Ingcamango yamaLungelo kaMiranda imele njengenye yezikhuseli eziphambili eziqatshelweyo kwinkqubo yezolwaphulo-mthetho zaseMerika. Iqinisekisa ukuba abantu abagcinwe emkhosini bayazazi iinkuselo zabo zomGaqo-siseko ngaphambi kokuba bancinwe. Ngaphezu kokuba kusetyenziswe imitya eqhelekileyo ecaciswe kumabonwakude, la malungelo amela inkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuxhasa inkqubo efunekayo, ukuthintela ukungaziphathisi ngokwawo amandla phakathi kwesizwe nomntu ngamnye. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi, amacala, intsingiselo esemthethweni, kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo ezijikeleze amaLungelo eMiranda, libonisa imbono ebanzi ngendima yabo ekukhuseleni inkululeko esisiseko.

Ayintoni Amalungelo EMiranda?

UMiranda Amalungelo asisilumkiso abekwa ngamagosa omthetho kufuneka anike ukrokrelo olukwindawo efihlakeleyo naphambi kokuba kuqalise nayiphi na ingxinaniso yelungelo lokugcina umntwana. Ezi zilumkiso zisuka kukhuselo loMgqomo-mva wesihlanu ozikhuselayo ekunyanzelweni kokuzinyanzela ukuba ungabi naluhlanga kunye noMphetho-Mdatha wamalungelo okufanelekileyo ekululekwa ngawo ngexesha lokuncinwa kwegunyaziso. Imfuneko engundoqo yamiselwa yiNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo eMkhosi ePhakamileyo kumqondiso ka-1966 [[FLT:]] [FLT] imanda v.Arison[FLT] [FLT] [F:1], eyayikholelwa ukuba loo ngxelo ibekwe ngumntu orhanelwayo ngexesha lokuncinwa kwegunyaziso idla ngokusetyenziswa yi-mvume i-ok

Isilumkiso esiqhelekileyo seMiranda siquka izinto ezine ezibalulekileyo: ilungelo lokungathethi nto, isilumkiso sokuba nantoni na ethethwayo ingasetyenziswa nxamnye nomntu enkundleni, ilungelo eliya kwigqwetha, nelungelo lokutyunjwa ligqwetha ukuba umntu akanamali. Ngoxa amagama achanileyo etshintsha-tshintsha phakathi kwemithetho, imveliso ihlala ihambelana nohlanga lonke. Ukuqonda la malungelo akuyonto nje esemthethweni; kuyimfuneko esemthethweni ukwenzela ukuvuma izono nokuthetha ngokunetyala.

Imbali Nemeko Yophawu

Ukuxabisa ukubaluleka kwamalungelo eMiranda, umntu kufuneka ahlolisise ulawulo olusemthethweni olwalungaphambi kwesigqibo. Ngaphambi konyaka ka-1966, ukuncinwa kwamapolisa kwakudla ngokwenziwa ekufihlekeni, kunezikhuseli ezimbalwa ezingokwesiko zokukrokrela. Amaqhinga okuzikhusela ngokusuka kumbuzo owenziwe rhoqo ukuya kumoyikisa emzimbeni kunye nokusebenzisa kakubi ingqondo (ukungalawuleki), kwaye iinkundla zazisoloko zivuma ukuvuma ukuvunywa kwezo meko ukuba zazinokubonwa “zivuma” phantsi kovavanyo olucacileyo. Oku kungabikho kokucacileyo okukhokelela ekugqibeleni okungaguquguqukiyo kwimithetho nokusetyenziswa kwengqondo nokuvumela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwabantu ukuba kungabi nakulawulwa.

Ityala Lika - Ernesto Miranda

Ityala elibalulekileyo laqala ePhoenix, eArizona, ngo 1963. UErnesto Miranda, oneminyaka engama-23 ubudala onembali yokungazinzi kwengqondo, wabanjwa ngenxa yokuqweqwedisa nokudlwengulwa. Emva kweeyure ezimbini zokuncinwa, uMranda wasayina uxwebhu olubhaliweyo lokuvuma izono. Akazange axelelwe ukuba angahlala ethe cwaka okanye abuze kwigqwetha. Ngexesha lokumangalelwa kwakhe, ukuvuma izono kwavunywa njengobungqina, kwaye wagwetywa. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-Arizona nkundla yaqinisekisa ukumangalelwa, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yanika i-U.

