Table of Contents

Ukunika amalungelo kusimbombo sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi eUnited States. Ukukwazi ukuphosa i-colot nokuliva ilizwi lakho kunyulo lelinye lamalungelo asisiseko kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Noko ke, eli lungelo alisoloko lifikeleleka jikelele. Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, imithetho eyahlukeneyo, ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko, kwaye umthetho worhulumente uye wamiselwa ukukhusela nokwandisa amalungelo okuvota, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ummi ngamnye ofanelekileyo angathabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokhetho ngaphandle kokujongana nocalucalulo okanye imiqobo engafanelekanga.

Ukuqonda indlela amalungelo okuvota aqinisekisiweyo kufuneka kuvavanywe ukusetyenziswa kwendlela entsonkothileyo phakathi kokhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko, umthetho wesizwe, imimiselo karhulumente, kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo zomthetho. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo luhlola ukuphuhliswa kwamalungelo okuvota, imithetho engundoqo ekhusela la malungelo namhlanje, kunye nendlela ezikhuselwa ngayo ezi ntlawulo ezinyanzelelwayo zigcinwe ngayo kwaye zigcinwe.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokuBonelela amaLungelo

UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala wase-U.S., owamkelwa ngowe-1787, akazange achaze ngokucacileyo ukuba ngubani onelungelo lokuvota. Uxwebhu lubhekisela kunyulo lwamalungu eBhunga kunye noMongameli, kodwa aluchazi ukuba ngubani onokuthi afake loo voti. Ekuqaleni, amalungelo okuvota ayeshiyelwa kumazwe ahlukeneyo ukugqiba, aphumela kwimiqathango ebalulekileyo. Xa umGaqo-siseko waqala ukusebenza ngo-1789, kuphela abantu baseUnited States ababevunyelwe ukuvota babengamadoda amhlophe akwimpahla.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umGaqo-siseko uye walungiswa izihlandlo ezininzi ukwandisa nokukhusela amalungelo okuvota kumaqela awahlukeneyo amaMelika. Ezi zindululo zimela amaxesha abalulekileyo kumzamo oqhubekayo welizwe ukuyila idemokhrasi equka ulawulo-melo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kolwakhiwo

Emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, iziHlanziso zoHlaziyo ezintathu zagunyaziswa zaza zanikwa imigaqo-mthetho eqingqiweyo yamazwe ekwakumele ukuba avotiwe ngayo. UMthetho ohlaziyiweyo (1870) unikela ukuba ilungelo labemi baseUnited States lokuvota alisayi kuphiwa okanye livalelwe yiUnited States okanye nguRhulumente wonke ngenxa yobuhlanga, imibala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka. Oku kulungiswa kwaphulwa, njengoko kwandisa amalungelo okuvota kumadoda aseAfrika emva kokupheliswa kobukhoboka.

AmaMerika aseAfrika afaka inkululeko yawo entsha ekusebenziseni, ukuvota kwintabalala yabantsundu abathathi-nxaxheba. Ngexesha lokulungisa, amadoda amnyama ali-16 akhonza kwiBhunga kunye nama-2 000 amadoda antsundu akhonza kwizikhundla ezinyuliweyo zoluntu, zephondo, nezorhulumente. Eli xesha labonisa inkqubela ephawulekayo ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwezobupolitika kubantu ababengamakhoboka.

Noko ke, isithembiso soMhlaziyo weshumi elinesihlanu asizange sibhaptizwe ngokupheleleyo phantse inkulungwane. Ilungelo lokuvota lachazwa ngokucuthekileyo yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye naphakathi kwe-20. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yowe-1876 eUnited States v. uReese wagqiba kwelokuba uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesihlanu aluzange luvume ilungelo lokuvota, kodwa kunoko lwalela uthintelo lwalo. Le nkcazelo imxinwa yavumela ukuba kuqululwe izenzo ezahlukeneyo zokukhupha i-dirriminarinto ezahlula ngokunelisayo i-Afrika yovotist.

IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesithoba: Isigunyaziso samabhinqa

ISichibiyelo se-1937, esagunyaziswa ngo-1920, sanika amabhinqa aseMerika ilungelo lokuvota. Oku kulungiswa kwaba yincopho yamashumi eminyaka yokuzilolonga ngokusetyenziswa kwezikhundla ezithe zalwa ngokungayekiyo ukulingana kwamabhinqa kwezobupolitika. Idabi lamabhinqa lalingawexesha elide, elibandakanya izizukulwana zabaguquli abakhaliphileyo ababeqhubela utshintsho kwisizwe, kwilizwe, nakwiqondo lasekuhlaleni.

