IRaje Sabra: IManya yoMgaqo-siseko ukwenzela ukumela uRhulumente

IRaje Sabra, okanye iBhunga laseMerika, yindlu ephezulu yePalamente ye-Indiya ebizwa ngokuba yi-bidamaral. Iplatifomu yayo yayilwa ngabom yiNdibano yeConstitutuent ukulungiselela indawo apho izilangazelelo zamazwe kunye nemibutho yomanyano inokuchazwa kumgangatho wesizwe. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabhaha, emela abantu ngqo, iRajiya Sabra imela amazwe njengeqela lorhulumente. Lo mahluko ungundoqo ekuqondeni indlela amalungu eRajiya Sabra (MP) asebenza ngayo njengemidali yemida yengi esebenzela ulawulo kwisiseko esiphakathi somthetho-mthetho.

Inqaku lama-80 lomGaqo-siseko waseIndiya libeka phantsi ukuqanjwa kweRajeya Sabha. Lichaza ukuba amandla aphezulu endlu ngamalungu angama-50, apho angama-238 anyulwa ngamalungu anyuliweyo eendibano zezowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente nangamakholeji anyuliweyo emimandla yama-Ofisi. Amalungu aseleyo ali-12 atyunjwa nguMongameli ngenxa yobuchwephesha bawo kwimiba efana noncwadi, inzululwazi, ubugcisa, kunye nenkonzo yentlalo.

Injongo esisiseko yeRaje Sabba kukwenza njengegumbi lokulungisa nokunika ukhangelo kwiLok Sabha engekho mgaqweni. Okunzima kakhulu, kusebenza njengesikhuseli soburhulumente. Le nkqubo yomelo lomelo-projekthi isetyenziselwa unyulo `````SV'' oludluliswayo)/ivoti ekhawulezayo (STV')/ingqinela ukuba amaqela amancinane namazwe ancinane anelizwi. Lo msebenzi ulucelomngeni oluthe ngqo kungenelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-Lok Sabha ukhetho.

Unyulo Lwamalungu KaRaje Sabha: Izixhobo Zokulinganisela

Amalungu kaRaje Sabra akanyulwanga ngqo nguwonke-wonke. Endaweni yoko, akhethwa nguML As weVidhan Sabhaha yorhulumente ngamnye. Olunyulo lungangqalanga luqinisa ingcamango yokuba uRajiya Sabha MPs ufumana ugunyaziso kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, hayi kukhetho lwesizwe. Ngenxa yoko, ukunyaniseka kwabo okuphambili kulindeleke ukuba kuhambelane nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente owabathumayo.

Inkqubo yoqhagamshelwano oludluliselwa kwenye

Phantsi kwe STV system, ivoti nganye ye MLA ikhupha abavoti abatsha kodwa iyakwazi ukubeka abatshati kuhlobo lokhetho. Umsebenzi ofunekayo ukuphumelela isihlalo ubalwa ngokusebenzisa indlela: zonke iivoti ezisebenzayo ezahlulwe (Inani lezihlalo kunye nenye), kunye nenye. Le nkqubo ivumela ulwahlulo lolwahlulo lwemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yezobupolitika kwizwe. Inqanda iqela elikhulu ekukhukuliseni zonke izihlalo kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba amaqela ephondo kunye nezizimeleyo zifumana umelo.

Umzekelo, ukuba urhulumente unamalungu amahlanu e-MLS kwaye anyuliweyo amahlanu e-Rajiya Sabha, umlinganiselo ngu 100/(5+1)+1 = 17 (malunga). Nabani na oza kuthabatha ivoti 17 unyulwe. Uvotelo olusuka kubaphumeleleyo lutshintshelwa kwizinto ezikhethiweyo ezilandelayo. Le nkqubo entsonkothileyo imikhosi enqamleza icandelo kunye nolwakhiwo lwesivumelwano kwanaphambi kokuba ilungu lingene ePalamente. Isebenza njengemicroscom yengxoxo yorhulumente.