Kwisigqibo esi-5-4 esanikelwa yiNtloko yeJaji Earl Warren, iNkundla yaguqula uvumo lukaMiranda. Uninzi lwathi ilungelo loMphengululo wesihlanu lisebenza ekuncineni kwamapolisa kwaye inkundla irhanela ukuba imele ixelwe ngamalungelo ayo ngendlela ecacileyo necacileyo phambi kokuba iphakanyiswe ngokucacileyo. Esi sigqibo asikokushiya ngokuqatha ukusuka kwisigqibo kodwa ulwandiso olusengqiqweni lwemimiselo yangaphambili eqalisile ukuhlolisisa ukwenziwa kwemincino-mdla. Inkundla yasebenzisa iincwadi zamapolisa zexesha elikhuthaza ubuxoki obungachananga, ukuqhatha, kwaye yaphula uk'uk'uk'uk'uk'uk'uvavanyo olurhanelayo.

Iziganeko Ezibalulekileyo Ezikhokelela Esi Sigqibo

  • Ukwanda kwendlela yokuncina ezi ngxaki kungqinwa ngabaphengululi abasemthethweni nemibutho yamalungelo abantu.
  • Ulwandiso olukhulayo lokuba uvavanyo lwe-"erf" aluzange lukhusele abakrokreleki.
  • Amatyala aliqela eNkundla Ephakamileyo ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee - 1960 (umz., iEscobedo kunye neIllinois) awaqalisa ukwandisa ilungelo lokunikela icebiso ebudeni boncinwa.
  • Imeko yentlalo neyezobupolitika yexesha leNkundla iWarren, eyabeka amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwindawo yokuqala kunye nenkqubo efunekayo kunokugcinwa komthetho.

Isigqibo sikaMiranda sathumela ukuthuka ngamaqumrhu agunyazisa umthetho, awayesoyika ukuba aya kuphengulula ngezandla ii-arhente ze-odoli ze-odoli engaziqondiyo. Noko ke, uphando lolwaphulo-mthetho oluthe lwenziwa kumashumi eminyaka ukususela ngoko lubonise ukuba izilumkiso zikaMiranda aziwadodobisi kakhulu amandla okucombulula ulwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa ziwanciphisa ngokunempumelelo amatyala okuvuma ngokunyanzelekileyo kunye neenkolelo eziphosakeleyo.

Inxenye ye Miranda Isilumkiso

Ukuqonda ezi zinto kusinceda sicace isizathu sokuba sibaluleke kangaka ukuze sikhuseleke.

Ilungelo Lokuhlala Uthe cwaka

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu “oya kunyanzeleka nakweliphi na ityala ukuba abe lingqina elichasene nomthetho.” Ilungelo lokuhlala ethe cwaka ngexesha lokuncinwa kwelungelo lobuzalelwa likukusetyenziswa okungqalileyo kweli lungelo. Ngokuxelela umntu orhanelwayo ukuba akuyomfuneko ukuba aphendule imibuzo, isilumkiso sinika umntu amandla okuxhathisa ingcinezelo yokunyanzelisa. Ukucela lo myalelo ukuba uphelise ukubuza ngokukhawuleza kwaye umele uhlonelwe ngokucokisekileyo ngumthetho. Ukungaphumeleli ukuguqula nayiphi na inkcazelo elandelayo ngokuzibophelele.

Isilumkiso Esingathethwa Nganto Nangayiphi Na Into Esikuphathe Kakubi

Eli lungu liqinisekisa ukuba urhanela ukuba uyayiqonda into yokuthetha namapolisa. Ngaphandle kolwazi olu, umntu obuthathaka usenokukholelwa ukuba ukuvuma izono okanye ukuvuma akunakusetyenziswa enkundleni, okanye ukusebenzisana kuya kubanceda. Isilumkiso siyayisusa le nkohliso kwaye sivumela umkrokrele ukuba ayenze into yokwazi nobuchule yokukhetha ukuba angayisebenzisi na amalungelo abo. Kwakhona kukhuthaza ukunconywa, ukuyiguqula kwingxoxo ibe ngumqondiso olandelayo wokuquququzelela.

