Umhlaba wonke wamalungelo omGaqo-siseko: Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko abumba isiseko solawulo lwale mihla, achaza ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente nabemi bakhe. Ngoxa ingcamango yamalungelo asisiseko iphantse ibe yeyonke, intsingiselo yawo ekhethekileyo, ukutolika, kunye nokusebenza kwemithetho ingqukuva kunqamleza iinkqubo zomthetho. Ezi ntlobo aziyozinto zemfundo kuphela ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babantu abangamawaka ezigidi. Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni yaye kutheni amalungelo omGaqo-siseko ahlukene ngaphaya kolawulo olululonke kuyimfuneko kubenzi bezomthetho, abaqulunqeni bemithetho, nakubemi behlabathi abafuna ukuqhuba imimandla engowona mazwe.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa oonobangela abaphambili ababumba amalungelo omgaqo - siseko, bahlolisise imizekelo ephawulekayo evela kumazwe awahlukahlukeneyo, yaye babalaselisa imiphumo eluncedo yale ngxaki ngenxa yamalungelo abantu nokusetyenziswa komthetho wokulinganisa.

Ayintoni Amalungelo OmGaqo-siseko?

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko anikwe amalungelo nenkxaso eemfanelo kuxwebhu oluphezulu olusemthethweni lwesizwe. Asoloko egqubuthela inkululeko yabemi enjengenkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, neyobungqungquthela; amalungelo ezobupolitika njengokuvota nokusebenzela isikhundla; namalungelo entlalo-ntle entlalo-ntle kuquka ukufikelela kwimfundo, ukunyamekela impilo, kunye nezindlu. Noko ke, ikota echanileyo yamalungelo, umlinganiselo abanyanzeleka kuwo, kunye nemigaqo yokuwakhusela iyahluka kakhulu.

Kwimimandla emininzi, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko aphantsi kwemiqathango egwetyelwe yimfuno yorhulumente enyanzelisayo, ulungelelwano lwesizwe, okanye amalungelo abanye. Uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo phakathi kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye nokulunga kweqela yenye yezona ndawo zikhuphiswano kumthetho-siseko. Kwintshayelelo ebanzi, bona intelekelelo yeZizwe ezimanyeneyo yamalungelo abantu [ yeZizwe ezimanyeneyo.

Izinto Ezingundoqo Eziqhubela Umahluko

Imbali Neemeko Ezisekelwe Kuzo

Ixesha elingokwembali xa umgaqo-siseko ubhaliswe lishiya uphawu olungasokuze lucinywe kumalungiselelo awo. Umgaqo-siseko weNguquko wePost-rratics `njengeyaseUnited States (1787) nelaseFransi (18789)/_inkululeko engalunganga engaphaya kwemvume karhulumente. Ngokwahlukileyo, umgaqo-siseko ozelwe emva kwamaxesha olawulo olungqongqo okanye amathanga) ofana noMgaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika ka-1999 okanye umGaqo-siseko waseIndiya (owe-1950) wokuquka amalungelo afanelekileyo anamandla, ukuvala imisebenzi kurhulumente, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukulingana okunamandla.

Ngokomzekelo, umgaqo - siseko waseMzantsi Afrika uquka ilungelo lokuhlala, lokunyamekela impilo, lokutya, lokusela amanzi nonqabiseko lwentlalo, ubonakalisa umlo nxamnye nokungafunwa kwemigaqo yocalulo.

Izithethe Ezisemthethweni Nentanda - bulumko Yezeejaji

Intsapho esemthethweni apho isebenza khona `umthetho oqhelekileyo, umthetho wamakhaya, umthetho wamaSilamsi, okanye iinkqubo ze-idimnp's-iphembelela indlela achazwa ngayo amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Kumazwe aqhelekileyo (umz., iUnited States, iKhanada, iIndiya), imizekelo elawulayo ithwala ubunzima obukhulu, inika iinkundla amandla okwandisa okanye avumelanisa amalungelo ngexesha elithile. Imithetho yamakhaya (umz., iJamani, iFransi) ityekele ukuxhomekeka ngakumbi kwimithetho eqikelelelweyo kunye nokuhlolisiswa komgaqo-siseko, ngokufuthi ngeenkomkhulu.

Iinkqubo zomthetho zonqulo ziyakwazi ukumisela amalungelo. ESaudi Arabia, iSizekelo soMthetho uvakalisa ukuba iQuran neSunnah zingumthetho ophakamileyo, ithetha amalungelo omGaqo-siseko aqondwayo kwisiseko samaSilamsi. Ngokufanayo, umgaqo-siseko weIran udibanisa iriphabliki kunye neenkalo zolawulo lobuthixo, udala ingxubano ekhethekileyo phakathi kolongamo loluntu negunya lonqulo.