Umbutho wamabhinqa owehlisa isantya umela enye yezona zibalulekileyo zokuthatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi kwimbali yaseMerika, ngokunempumelelo iphinda-phinde ngokuphindwe kabini inani labantu abafanele ukuvota kwaye igqale amabhinqa njenganenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwezobupolitika kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

IsiHlahlo seNkcitho seMaphu amabini anesine: Ukuphelisa Irhafu Engcoliswayo

ISichibiyelo sama-24, esagunyaziswa ngowe-1964, sayiphelisa irhafu yovolo. Le rhafu yasetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe ukuze kukhutshelwe abantu base-Afrika ekuvoteni kunyulo. Iirhafu zerhafu zezolongo zezinye zezithintelo zezoqoqosho ezazicelelwe ukuthintela amahlwempu, ingakumbi amaMerika aseAfrika, ekusebenziseni ilungelo lawo lokuvotelwa. Ngokufuna ukuba bahlawule, le rhafu yahlulwa ngokunempumelelo abo bangenamali yokuhlawula.

Ukupheliswa kwerhafu yokuvota kwakulinyathelo elibalulekileyo ekushenxiseni imiqobo yezoqoqosho ekuvoteni nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba ilungelo lokuvota lalingaxhomekekanga kwimali.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu: Ukuthotywa kweNkcubeko

ISindululo sama-26, esavunywa ngowe - 1971, sathoba ixesha lokuvota laya kutsho kwi-18. Oku kwaphenjelelwa kakhulu yingxoxo yokuba ukuba abantu abaselula babebadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bafumaneke kwimfazwe yaseVietnam, babefanele babe badala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bangavota. Isigqibo solawulo-bume lwedemokhrasi sanweba kwizigidi zabaselula baseMerika saza saqonda ukuba basengozini kwizigqibo zezobupolitika ezichaphazela ubomi babo.

Imithetho yoMthetho weRhovermark ka-1965

Nangona ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko lwabangela ukuba kukhuselwe amalungelo okuvota, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kwahlala kulucelomngeni olubalulekileyo. Phezu kwaso nje isithembiso soMphengululo weshumi elinesihlanu, amazwe amaninzi asungula imithetho eyala okanye ebekelwe umda wokuvota abemi abaNsundu, njengerhafu yokuvota kunye neemvavanyo zobukhohlisi. La maqhinga abonakalisa ngokunempumelelo okanye awaphelisa amandla ezobupolitika abantu abamnyama, kwanalapho babeninzi khona abemi.

Indlela Eya Kumthetho Wamalungelo Abantu

Ukudlula koMthetho wamaLungelo iVoting Rights kwabangelwa ziziganeko eziphawulekayo kumbutho wamalungelo abantu. Uhlaselo olungaphazanyiswanga ngoMatshi 7, 1965, ngamajoni karhulumente awela i-Edmund Pettus Bridge eSelma, Alabama, ehamba ukuya kwicapitol eMontgomery, wakhuthaza uMongameli kunye neKhongongozelo ukuba zoyise ukuchasa kwaMazantsi kokuvota amalungelo. Esi siganeko, esaziwa ngokuba yi-"Bhoody Bridge," sothusa uhlanga kwaye sothusa inkxaso yomthetho wokuvota obanzi.

Ngomhla wesithandathu kuAgasti 1965 uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson watyobela umthetho iVoting Rights Act, esithi usuku "luloyiso lwenkululeko olukhulu njengalo naluphi na uloyiso olwakhe lwazuzwa kuyo nayiphi na idabi lemfazwe" Lo mthetho wafika emva kweenyanga ezisixhenxe emva kokuba uMartin Luther King King eqalise iphulo leNgqungquthela yaMazantsi yamaKristu (SCLC) elisekelwe eSelma, eAlaba, ngenjongo yokunyanzela ukuba iBhunga loMbutho liphumele umthetho onjalo.

Amalungiselelo Angundoqo Omthetho Wokwabelana Ngelungelo

UMthetho we-Boning Rights ka-1965 ugqalwa ngokubanzi njengenye yezona nxalenye zisebenzayo zomthetho wamalungelo abantu kwimbali yaseMerika. Ngokutsho kweSebe leMithetho yeSigwebo sase-U.S., lo Mthendeleko uthathwa njengelona candelo lisebenzayo kumthetho wamalungelo abantu karhulumente owakha wamiswa.

Lo mThetho uneenkqubo eziliqela ezibalulekileyo ezilungiselelwe ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota:

Ulwahlulo 2: Icandelo 2 lilungiselelo eliqhelekileyo elithintela urhulumente norhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukumisela nawuphi na umthetho othi "lubeke kukhanyelo okanye ukuvalwa kwamalungelo ommi walapha ukuba avote ngetyala lohlanga okanye umbala" okanye amalungu kwiqela lolwimi oluncinane. Eli lungiselelo lisebenza kwilizwe lonke kwaye livumela abantu ukuba bavavanye uqheliselo lwediski lokuvota ngomcimbiso.

Isiqinisekiso seZixhobo zoGunyazo: Ezinye izicwangciso zokungavumelekanga ekuhlolweni kwabezokufunda nokubhala kunye nezinye izixhobo ezifanayo ezazisetyenziswa embalini ukudibanisa amaqela amancinane esizwe. UMthetho we-Voting Rights ka-1965 waphelisa iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala nokubhala kunye nerhafu yerhafu elungiselelwe ukudibanisa u-Afrika kwaye wanika urhulumente igunya lokuthatha ukuvota ngocalulo olungapheliyo.