Ilungelo Lokufumana Iathorney

ISithandathu Amendment inika ilungelo lokucebisa nanini na kubalulekileyo ukuba ityala lichotshelwe, yaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuncinwa kwetyala likwinqanaba elinjalo. Isilumkiso sikaMiranda sixelela abo bakrokrelekileyo ukuba banelungelo lokuba negqwetha ngaphambi naxa bebuza. Eli lungelo libalulekile kuba igqwetha eliqeqeshiweyo linokucebisa umxhasi ukuba athethe nini, nini ukuba ahlale athule, kwaye njani ukuphepha ukuzigxeka. Ukubakho kwegqwetha kukwa linguvavanyo olunamandla ekuchaseni amaqhinga okusebenzisana.

Ilungelo KwiAttorney Emiselweyo Ukuba Awukwazi Ukukwazi Ukuqhuba

Mhlawumbi eyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba okusesikweni kuyalingana, le lungu liqinisekisa ukuba abarhanelwayo abangoxiweyo ngenxa nje yokuba beswele ubuncwane bemali. Urhulumente kufuneka anike igqwetha ilungelo mahhala phambi kokuba licelwe ukuba lihlolwe ityala. Oku kuhambelana nomgaqo-siseko obanzi omiselwe kwiGaudin v. Texas ukuba ukufikelela kwesiluleko okunentsingiselo akunakuxhomekeka kubutyebi.

Indima Yamalungelo EMiranda Kwinkqubo Efanelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo, efakwe kwiSihlanu kunye neSichibiyelo seshumi elinesine, ifuna ukuba imicimbi yomthetho ibe yeyobulungisa, ibe yeyokubonakalisa ngaphaya, kwaye ivisisane nemigaqo esisiseko yokusesikweni. IMiranda amalungelo lukhuselo olungokwesithethe olusebenza ngendlela efunekayo kwinqanaba lokuqala lonxulumano lwamapolisa. /phambi kokuba kubekwe naziphi na izityholo ezisemthethweni. Zisebenza kwimisebenzi emininzi ngexesha elinye:

Ukukhusela Ukungaboni Nakwiinkolelo Zobuxoki

Eyona ngxaki ikhawulezileyo ingunobangela wedilesi yamaLungelo iMiranda yingozi yokuvuma izono ngokunyanzelisayo. Xa abantu berhanelwa ukuba bangabi namdla, bedinwa okanye bechanabeke, ingcinezelo yokuvuma izono iba nkulu. Ngaphandle kwesilumkiso esicacileyo sokuba bangayeka ukubuza nangaliphi na ixesha, abarhanelwayo basenokukholelwa ukuba abanakwenza ukhetho ngaphandle kokuthobela. Izilumkiso zeMiranda zinika abantu amandla okungaphenduli, ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa amathuba okuba amapolisa akhuphe uvumo oluphosakeleyo. I-National Recligisterry of Exoneousctions ibhale amakhulukhulu eemeko apho ukuvunywa kobuxoki kubangele ukuba bavume iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo, ezininzi eziye zenzeka ekuncinyweni apho uMirnda wanikwa izilumkiso ezipheleleyo ngokungacothanga kuqwanga.

Ukuvavanya Izilingo Ezifanelekileyo Ngolawulo Lokuphela

Iingxelo ezifunyenweyo zokwaphulwa kweMiranda ziphantsi kokucinezelwa ekucinyweni kwetyala. Lo mthetho wokuzikhulula uyinkqubo yokunyanzelisa engqalileyo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo. Ukuba ukuvuma izono kuvunywa ukuba kuthatyathwe ngaphandle kwezilumkiso ezifanelekileyo, lonke ityala lingcolisiwe. Umthetho othe kongezelelayo ukulondoloza umthetho ukuba ulandele iinkqubo ngokuchanekileyo kwaye unika iinkundla isixhobo esicacileyo sokulungisa ukuphulwa komthetho. Ngoxa abagxeki bephikisayo bephikisa ngelithi oku kunokubangela ukuba abamangalelwa abanetyala baphumele ngaphandle kokukhululeka, enye indlela yokungathathi nxaxheba yamapolisa ukuze baphumeze imigaqo engqinelanelo-mthetho kwaye balahle umgaqo wokuba akukho mntu ofanele agwetywe ngokunyanzelwayo.