Umanyano kunye nongquzulwano lwezizwe ngezizwe

Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente ngezantsi kweUnited States, Canada, Jamani, naseIndiya.

Ngokufanayo, eIndiya, amatyala anokumisela imithetho ngemibandela efana nocwangco lukawonke wonke kunye nokuhlaziywa komhlaba enokuthi ngandlel ’ ithile ibeke umda wamalungelo asisiseko, axhomekeke kwingqwalasela egweba.

Imithetho Nesivumelwano Sezizwe Ngezizwe

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko aphenjelelwa ngokukhulayo zizixhobo zamalungelo abantu bezizwe ngezizwe. Amanye amazwe, njenge-Netherlands kunye noMzantsi Afrika, anenkqubo ze-momonist apho izivumelwano ezigunyazisiweyo zizenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo zibe yinxalenye yomthetho wasekhaya. Amanye, njenge-United States, aphithelelanayo, afuna ukuzalisekisa umthetho phambi kokuba izibophelelo zesivumelwano zinyanzeleke. Ukwenziwa kwamaqela emigaqo-siseko kuchaza, umzekelo, isizathu sokuba amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu abe namalungelo ogcino-lwazi olunzulu asuka kumthetho we-data “Jiii jikelele we-data i-Reggamentified [GPR][FLT] kunye neNdibano yeYurophu eMaLungulo yamalungelo abantu.

I- ye-European Union idibanisa amaziko ne-EU yamalungu xa isebenzisa umthetho we-EU, idala ulawulo lwamalungelo esizwe olongezelele umgaqo-siseko wesizwe.

Uphando lwetyala lothelekiso

EUnited States: Inkululeko Engafanelekanga NobuGaqo-siseko Obuphilayo

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ngeBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokulungiswa kwayo okulandelayo, ngokuyintloko kukhusela inkululeko engalunganga − inkululeko ekungeneleni kukarhulumente. UMthetho wokuqala Wesinyusi sokuthetha uphangalele, okwandisa ukuzondelwa kwentetho nentlawulo, oya kuba yiyo engekho mthethweni kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu. Noko ke, iU.S. ayinawo umGaqo-siseko ocacileyo onelungelo lokuba yimfihlo; ilungelo elinjalo liye lakhutshwa yiNkuqela eliphezulu kwiimeko ezifana [[FLT: 0] Gristold v. Connecticut kunye ne-'. Wade v, yenza impikiswano yezopolitiko eqhubekayo.

Indlela yokusebenzisa iMerika ibeka iziqu zomntu ngamnye nokungathembani urhulumente, okubunjwe yimbali yeenguqu neyomda. Kodwa abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi ayiwakhathaleli amalungelo afanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko lwentlalo nezoqoqosho kangangokuba ezinye iidemokhrasi ziyaqinisekisa.

IJamani: Isidima Somntu Nokuzimela Kwakhe

ISize-mthetho waseJamani (1949) ibeka isidima somntu ( Manschewürde kumphakathi wayo) othe wachazwa ukuba ungenakusetyenziswa kwiGatya 1. INkundla yeQumrhu leNtshona Koloni ivelise uvavanyo olunamandla olusetyenziswa ukuvavanya onke amalungelo, ifuna ukuba nawuphi na umqathango uphumeze injongo esemthethweni, ufaneleke, kwaye ulungelelene ngokwengqiqo engqongqo. Lo mgaqo wesiseko ubenempembelelo kumhlaba wonke.

IJamani ikwakhusela amalungelo afanelekileyo, kuquka ilungelo lokhuseleko kunye nelungelo lokhuseleko kunye nempahla, nezibophelelo zoluntu. Inkundla iwamkele amalungelo okuncedisa urhulumente kwiimeko ezimaxongo, kuquka ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19. Imodeli ye-Jamani ilungelelanisa inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye nembopheleleko yentlalo, ibonisa ukuzimisela kwelo lizwe emva kwemfazwe ukuthintela ubuzwilakhe.

EIndiya: Amalungelo Asisiseko Nemigaqo Esisiseko

UmGaqo-siseko waseIndiya udibanisa amalungelo asisiseko afanelekileyo (IParamitha III) kunye neMigaqo yeMithetho eLawulayo yeSizwe (Inxalenye ye-IV). Amalungelo asisiseko aquka ukulingana, inkululeko yokuthetha, ukhuseleko ekuzikhetheleni, nenkululeko yonqulo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yawandisa ngomdla kawonke-wonke nangokufunda kulungelo elibanzi lokuphila (iQueqele 21), ngoku elidibanisa ilungelo lokuziphilisa, impilo, imfundo, kunye nokusingqongileyo okucocekile.