Ubuchule Bokwabiwa KweeSeet

Ulwabelo lwezihlalo ze Rajiya Sabba phakathi kwamazwe lusekelwe kubemi. Amaphondo amakhulu afana no-Uttar Pradesh athumela amalungu angama-31, ngelixesha amazwe amancinane njengoSikkim ethumela kuphela. Oku kumelo olwahlukileyo kuqinisekisa ukuba amazwe amaninzi anempembelelo yolungelelwaniso, kodwa i-STV yenkqubo ilawula ubuGcisa. Iingingqi ze-SDelhi kunye nePuducherry zikwanegalelo kumaqela ahlukeneyo endlu.

IKhomishini yoNnyulo yaseIndiya ijonge unyulo lwe Rajeya Sabha. Igama lelungu yiminyaka emithandathu, nesithathu sendlu erhoxileyo qho kwiminyaka emibini. Oku kusithekile kunika uzinzo kwindlu kwaye kuvumela amalungu ukuba aphuhlise ubuchule bexesha elide kwimicimbi yorhulumente.

Imisebenzi ye-Raje Sabha Amalungu eSikhuseli Sezilangazelelo zelizwe

Amalungu e-Raje Sabra anendima entlu - mbini: athatha inxaxheba ekuqulunqeni umthetho wesizwe kwaye ngexesha elinye asebenza njengoomatiloshe abaya kumazwe awo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yophando olusemthethweni

Imali nganye edluliswe yiLok Sabha (ngaphandle kweeBhili zemali) kufuneka iqwalaselwe yiRajeya Sabha. Ngexesha lale nkqubo, amalungu akwilizwe elithile angasusa intengiso ezithi ngqo zibhekiselwe kwimibandela yengingqi. Umzekelo, ilungu elisuka kwilizwe lonxweme lingacebisa utshintsho kumthetho wokukhusela amalungelo okuloba. Ngelixa iRajiya Sabba ayinakwalatha ngokupheleleyo iNgxokelelwano yemali, kwaye iLok Sabbaha ingawamkela okanye iyalamkele. Ezinye izibhamlo, iRayya Sabha inamandla alinganayo. Xa kunjalo, i-Rajiya Sab, i-ipha i-lonke, ibambana, kodwa ubungangamni beLoka Sha. Ngaphandle koko, ingcuphelo yoyilo olusoloko lungamele ukuhlasela ingxolo yomthetho karhulumente.

Ukukhulisa imicimbi efana neyoburhulumente phantsi kweyure yeqanda kunye nentshukumo yokwahlula-hlula

Iyure yeqanda ivumela amalungu ukuba aphakamise imicimbi engxamisekileyo ngaphandle kwesaziso sangaphambili. Ii-Raje Sabha MPs zisoloko zisebenzisa oku ukugxininisa iingxaki zelizwe ezizizo ngqo ezifana nembalela, iingozi zoshishino, okanye iimbambano zemida. Iintshukumo zokuhamba-hamba, nangona zinqabile ukuvunywa ngenxa yemithetho engqongqo, ngokufanayo zingatsalela ingqalelo yesizwe kwimeko embi yorhulumente omnye. Amacebo anjalo epalamente angasixhobo esiphambili kumalungu ukufaka izinto zengingqi yengingqi kwingxoxo eyintloko.

Impembelelo kuMthetho wezemali nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Nangona iRajiya Sabra ingenakuyilungisa okanye ingayichasi i-Money Bill, ingaxubusha iBhili yeMali (engeyoNtloko yemali) kunye nezinye iindleko zokukhupha izicelo. Amalungu asebenzisa ezi ngxoxo ukuphikisana ngemali ephambili yenkxaso yesizwe, impilo, kunye nemfundo. Umzekelo, ilungu elivela kwingingqi yomntla-mpuma unganyanzela ukuba linikwe indawo ephezulu phantsi kolungiselelo elikhethekileyo le-Cunity Status. Iikomiti ezimileyo ezifuna ukusetyenziswa kwemali engakumbi zibandakanya rhoqo i-data yemali epheleleyo kaRhayya Sabra.