Ukulungelelana

Inkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika ingunobangela oqhelekileyo: ukumangalelwa kweli lizwe, kwaye ummangalelwa ukhusela. AmaLungelo anceda ukulungisa ukungafani komcimbi wetyala, apho ukrokrelo lulodwa, phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente, kwaye lusoloko loyika. Ngokuzisa abakrokrelelwe ngamalungelo abo, isilumkiso sibuyisela umlinganiselo othile wokulingana. Umkrokreli akasengomntu osebenzayo kodwa ungumxhasi okhutheleyo okwaziyo ukumisa inkqubo aze anyanzele ukuma komthetho. Olu tshintsho luyimfuneko ukuze inkqubo yomchasi isebenze ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Impembelelo Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni Yezaphuli - mthetho

Ukuphunyezwa kwamalungelo eMiranda kuye kwaba neziphumo ezinzulu kwiinkqubo zamapolisa, uqeqesho lomthetho, kunye nenkcubeko yokugcinwa komthetho waseMerika. Amasebe amapolisa kulo lonke ilizwe ngoku aquka ukufundwa kwezilumkiso zeMiranda kwimithetho esesikweni yokubanjwa nokuncinwa. Amagosa aqeqeshelwa ukucaphula isiqinisekiso seli khadi okanye sokushicilela, kwaye nakuphi na ukuphambuka kusenokucelw'ilwa enkundleni. Esi silumkiso siye saqina kangangokuba izithuthi zomthetho zisoloko zishicilelwe amakhadi ngolwimi oluqhelekileyo oluye lwadityaniswa ukushwa okanye kumagumbi okubhala iincwadi.

Ukutshintsha Ubuchule Bokuphendula

Kunokuba ishiye ukuncinwa, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okuhambelana nokuphuhlisa iindlela ezincinci ezisafuna ukuvunywa. IReid Technique nezinye iindlela zixhomekeke ekwakheni ubuhlobo, ekunikezeleni ubungqina (ngamanye amaxesha okwenziwa), kunye nokuhlisa imbopheleleko yokuziphatha (ngokunjalo kwimida kaMiranda. Imfuneko yokunikela izilumkiso phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya ikwatshintsha ingqalelo yokufumana umxhasi osemthethweni. Umxhasi kufuneka azi, abe nobulumko, kunye nokuzithandela; iinkundla zijongela phantsi imiqondiso yokunyanzelwa okanye ukungaqondani.

IPapasss

Ngo1948, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqobha umchamo omxinwa kwi-Miranda eNew York v. Quarles. Xa kukho isisongelo esikhawulezileyo kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, umzekelo, ukrokrelo lusandul'ukufihla umpu kwivenkile yevenkile ethengisayo /andleni , kodwa iinkundla zibuza imibuzo malunga nendawo yesikhali sokulwa ngaphandle kokunika izilumkiso. Iimpendulo zibonakala zibubungqina obucacileyo, kodwa zinxulumene nesongelo sikawonke wonke. Oku kubonakalisa ukulinganiselwa komgaqo-siseko ngokuchasene nomthetho onyanzelwayo, kodwa iinkundla zithintele indawo yazo. Iinkundla zicalula ukuba iimeko ezikhoyo zisebenza kuphela xa kukho iimfuno ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela okanye iingozi zikawonke wonke.

IMiranda Nomthetho Wokuphelisa Indalo Namhlanje

Inguqu enkulu yenzeka ngowama-2022 ngesigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo [iNkundla engu-1992]. ITekoh. INkundla yathi ukwaphula umthetho kaMiranda akuvelisi ngokuzenzekelayo unobangela womonakalo ngaphantsi kwama-42.S.C. Ngo19989. Ummangalelwa akanakufaka i-'i-partia' yegosa lamapolisa ngenxa nje yokusilela ukunikela izilumkiso ukuba la mazwi arhoxisiwe. Noko ke, umthetho owendelelayo awusayi kusebenza kwiimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho: ukuba ukuvuma izono kufumana ulwaphulo-mthetho we-Mirda, akunakusetyenziswa ngaba ngabalawuli. Imiqathango yemiqathango yezo mvume ayisetyenziswanga.

Ukungaqondani Neengxaki Eziqhelekileyo

Nangona ibalasele, abantu badla ngokungaqondani ngamalungelo abantu. Imiboniso kamabonwakude nemifanekiso eshukumayo ethandwayo ibangela ukuba isilumkiso sibe sifutshane, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizinto ezininzi eziphosakeleyo ezinokuba nemiphumo yokwenene yehlabathi.