Imigaqo engqalileyo, nangona inganyanzeliswanga ngqo, ikhokela urhulumente ukuba akhusele iindlela ezaneleyo zokuziphilisa, ihlawulo elilinganayo ngomsebenzi olinganayo, kunye noncedo lwasemthethweni olukhululekileyo. Maxa wambi iiNkundla zisebenzisa iMithetho Elawulayo ukuchaza amalungelo asisiseko ngokuyintabalala. Esi sakhiwo sibini sibonakalisa indlela yokuzibandakanya, ukudibanisa ubunyhawu nemilinganiselo yoluntu neyobuSocialist kunye neGandhiandhi. Kukwathetha ukuba kwalelo olunye lomgaqo-mGajini, inkululeko yokuthetha ingaba icuthene ngakumbi eIndiya kunakukwiU.S., imele “imiqathango esengqiqweni yemiqatha yendlela elungelelaniso, okanye ukuziphatha kwabantu.

UMzantsi Afrika: Imithetho etshintshayo yomGaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika othe wadlula emva kweparatheid usoloko unconywa njengenye yezona zihambele phambili ehlabathini. Uquka iBhili yamaLungelo abanzi akhusela amalungelo abantu kunye nezopolitiko (isidima, ukulingana, ubomi, ubugocigoci, ulwalamano lwentlalo-ntle yoluntu) namalungelo entlalo-ntle (ii-gcuntswana, ukutya, ukhuseleko lwamanzi, ukhuseleko lwentlalo-ntle). Inkundla yomGaqo-siseko iwa iwanyanzelele ngamandla la malungelo, imya urhulumente ukuba anike amayeza achasene neRGenethi ukuze kuthintelwe ukudluliselwa komama kubantwana ngeHIVV, nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela kwizindlu ezifanelekileyo zokutshitshisa.

Ukulingana kuchazwe ngokubanzi ukuquka izizathu zohlanga, ubufanasini, ukukhulelwa, ubume bomtshato, imvelaphi yobuhlanga okanye yentlalo, ibala, imbonakalo yesondo, ubudala, ukukhubazeka, unqulo, isazela, inkolelo, isithethe, kunye nokuzalwa. Amanyathelo aqinisekisileyo avunyelwe ngokucacileyo ukunyanga ucalucalulo oludlulileyo. Ukutshintsha kombono wembali yokungekho sikweni nokuyila ibutho labantu elisekelwe kwisidima somntu, .

ITshayina: Ukulawulwa koMgaqo-siseko wobuSoshiyali kunye noLawulo lweQela

Umgaqo-siseko waseTshayina ubala amalungelo afana nenkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, engqungquthela, neyonqulo. Noko ke, la malungelo aphantsi kwezilangazelelo zikarhulumente negunya leQela lobuKomanisi. Umgaqo-siseko ukwaquka imisebenzi, yaye urhulumente unokuthi abeke imiqathango yamalungelo ngenxa yokhuseleko lwesizwe, ulungelelwano lukawonke-wonke, okanye imigaqo-siseko. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukunyanzelisa amalungelo e-mthetho ngokuzimeleyo akunamandla; akukho nkundla yezomgaqo-siseko enikwe amandla okuphelisa umthetho.

Ingxelo yamalungelo abantu yaseTshayina iye yachaza ukugxekwa kwezizwe ngezizwe, ukanti urhulumente umi ngelithi indlela acinga ngayo ngokuzinzisa kweqela kunye nenkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho kwinkululeko yabantu ngabanye (izithethe) iyafaneleka. Imodeli yamaTshayina ibonisa indlela imibhalo yezomgaqo-siseko enokuhlala ngayo kunye nolawulo lobuzwilakhe, apho umgaqo-siseko usebenza njengoxwebhu olukhokelayo kunokuba ubophe imiyalelo emagunyeni.

Imicimbi yangaphambili

Amalungelo namathuba emfihlo amanani

Iminyaka yamanani iye yabhenca izithuba kumthetho-siseko obekwe kude phambi kwe-intanethi. Ii-jurisciation ziyasabela ngokwahlukileyo. I-European Union iye yangenela nge-GDPR, iqonda ilungelo elisisiseko lokukhusela ugcino-lwazi olwahlukileyo kwi-edwa. Amazwe ase-Melika afana ne-Brazil neChile akwakhupha iinkqubo ezinamandla zamalungelo amanani. Ngokwahlukileyo, iUnited States ayinawo umthetho wezobuqu we-orhulumente we-onkqumfazi, ixhomekeke kwimithetho yecandelo nesiseko somgaqo-siseko kuphela nxamnye nokhuseleko ulawulo oludityaniweyo, hayi iinkampani ezizimeleyo. Inkundla ephakamileyo yaseIndiya inguMathiya kumziko [[FLT][FLT] [12] [20]] (2017]) ivakalise umgaqo-mgaqo-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho obalulekileyo siseko kuphela [ichaphaka ngokulandele i-mthetho-mthetho-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-mthetho-

Ukuya Kwimeko - bume Entle

Ngamazwe angaphezu kwe-140 ngoku ayaliqonda ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko kwimeko-bume entle, ngokufuthi ngokutolikwa kwakhona kwezasemthethweni amalungelo akhoyo (umz., ilungelo lobomi). iUnited Nations Environment Programme ilandela ezi zindululo[. INkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yaseColombia isebenzise ilungelo lokukhusela imvula yaseAmazon ngenxa yemekobume, ngoxa iSicangca seFransi semeko-Meko simisela iimfuno kurhulumente. Kurhulumente wase-U.