Ukuqulunqwa 5 Preclarance: Isiseko esikhethekileyo selungiselelo leCandelo 5 imfuneko ephambili, ethintela ulawulo oluthile ekusebenzeni naluphi na utshintsho oluchaphazelayo ngaphandle kokwamkela kuqala isiqinisekiso segosa jikelele okanye inkundla yeSithili-Ofisi ye D.C. Okokuba utshintsho alucaluli ngokuchasene namaqela amancinane akhuselweyo. Eli lungiselelo lalinamandla ngokukhethekileyo ekuthinteleni utshintsho lokhetho lokuvota phambi kokuba lusebenze.

Uncedo lolwimi lolwimi: Iimfuno zolawulo oluthile ukunikezela uncedo lolwimi kubavoti kuluntu apho kukho ulwandiso lwabemi abangachwepheshanga kwisiNgesi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwinkqubo yokukhetha. Eli lungiselelo longezelelwe kuMthetho wamaLungelo weVoting Act ngo1975.

Impembelelo YoMthetho Wamalungelo Okunceda Abanye

UMthetho wamaLungelo weVoting Rights waba nempembelelo ekhawulezileyo nephawulekayo ekubhalisweni kovoti nasekuthabatheni inxaxheba. Ekupheleni konyaka ka-1965, ikota yesigidi sabavoti abatsha abaMnyama babebhalisiwe, ikota yesithathu ngabahloli borhulumente. Ekupheleni konyaka ka-1966, ezine kuphela kumazwe asemazantsi ayi-13 aye abhaliselwe ukuvota.

Kwiminyaka emva kokudlula komthetho wamaLungelo, umahluko kumanani okubhaliswa phakathi kwenani labamhlophe nabamnyama abavoti behla ukusuka kuma-30 eepesenti ekuqaleni koo1960 ukuya kumanqaku asibhozo eepesenti kwiminyaka elishumi kamva. Oku kuncitshiswa okuphawulekayo kwegebe lohlanga kwisithuba sokuvota kubonakalisa ukusebenza kwamandla omthetho wokugcina umthetho.

Umthetho uye waba sisikhuselo esinempumelelo kakhulu kumacebo anciphisa okanye anciphisa amandla okuvota abantu ngembali yokuthotywa kwetyala. Olu khuselo luye lwaluncedo ngokukhethekileyo kwiinkqubo ezifana nokunyulwa kwebala, okuye kwakhokelela ekunyulweni kwamakhulukhulu karhulumente, urhulumente, nabathathi-nxaxheba bemibala kumaphondo anembali yocalucalulo.

Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo omanyano olongezelelweyo

Ngaphezu koMthetho wamaLungelo, iKhomishini iye yamisela umthetho ongakumbi wokukhusela nokuqinisekisa amalungelo okuvota.

UMthetho woBhaliso lweSizwe

Umthetho weSizwe weVoter Brigiodition Act ka 1993, owaziwayo ngokuba "Umthetho weVotor Voter," wenzelwe ukwenza ubhaliso lwabavoti lube olufikelelekayo ngakumbi kubo bonke abantu baseMerika. Lo mthetho ufuna ukuba kunikwe ubhaliso oluvoti xa abantu befaka okanye behlaziya amalayisensi abo okuqhuba, befaka isicelo soncedo lukawonke-wonke, okanye besebenzisana nee-ofisi zeenkonzo eziyisiphene. Lo Mthendeleko ujolise ukwandisa amanani ombhalisi ngokuwenza inkqubo eluncedo nefikelelekayo.

Ngokudibanisa ukubhaliswa kovoti kwiinkonzo eziqhelekileyo zikarhulumente, iNational Voter Brigionation Act incede izigidi zabantu baseMerika ukuba zibhalise ukuvota abasenokuba babejongene nemiqobo yokubhalisa.

Uncedo LweMerika Luyelelana

Idlule ngo-2002 iphendula unyulo lomongameli wama- 2000 oluyimpikiswano, uMgaqo-nkqubo woMncedi-Amerika Vote (SAVA) wamisela imilinganiselo encinci yenkqubo yokuvota kunye nolawulo lonyulo. UmThetho onika inkxaso yemali yesizwe ukuba ithathe indawo yezixhobo zokuvota, wadala iKhomishoni yoMngeni-Mbutho woKhuselo ukuze incede amaphondo ekuhlanganeni kweemfuno ze-VA, kwaye waseka iinkqubo zokuvota ezimiselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abavoti abafanelekileyo abanamagama abavelangalu ludwe bangabalwa ukuba babala ukuba ukulingana kwabo kuqinisekiswe kamva.

UHAVA wagunyazisa ukuba agcine ii-database zobhaliso lwe-othom ye-othom ebanzi kunye neemfuno zokufumana uchazo lovoti kunye nenkqubo zoqinisekiso.