Ukungawuqondi Umenzi Womlilo

Abaninzi abakrokrelekayo bakholelwa ukuba ngokuphendula nayiphi na imibuzo abaye bawalahla ngokuzenzekelayo amalungelo abo. Enyanisweni, umxhasi osebenzayo kufuneka achazwe okanye achazwe ngokucacileyo kwizenzo zomkroti kwaye kufuneka aqale aqalwe ngokwazi nokuqonda la malungelo. Ukuthula kukodwa akuthethi ukuba uyawaphula umthetho; umtshutshisi uthwala umthwalo wokungqina ukuba lowo urhanelwayo uqondwa kwaye ngokuzithandela uncama amalungelo. Amapolisa aqeqeshelwe ukubuza imibuzo ecacileyo enje “Ngaba uyawaqonda onke la malungelo?” kwaye “Ngaba la malungelo unqwenela ukuthetha nathi?”

Ingcamango Yokungathethi Ifanele Ibe Netyala

Mhlawumbi eyona ngcamango iyingozi kukuba ukucela ilungelo likabani lokuthula kukuvuma ukuba unetyala. Enyanisweni, ilungelo lokuthula lilungelo lomgaqo-siseko elingenawo amandla acacileyo. Abaqhubi bayalelwa ukuba bangasebenzisi imiqondiso engalunganga yokungathethi nto yommangalelwa. Kodwa abarhanelwayo abavalelwayo basoloko beziva benyanzelekile ukuba bathethe kuba besoyika ukuba ukuhlala bethulile kuya kuba bazakuba netyala. UMiranda ulumkisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ilungelo lokuthula kodwa uxinzelelo lwengqondo lusoloko luphazamisana nokukhusela, ingakumbi xa abakrokreniseki bengenalwazi olufanelekileyo okanye bengabanga bangenangxaki.

Unyuko Oluya Kubangelwa Yindawo Efihlakeleyo

Bambi abantu bakholelwa ukuba xa becela igqwetha, elinye liza kuvela ngoko nangoko. Ngokwesiko, ilungelo lokucebisa ngexesha lokuncinwa lithetha ukuba ukuphonononga kumele kuphele de igqwetha libe likho ngokwenene. Kodwa ukuba ukrokrela uxolelwano uthe wacela igqwetha elimiselweyo, inkqubo yokufumana nokumisela igqwetha isenokuthatha iiyure okanye iintsuku. Ngelo xesha, umtyholi uhlala evalelwe entolongweni kodwa akanakuncinwa. Ukungaqondi oku kusenokukhokelela ekukrokreqisweni kwelungelo labo ukuba bahluze ekunikezeleni okanye ekuphelelweni ngumonde.

Iimbambano Ezibalulekileyo

Uphando olungokwee-mpir lubonisa ukuba abantu abaninzi abancinane, abantu abakhubazekile ngengqondo, nabo bangakwaziyo ukufunda nokubhala-ukubhala, bangaziqondi ngokupheleleyo izilumkiso zeMirandana njengoko zidla ngokucaciswa. Kodwa ke, ulwimi lusoloko lusemthethweni, ngamagama afana “oonobangela,” kunye“ no-'agnostic" abasenokungacaci kakuhle kumntu ongomnye. Amanye amaqela afumene ulwimi olulula; iSebe leJaji lincomela isilumkiso esisemgangathweni. Noko ke, iinkundla zidla ngokuxhasa izilumkiso ezithi zifaneleke ngokwaneleyo, nokokuba i-pingth enyanini intsokothile. Lo mgaqo phakathi kwesilumkiso esisemthethweni nokuqonda okunzulu uhlala ulucelomngeni olunzulu kwinkqubo efanelekileyo.

Iimpikiswano Zale Mihla Nokugxekwa

IMiranda Amalungelo akhoyo ngaphandle kwempikiswano. Abahlalutyi abasuka kuzo zombini iinjongo zezobupolitika baye baphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nolawulo kunye nokusebenza kwalo. Ngokubhekisele kwimbono yomthetho, abanye baphikisa ngelithi iMiranda hampass amapolisa ayazi, bavumela abarhanelwa abayingozi ukuba bakhululeke kuba ukuvuma izono kuthintelwe kwiinkonzo zobugcisa. Abanye baphikisa ukuba umthetho uye wancitshiswa ngaphandle kwamaqela yaye abacingi ukuba abawa kwaphelanga kwaphela okanye abaziva bekhululekile ukuba basebenzise amalungelo abo.

