlolo luhambisana nenkqubela yezobugcisa.

Abahlali abaqonda baze basebenzise amalungelo abo oMphetho-mthetho wesine abawaqondiyo nabawasebenzisayo abawakhuseli nje kuphela kodwa bakwanceda ekulondolozeni ezi zinto zikhusela wonke umntu. Ibutho labantu elazi amalungelo abo lize liwasebenzise libutho apho uHlaziyo lwesine luzalisekisa injongo yalo: ukulinda ukugxabhagxabha likarhulumente ongenangqiqo nokukhusela inkululeko eqinisekiswe ngumGaqo-siseko.

Hlala wazi ngeenguqu kumthetho, ube nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo zoluntu malunga nokuzimela kwasese kunye nokusebenza kwamapolisa, kunye nemibutho exhasayo ekhusela inkululeko yabemi. UMthetho-nkqubo wesine awusiyonto ekhoyo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo kodwa ukhuseleko olufuna abantu bathembisene ngokukhutheleyo. Xa abemi beqinisa amalungelo abo ngentlonelo nangolwazi, bomeleza inkqubo esisiseko ekhusela bonke abantu.