Izenzo Zamalungelo Asekuhlaleni

IZiqinisekiso zaMalungelo oLuntu zavelisa ezinye zezona zikhuseli ziphambili zorhulumente ekukhetheni. Ezi zikhuseli zaqala ukuchazwa nguMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1870 yaye kamva zalungiswa. UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1970 kunye noMthetho wamalungelo oluntu ka-1960 wawunawo namalungiselelo ajoliswe ekukhuseleni amalungelo okuvota, nangona ayengangqinelanga ukunqongophala kokungalawuleki okuqhubekayo okuye kwenzeka kumazwe amaninzi.

Izithintelo Zembali Zokwabelana Ngamalungelo

Ukuqonda indlela amalungelo okuvota aqinisekiswe ngayo namhlanje kufuna ukuhlolisisa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ezazisetyenziswa ngokwembali ukukhanyela okanye ukuthintela ukuvota. Le misebenzi yokucalula yayenzelwe ukuphepha ukukhuselwa ngumGaqo-siseko nokuthintela amaqela athile, ingakumbi amaMerika aseAfrika, ekusebenziseni ilungelo lawo lokuvota.

Iimvavanyo zokubhala

Iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala zaziyenye yezona zixhobo ziqhelekileyo ezazisetyenziswa ukulahla abavoti. Olu vavanyo lwalufuna ukuba abavoti babonise ubuchule bokufunda nokubhala, ngokufuthi ngoluvo oluzingcileyo nolusekelwe kwimibandela. Amagosa okhetho ayenobuchule ekunikezeleni ezi mvavanyo kwaye ngokufuthi ayesetyenziswa ukungafaneleki komvoti wase-Afrika ngeli xesha evumela abavoti abamhlophe ukuba badlule, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangamaqondo okufunda.

Ngokufuthi iimvavanyo zazidida ngabom okanye zifuneke zitolike amaxwebhu anzima angomthetho. Kwanabemi baseMerika abafunde kakhulu babenokusilela kumagosa onyulo ajongene nocalucalulo.

Irhafu Engcolisayo

Irhafu yerhafu yayifuna ukuba abemi baloo mmandla bahlawule imali ethile ukuze bavote. Nangona ibonakala ngathi ayithathi cala, le rhafu yachaphazela amahlwempu, ingakumbi ama-Afrika kunye nabamhlophe abangamahlwempu eMzantsi. Umphumo othe kratya werhafu yonyaka-mali unokwenza kube ngumqobo obalulekileyo ekuvoteleni, nto leyo ebangela ukuba abemi abaninzi bangabandakanyeki kwezobupolitika.

UTatomkhulu uClaus

Abavoti abaninzi abantsundu kunye namaWhite amaninzi angamahlwempu bahluthwa yirhafu yovolo kunye neemvavanyo zokubhalisa, phakathi kwezinye izithintelo zokuvota, apho amadoda amhlophe avoti akhululwayo ngutatomkhulu omkhulu. Amacandelo amakhulu avumela abantu ukuba bavote ukuba ootatomkhulu babo babekufanele ukuvota, ngokunempumelelo abavoti abamhlophe kwiimvavanyo zokufunda nokuvota ngoxa besasebenzisa ezi mfuneko kumaMerika aseAfrika ookhokho babo ababekhotyokiswa.

Iiyunithi Ezimhlophe

Inkqubo ye-primird emhlophe kunye noloyiso olunobundlobongela lwe Democrates ngeKu Klux Klan (KKKK) nayo yacinezela ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabamnyama. Ii-Whiteprimrings zasusa ama-Afrika ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kunyulo oluphambili, olwathi kwelinye icala loMzantsi ngokunempumelelo lwathetha ukususelwa kokuphela kokhuphiswano olunentsingiselo olunolwahlulo.

Ugonyamelo Noloyiko

AmaMerika aseAfrika aseSelma nakwezinye iidolophu ezikumazantsi ayesoyika, ehlukumeza yaye ehlasela xa efuna ukubhalisa ukuba avote.

Indlela Amalungelo Anyanzelwa Ngayo Namhlanje

Ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota kufuna ukuba kusetyenziswe ubuchule bokunyanzelisa umgangatho ohlukahlukeneyo karhulumente. Amaziko ahlukeneyo neenkqubo ezisebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yokuvota iyaxhaswa kwaye iyaphulwa.

Unyanzeliso lomanyano

ISebe leMithetho yeSigwebo laseUnited States linendima ephambili ekunyanzeleni imithetho yamalungelo okuvota yorhulumente. Uwiso-mthetho lwaMalungelo eSebe lwaMalungelo oMhlali lubophelelekile ekuphengululeni izikhalazo zokwaphulwa kwamalungelo okuvota, ukumangalela amagunya achasene nomthetho wesizwe, nokugada unyulo kumaziko athile ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwamalungelo okuvota.