Ukudilika Kwemiranda Ngenxa Yomthetho Wetyala

Ukususela ngo1966, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikhuphe izigqibo ezininzi ezimele okanye ezifanelekileyo uMenanda. Umzekelo, Harris v. New York (1971], iNkundla yathi iintetho ezithatyathwe ngokuchasene noMiranda zazisenokusetyenziswa ukudlulisela ubungqina obungaqinisekiyo ukuba ummangalelwa uthatha ukuma. [iiiiiiiichigan v. Tuckerck [774], iNkundla icebisa ukuba izilumkiso azikho ngokwemithetho esemthethweni kodwa “iyilelwe ukukhusela amalungelo e-Frentshi. Lo phawu luvumele iinkundla ukuba zikhuphe ukhuseleko olungqongqo.

IMiranda Kwimeko Yokhuseleko Lwesizwe

Emva kohlaselo lukaSeptemba 11, urhulumente waphikisa ngelithi uMiranda akafanele asebenzise ii-grogrisi ezirhanela abagrogrisi, ingakumbi ezo zigqalwa njengezitshaba. Ulawulo lwamaBush lwagunyazisa “ubuchule bokuncina ngenkani" obabungenakuvunyelwa phantsi kwe-Miranda. Iinkundla zazingasamkeli ngokucacileyo impikiswano karhulumente yokukhulula ingubo, kodwa umbuzo wokuba iMiranda iyasebenza kukhuseleko lwesizwe okanye indlela olusebenza ngayo. Ngo-2012, i-FBI ayizange ikwazi ukuphikisa i-Boston Marathon ikrokren ikrokrela u-Dzoka Tharnarnaev ngaphandle kwesilumkiso sikaMirnda, ichaza ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Igatya koluvo lwayo lwabala inkciso lwenkciso phakathi kokhuseleko nenkqubo efunekayo.

Ukulungelelana Nokwahluka

Uphando lubonisa ukuba abamangalelwa abambalwa kunye nabantu abangenayo abambalwa abanamathuba angakumbi okugxeka iMiranda esemthethweni, ngokufuthi ngenxa yokuba abasiqondi ngokupheleleyo isilumkiso okanye ngenxa yokuba beziva bengenamandla okucela amalungelo abo. Ukungabikho kwegqwetha ngexesha lokuncina okuphelisa ukungalingani okukhoyo kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. Abanye abaxhasi abachazi inguqulelo babiza ukubhaliswa komthetho ukuncinwa kwelungelo lokufumana imvume kunye negqwetha ukuba libekho ekuqaleni kwayo nayiphi na ingxilonga, kungakhathaliseki ukuba inkcaso. Ezi zicelo zijolise ekukwenzeni iMirenda ibe luncedo ngakumbi kubantu abachaphazelekayo.

Isiphelo

UMisa amalungelo ahlala engundoqo wenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseMelika, efaka ummiselo womgaqo-siseko kwinkqubo efunekayo kunye nokhuseleko lokuzikhusela. Emvelaphini yawo kwiNkundla yaseWarren ekuphenduleni imigaqo yokuziphendulela ngokuqhubekayo kwindaleko ngokucaciswa kwezomthetho, ezi zilumkiso zisebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola amandla karhulumente. Ngoxa ukungaqondani nokungaqondani kuphakamisa imiqathango, umgaqo osisiseko "" wokuba akukho mntu kufuneka anyanzelwe ukuba abe ngubungqina nxamnye naye/. Ukunyanzeleka komthetho, abenzi bomthetho, abasemthethweni, kunye nabasebenzi bezomthetho, ngokufanayo, kubaluleke ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yezobulungisa ihlala ilungile, icace, kwaye ilungile. Njengoko impikiswano ngokhuseleko lwesizwe, nokhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nolwe-Tququot, iyaqhubeka ifuna ukukhuselwa nokukhuselwa kokhuseleko nokukhuselwa okungakumbi kunanini nanini nanini nanini nanini.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, bona [[FLT: 0] iCornell Information yeMiranda yesilumkiso , isishwankathelo se Miranda v. Arizona, kunye nesikhokelo se-[FLT:] ACLU [isikhokelo se-[FLT] ACLU] kumalungelo ngexesha longqubano lwamapolisa.