Amajelo Ezolonwabo Nenkululeko Yokuthetha

Umthetho wenkcazelo ye-intanethi ubalaselisa ukuhla konxibelelwano olucacileyo. Umthetho wenethwekhi yaseJamani ufuna amaqonga ukususa intetho yentiyo ngokukhawuleza, exhaswa yintelekelelo. Ubuxhakaxhaka bolwazi lwe-Indiya bumisela imiqathango efanayo kodwa bugxekwe ngokuvumela uphando lukarhulumente. I-U.S. iyaqhubeka ixhomekeke kwicandelo 230 loMthetho woNxibelelwano oluKhulu, ukukhusela amaqonga kwityala omsebenzisi, ngelixa iNkundla ePhakathiweyo isoloko ingavumi imiqathango yokuthetha esekelwe kwimiqathango esekelwe kwi-injini. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-temfolo esemthethweni eNew York isenokuba lulwaphulo-mthetho eBerlin okanye eNew Declie.

Imisebenzi efuna abantu abakwaziyo ukufikelela kwiinkonzo

Umahluko kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko uvelisa amathuba kunye nocelomngeni. Kumagqwetha amalungelo abantu asebenza ngaphaya kwemida, ukuqonda iinguqu zolawulo ngalunye lubalulekile. Icebo eliphumelelayo eMzantsi Afrika(_"icebo lokufumana iimfuno zikarhulumente ezifanelekileyo/i-"isenokusilela eUnited States, apho iinkundla zingathandi ukuthenga. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuzikhusela ngokukhululekileyo ekuthetheni kwi-U.S. kusenokungavakali kwiinkundla zaseYurophu ezibalaselisa isidima nolungelelwano lukawonke-wonke kwiintetho ezichaphazelekayo.

Kumaziko amazwe ngamazwe, ukuthobela ulawulo oluninzi lomGaqo-siseko kuya kuntsonkotha, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ulwazi oluyimfihlo nenkululeko yokuchaza. Ukunyuka kwamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke kumthetho wenkuthalo ofanele imikhosi enjengeFransi neJamani kongeza omnye umlinganiselo wembopheleleko.

Kubafundisi - ntsapho, umthetho wokwahlula unika amandla okufundisa indlela yokugxeka imilinganiselo, ulawulo, nomthetho. Ngokuhlolisisa indlela ibutho elahlukeneyo elilungelelanisa ngayo inkululeko nokulingana, ukhuseleko nelungelo lokuzimela, abafundi bazuza uxabiso olunzulu ngemo exhomekeke kumalungelo.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko akami ndawonye okanye akangomntu wonke; ngawamandla aphilayo ajikelezwe yimbali, inkcubeko, izithethe ezisemthethweni, kunye nemilo yezobupolitika. Umahluko phakathi kombutho we-U.S. ugxininiso kwinkululeko engalunganga, isidima se-Jamani esisesazulwini, amalungelo asisiseko asisiseko kunye nemigaqo yemigaqo-siseko, umbono wenguqulo yoMzantsi Afrika, kunye nomgaqo-siseko weqela elilawula intlalo utyhila ukuba akukho “modeli enye elungileyo”. Ngamnye ubonisa imodeli ekhethekileyo ye-societal.

Kulo xesha lokudityaniswa kwehlabathi, ukuthelekisa ukubhalwa komgaqo-siseko kubalulekile kunanini na ngaphambili. Enoba kukhuthazwa amalungelo abantu, ukuqulunqwa komthetho, okanye ukuba ngummi onolwazi, ukuqaphela indlela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko ahluka ngayo ngaphaya kwemithetho kubalulekile ekuqhubeni ihlabathi apho umthetho ulikhaphelo kunye nesixhobo. Uphando lwale ntlobo-ntlobo alukhanyiseli nje kuphela iinkqubo zethu kodwa lukwavula ithuba lokufunda kwizenzo ezingcono zabanye abantu, kwaye luvavanya nokucel

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga iProjekthi ye- i-Constitute , enika umgaqo-siseko ophengululwayo osuka ehlabathini jikelele, kunye ne- Office ye-UN High Commissioner for Human Rights yemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.