Ezi zindululo zinika iBhunga kunye norhulumente wesizwe amandla okunyanzelisa ukukhuselwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngomthetho — oye wasetyenziswa yiKhomishini yamandla. La mandla okuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko alungololwelo nje kuphela kodwa lusebenza kwaye lukhuselwa ngokukhutheleyo.

Intshukumo

Icandelo 2 lomthetho livumela abantu ukuba bamangalelwe — enoba bamangalelwa ngabo okanye bancedwa liSebe lezeMithetho — ukuze balungise imithetho nenkqubo ekhoyo ebeya kukhanyela ithuba elifanayo lezobupolitika lokuvota abo baza kukhetha. Eli lungelo lesenzo labucala linika abantu kunye nemibutho yamalungelo abantu amandla okuvavanya ukhuthuzo lokuvota ngoncedo lweenkundla.

Imibutho yamalungelo abantu enjengeNaACP Legal Defense Fund, iAmerican Civil Liberties Union, neBrennan Center for Justice isoloko izisa ukuhlatyelwa kwamalungelo okuvota ukuze kucelwe ucelomngeni imithetho nezenzo ezikholelwa ukuba ziyangqubana nokhuseleko lwamagunya.

Ulawulo loPhuhliso loMkhosi kunye noLawulo loLonke

Ngoxa umthetho wesizwe umisela imigangatho encinane kwaye uthintela uqheliselo oluthile lokwaphula umthetho, amagunya orhulumente kunye namagosa onyulo asekuhlaleni ajongene nolawulo lwemini-mini yonyulo. La magosa kufuneka amisele ukhuseleko lwamalungelo ovotelo lorhulumente lo gama ehambisana nemithetho yonyulo.

Amagosa okhetho ajongene nogcino-lwazi oluchanileyo lobhaliso oluvotayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo zokuvota zifumaneka, ukubonelela uncedo oluyimfuneko lolwimi, ukuqeqesha abasebenzi bokhetho, nokuphendula nayiphi na imibandela ephakamayo ngoMhla woNnyulo. Izigqibo zabo zingabuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ubuchule babavoti bokusebenzisa amalungelo abo.

Abajongi kunye neeNjongo

Abahloli bonyulo noorhulumente abajongene nolawulo oluthile apho kukho imigudu yokusongela abavoti abambalwa kuphando. Ubukho babachopheli bakarhulumente bunganceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba unyulo luqhutywa kakuhle kwaye abavoti abasoyiki okanye abacalucalucalulo.

Ucelomngeni Lwakutshanje Lokukhusela Amalungelo Abantu

Ngoxa kuye kwenziwa inkqubela ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo okuvota, iziganeko zakutshanje ziye zabangela inkxalabo ngokukhukuliswa kwezi ndlela zokuzikhusela.

Shelby County v. Hoker (203)

Ngo-2013, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yakhupha isigqibo kwiShelby County v. UVimba owathi ngokuphawulekayo wawenza buthathaka uMthetho wamaLungelo. Inkundla yawisa phantsi ilungiselelo elingundoqo lesenzo esibandakanya ukuvelela kwemithetho yokuvota kumaphondo asithoba. Ngokungqalileyo, iNkundla yaluphelisa umgaqo wokunikezela osetyenziswayo wokugqiba ukuba ngawaphi amagunya aphantsi kweCandelo 5 emfuneko yangaphambi kweXesha eliqhelekileyo.

Emva kwesigqibo, ithi akusafuneka ukuba kufumane imvume karhulumente yemithetho yokuvota entsha eyabangela ukuba kube nzima ukuvota. Yaye uphando lweBrennan Center lubonise ukuba umsantsa wobuhlanga kwigophe lomvoti ukhule emagunyeni asemagunyeni ngaphambili agqunywe liCandelo 5.

IKomiti yesiZwe yeDemocratic (2021)

Ngo-2021, iBrnovich v. Isigqibo seKomiti yeSizwe ePhakamileyo seDemocratic saphinda sachaza iCandelo 2 loMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965, isenza buthathaka kakhulu. Isindululo sachaza "ubungakanani bemeko" ulwimi lweCandelo 2 ukuchaza ukuba aluyithinteli ngokuqhelekileyo imithetho yokuvota ehluza impembelelo ekhoyo kumaqela efuna ukuwakhusela.

Kumthetho wayo wama-2021 kwiBrnovich v. Democratic National Committee, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yenza kwaba nzima ukuzisa ukumangalelwa kwetyala phantsi kweCandelo 2. Esi sigqibo siye senza kwaba nzima ngakumbi ukucel ’ umngeni imiqathango yokuvota echaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abavoti abambalwa.

Imfuneko Yokuhlala Siphaphile

Kukungabikho kweemfuno ezicwangcisiweyo, amaqela amalungelo abantu aye afuna ukuxhomekeka ngakumbi kwicandelo 2 ukulwa nocalucalulo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, kodwa ukumangalelwa kokuphelisa le mithetho ingekhoyo kubiza kwaye kuthatha iminyaka — apho unyulo luqhubeka khona. Olu tshintsho ekuthinteleni ukukhuselwa ekukhuseleni amalungelo okuvota ngempumelelo.

Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu kumgangatho karhulumente

Ngoxa umthetho wesizwe umisela isiseko sokukhuselwa kwamalungelo okuvota, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho yawo enika inkxaso eyongezelelekileyo okanye ukwandisa ukuvota.

Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko omninzi uqulathe izikhuseli ezicacileyo zelungelo lokuvota. Amanye amazwe aye atshintsha umgaqo-siseko wawo ukuze abuyisele amalungelo okuvota kubantu abanobutyala, andise amathuba okuvota kwangoko, okanye amisele iikhomishini zokuzimela ngokwawo ukunqanda ukuvota.

Izindululo zokufikelela kwiVoter

Amazwe anobuchule obungakumbi kwindlela aqhuba ngayo unyulo, kwaye amaninzi aye asebenzisa iinkqubo ezilungiselelwe ukwenza uvoti lube lula. Ezi ziquka ukuvota okuzenzekelayo, ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye, ukungabikho kovoti, amathuba okuvota andayo, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota.

Ezi zintsha zisemgangathweni karhulumente zingandisa ukufikelela kwibhola yokuvota kwaye kwenze kube lula kubemi abafanelekeleyo ukuba nenxaxheba kunyulo.

Indima Yeenkundla Ekukhuseleni Amalungelo Abantu

Iinkundla zomanyano nezorhulumente zinendima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni nasekuqinisekiseni amalungelo okuvota. Xa kuvela iimpikiswano ngokusemthethweni ngemithetho yokuvota okanye imigaqo, iinkundla zisebenza njengendawo yokulungisa ezi ngxabano.

Ucelomngeni LomGaqo-siseko

Amatyala amalungelo adla ngokubandakanya imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko malunga nomgangatho weziHlaliso zeMimiselo yeMigaqo yeshumi elinesine neyeshumi elinesihlanu, ulungelelwaniso lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente, kunye nomlinganiselo ekuvumelekile ngawo imiqathango yokuvota. IiNkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise izilangazelelo zamazwe ekulawuleni unyulo nelungelo elisisiseko labantu lokuvota.

Inkcazelo yesiseko

Iinkundla zikwachaza imimiselo yamalungelo okuvota karhulumente, zimisela ukuba zeziphi izenzo ezichasene noMthetho wamaLungelo okanye eminye imithetho karhulumente. Le nkcazelo inokuba nefuno elibanzi ngendlela unyulo oluqhutywa ngayo kulo lonke eli lizwe.

Ukuqulunqa Iimbambano Ekudluliseleni Amalungelo Abantu

Njengoko ubugcisa nebutho labantu ziguquka, kuvela iingxaki namathuba amatsha kumalungelo okuvota.

Iimfuno zokwahlula

Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho efuna abavoti banikele isaziso ngaphambi kokufaka ivoti. Abaxhasi bale mithetho baphikisa le mithetho ukuthintela ukuqhatha nokuthembana konyulo, lo gama abagxeki bephikisa ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto bethwesa umthwalo wabavoti abambalwa, abemi abakhulileyo, nabantu abangenazo iintlobo ezifunekayo zokuzichaza.

Iinkundla ziye zafikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukahlukeneyo ngokuphathelele ukuhlaliswa komgaqo - siseko kwemithetho eyahlukahlukeneyo ye-ID, ziqwalasela izinto ezifana neentlobo zokuzichaza ezamkelekileyo, ukufumaneka kwama - CD akhululekileyo, nobungqina bomvoti.

Ugcino lwerola ye Voter

Amazwe ahlaziya rhoqo ii-database zawo zobhaliso lovoti ukuze asuse abantu abafile, abathunyiweyo, okanye abangamkelekiyo ukuvota. Noko ke, ukukhutshwa komvoti ngeencwadi ngomdla kungaphumela ekubeni abavoti abafanelekele ukususwa kuluhlu lokubhalisa, benokuthi bathintelwe ekuvotelweni.

Ukufumana ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kokugcina iiroli ezichanileyo nokukhusela abafanele ukuvota ekususweni ngokuphosakeleyo kuselucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Ukuphinda-phinda uhlaziyo

Inkqubo yokuzoba imida yesithili sokhetho ingawachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo amalungelo okuvota kunye nomelo lwezopolitiko. Ukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili ukuze kungenelwe kwezobupolitika,-----asethi amandla okuvota eentlanga ezithile, ingakumbi amaqela amancinane eentlanga.

IMithetho Yamalungelo Abantu iye yasetyenziswa ukucel ’ umngeni iingcinga zokulungisa iinguqu eziye zacalucalula abavoti abambalwa, nangona izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zalunciphisa ucelomngeni.

Ukhuseleko lokhetho kunye nobuxhakaxhaka

Njengoko iinkqubo zokuvota zisiba zekhompyutha eziya zisiba zezokusebenza, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokuthembeka konyulo kuye kwaba yinto exhalabisa kakhulu. Ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yobugcisa bokuvota obukhuselekileyo nobunokuthenjwa nokufumaneka nokubonakala kwazo zinika abalawuli bonyulo imingeni eqhubekayo.

Ukufumaneka komsebenzi ngexesha lemfezeko

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sabalaselisa imfuneko yokukhetha ngokuguquka okungaguquguqukiyo okuvumela abemi ukuba bavote ngokukhuselekileyo ngexesha longxamiseko yempilo kawonke-wonke. Amazwe amaninzi andisa iposi ekuvoteni kunye neenketho zokuvota kwasekuqaleni ngexesha lobhubhani, aphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuba luluphi olu hlobo lwezi nguqu olufanele lube ziinkalo ezisisigxina zolawulo.

Ukubaluleka Kokubandakanyeka Kwisityalo Secapuca

Ngoxa imithetho namaziko enikela ilungiselelo lokukhusela amalungelo okuvota, ukuthembisana ngokukhutheleyo ngequmrhu kwamalungelo entlalo kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba la malungelo alondoloziwe yaye asetyenziswa.

Imfundo ye Voter

Ukuqonda amalungelo okuvota nendlela yokukwenza oko kubalulekile ukuze ube nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Imigudu yemfundo yoosomashishini inceda abemi balapha bafunde ngeemfuno zokubhalisa, iinkqubo zokuvota, namalungelo abo kwii-voteo. Imibutho eqeshayo kulo lonke ukhuphiswano lwemfundo yezopolitiko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba abemi abafanelekileyo bafumana ulwazi olufunekayo ukuze babe nenxaxheba kunyulo.

Ubuchule nomthetho

Ukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika kuye kwaqhutywa kukusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo kobugqwetha kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba. Ukusuka kumaxhoba alwayo amalungelo okuvota amabhinqa ukuya kumalungu alwela amalungelo abantu angenelelayo eSelma, abemi abaqhelekileyo baye benza indima ebalulekileyo ekuhambiseleni phambili amalungelo okuvota.

Imibutho elawula ukulawulwa kweziyobisi iyaqhubeka nale sithethe, ihlola unyulo, icel ’ umngeni ucalucalulo, yaye inyanzela ukuba kufunyanwe imithetho eyandisayo ukuze umntu afumane imvume yokuvota.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yedemokhrasi

Ekugqibeleni, amalungelo okuvota anentsingiselo kuphela xa abemi bewasebenzisa. Amanqanaba aphezulu okuthabatha inxaxheba kumavoti omeleza idemokhrasi kwaye aqinisekisa ukuba amagosa anyuliweyo aya kuphendula kubantu abawameleyo. Wonke ummi ofanelekileyo obhalisayo ukuba avote aze afake ivoti unceda ukuzalisekisa idinga lobukho bedemokhrasi.

Iimbono Zamazwe Ngamazwe Ngamalungelo

Ukuhlolisisa indlela ezinye iidemokhrasi ezikhusela nokubhenca ngayo kunokunikela ingqiqo exabisekileyo yokomeleza amalungelo okuvota eUnited States.

Ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo

Amazwe amaninzi abhalisa bonke abemi abafanelekileyo ukuba bavote, aphelisa ukubhalisa njengomqobo wokuthabatha inxaxheba. Amanye amazwe aseUnited States aye amkela iinkqubo ezifanayo zobhaliso oluzenzekelayo oluzenzekelayo, oluye lwaboniswa ukwandisa amazinga okubhalisa ngokuphawulekayo.

Imini Yokhetho Njengeholide

Amanye amazwe akhetha usuku lonyulo njengeholide yesizwe okanye aba nonyulo ngeempelaveki ukuze kuvuleke lula abantu abasebenzayo ukuvota. EUnited States, kudla ngonyulo oluqhutywa ngoLwesibini, olunokubangela iingxaki kubavoti abasebenza iiyure ezininzi okanye abanemiqathango engqongqo.

Ulongi olunyanzelisayo

Ulawulo-demokhrasi olumbalwa, kuquka iOstreliya neBelgium, zinemithetho yokuvota enyanzelisa ukuba abemi abafanelekileyo bafake amavoti. Ngoxa le ndlela ithanda ukuphikisana kwaye ingenakumkelwa eUnited States, iphumela kwinani eliphezulu kakhulu labavoti.

Imithombo yevota

Kukho oovimba abaninzi abanceda abemi balapho baqonde baze basebenzise amalungelo abo okuvota.

Oovimba bakarhulumente

IKhomishini yoNlamlo yoKhuselo lwase-U.S. inikela ulwazi malunga neenkqubo zokuvota kunye nolawulo lonyulo. Urhulumente neeofisi zonyulo zasekuhlaleni zinika ulwazi olubanzi malunga nemiqathango yokubhalisa, iindawo zokuvota, kunye neemfuno zokuvota ezichanekileyo kwigunya ngalinye. I-USA.gov kwi-webhttps [///wwww.usa.gov/votion inikela ulwazi olubanzi ngamalungelo nenkqubo yokuvota.

Iintlangano ezingokwabantu

Imibutho efana noManyano lwaMazwi, i-Rock the Vote, ne-Vote.org inika inkcazelo engeyonxalenye malunga nokubhaliswa kovoti, iinkqubo zokuvota, kunye nabavoti. Le mibutho isebenzela ukwandisa inxaxheba kuvoti kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi abafanelekileyo bangasebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuvota.

Uncedo Olusemthethweni

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho okuvota aphulwe, uncedo olusemthethweni luyafumaneka. Iintlangano ezinjenge-ACLU, iKomiti yoLawulo yaMalungelo e-Populty Phantsi koMthetho, kunye neSivumelwano soKhuselo sinikela inkxaso esemthethweni kumavoti ajongene nocalucalulo okanye eminye imiqobo yokuvota.

Ukukhangela Phambili: Ikamva Lokudlulisela Amalungelo

Ukukhusela nokukhula kwamalungelo okuvota kusengumsebenzi oqhubekayo kulawulo-lwazi lwaseMerika. Njengoko kuvela imingeni emitsha nebutho labantu liguquka, isiseko somthetho sokukhusela amalungelo okuvota kufuneka silungelelane ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba bonke abemi abafanelekileyo bangathabatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Umthetho womanyano ocetyisiweyo

IBhunga liqwalasele iingcebiso ezahlukeneyo zokomeleza amalungelo okuvota kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ezi ziquka imigudu yokubuyisela amalungiselelo acacileyo oMthetho wamaLungelo, ukuseka imigaqo yesizwe yokubhaliswa kovoti nolawulo lonyulo, kunye nokuqalisa kwemiqathango yokuvota.

Ukuphumelela kwale migudu yowiso-mthetho kuya kuxhomekeka kukuthanda kwezobupolitika nakwinkxaso kawonke wonke ekukhuseleni nasekunyuseni amalungelo okuvota.

Ukubuyiselwa kobugcisa

Ubugcisa bunika amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lwamalungelo okuvota. Ukubhalisa ngekhompyutha kuye kwenza kwaba lula ngabemi ukubhalisa, ngoxa ukuxhalabela ukukhuselwa kwekhompyutha nokugcinwa konyulo kufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo. Ukufumana iindlela zobugcisa zokwandisa ukhuseleko kuya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo kwikamva lamalungelo okuvota.

Ukuhlala Uphaphile

Imbali yamalungelo okuvota eMerika ibonisa ukuba ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota akuzenzekelanga okanye akunakutshintshwa. Ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota kufuna ukuhlala uphaphile, ukunyanzeliswa kokhuseleko olukhoyo nokukulungela ukuqhelanisa neengxaki ezintsha. IMisebenzi, imibutho yolawulo, amagosa karhulumente, neenkundla zonke zinendima zokudlala ukuqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokuvota lihlala likhuselekile yaye lifikeleleka kubo bonke abantu baseMerika abafanelekileyo.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo okunika abanye aqinisekiswe ngenkqubo entsonkothileyo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, umthetho wesizwe, imithetho karhulumente, kunye neenkqubo zokunyanzelisa ezisebenzayo. Ukusuka kumthetho we-15 weSinyusi sokwahlula ikhethe lobuhlanga ekuvoteni ukuya kukhuseleko olubanzi loMthetho wamaLungelo, umthetho waseMerika uye wavela ukuze wandise nokukhusela lo myalelo.

Noko ke, ukuqinisekiswa kwamalungelo okuvota akuzicimi. Kufuna ukuzinikela okuqhubekayo kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente, ukuba nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwabemi, nokulumka nxamnye nemigudu yokuthintela ukufikelela kumvoteli. Ukuqonda indlela amalungelo okuvota akhuselwa ngayo, kwaye uxanduva lwasembalini olwakhokelela ekukhuselweni kwangoku, lubalulekile kumntu ngamnye oxabisa inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.

Ilungelo lokuvota lisisiseko kwidemokhrasi, yaye ukuqinisekisa ukuba eli lungelo liyafikeleleka kubo bonke abemi abafanelekileyo lihlala lilinye lolona celomngeni lubalulekileyo lijamelene nebutho labantu baseMerika. Ngokuqonda ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olukhoyo, iindlela abanyanzelelwa ngazo, kunye nezisongelo eziqhubekayo zokuvota, abemi bangaxhasa ngokulunge ngakumbi imigaqo-nkqubo yokomeleza idemokhrasi kwaye baqinisekise ukuba ilizwi ngalinye liyaviwa kwinkqubo yonyulo.

Ulwazi oluninzi ngamalungelo akho okuvota nendlela yokubhalisa ukuvota, tyelela iKhomishini yoNkxaso yoNqumoU.. I-Uption Consolation Commission okanye i-website yakho yonyulo. Ukufunda okungakumbi ngembali kunye nemeko yangoku yokuvota yamalungelo, i-Brennan Center yeJaji [ inikela uphando olunzulu nohlalutyo lwamalungelo okuvota.