Amandla eQuasi-Federal: Inqaku 249 neGatya 312

Phantsi kweGatya 249, iRaje Sabha ingagqithisa isigqibo sokubhala iPalamente ezimisele ukuqulunqwa kumbandela wesizwe okwexeshana ukuba inomdla wesizwe. Eli gunya lifaka ibhunga linamandla akhethekileyo okwenza umthetho phakathi xa kuyimfuneko, kodwa kuphela ukuba iintambo ezimbini zamalungu alo ziyavumelana. Ngokufanayo, iRajiya Sabba inendima ekudaleni zonke iinkonzo zaseIndiya phantsi kweSiphakamiso 312. Amalungu avela kumazwe ahlala eqinileyo asoloko echasa ukwakhiwa kweenkonzo zeyunifomu, ephikisa ukuba amatyala amele agcine ukulawula i-cad yawo. Le ngxoxo phakathi kwe-Jabya Sabba ichaphazela ngqo ulwalamano norhulumente.

IiKomiti zePalamente: Apho Iingenelo zikaRhulumente Zifumana Uhlolisiso Oluziinkcukacha

Umsebenzi omninzi osezantsi kaRaje Sabra ungaphandle kwegumbi eliyintloko, kwiikomiti. Ezi komiti `zimile, zikhethe, zidibane, kwaye zidibanise ii-hoc' zikhokelwe umgca oqingqiweyo. Ukuqanjwa kweekomiti kubonisa amandla eqela kuzo zombini izindlu. Amalungu eRajeya Sabra azisa ubuchule bawo bomgangatho wesizwe kwezi ntlanganiso.

IiKomiti eziSigxina eziQinisekisiweyo zeSebe

Kukho iikomiti ezingama-24 ezinesebe elinxulumene neenkonzo ezigubungela zonke. Ikomiti nganye iquka amalungu akwizindlu zombini. I-Rajiya Sabha akwimo yemigodi enzima njenge Jarkand ingasebenza kwiKomiti ekwiManzi, apho anokuqinisekisa ukuba ukubekwa kwemiqathango yelahle akuyonakalisi inkqubo yemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Ngokufanayo, ilungu elikwimo yokulima njengePunjab kwiKomiti ye-Agriculture lingacinezela iimfono ezithile zeMSP (Imali Exhaswa yinkxaso). [[FLT: 0] Rajahabhaisha komiti yeekomiti yesizwe yasekuhlaleni.

Khetha iikomiti kwiiBhili eziCacileyo

Xa kuvezwe isibham esiphikiswayo, singabhekiswa kwikomiti ekhethayo. Umzekelo, i-Fales ne-Service Treaty (GST) uBill wahlolwa yikomiti ekhethiweyo yeRajiya Sabha eyaquka amalungu avela kumazwe aneeprojekthi ezahlukeneyo zengeniso. Iingcebiso zawo zakhokelela kwiinguqu kumalungiselelo embuyekezo kumazwe okwenza ilahleko. Lo ngumzekelo ocacileyo wendlela izilangazelelo zikarhulumente zibhalelwe ngayo kumthetho ngomsebenzi wekomiti.

Indima Yosihlalo Ekumiseleni Umelo Lombutho

Umongameli wase-Indiya nguMongameli ongasekhoyo onguSihlalo weRajeya Sabha. Ngokungafaniyo noLok Sabha Speaker, uSihlalo unamandla alinganiselweyo(akanye u-ovhoti. ngoko ke, uSihlalo angavumela ukukhankanywa okukhethekileyo kwemiba karhulumente kwaye avumele amatyala amalungu azimeleyo asuka kwinkxalabo yombuso. Umthetho kaSihlalo usoloko emisela imizekelo yexesha elithe ngqo lokunikwa imicimbi yengingqi.

Uthelekiso noLok Sabba: Isizathu sokuba iRaje Sabha Ilizwe Elininzi Elinombuso- Umbuso Owandisiweyo

Ingxaki eqhelekileyo kukuba iLok Sabha inamandla kuba ilawula umlawuli. Ngoxa ingundaba - mlonyeni nemicimbi yokuzithemba, iRajiya Sabha idla ngokubonisa ukuba iyakwazi ukukhathalelana ngakumbi norhulumente.

  • I-Direct vs Esingangqalanga ukhetho: Lok Sabha MPs zinyulwa ngabantu; Rajiya Sabba MPs zinyulwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Oku kwenza oku kwenza ukuba kuxhomekeke kudidi lwezwe lwezopolitiko.
  • Ikhonkco eliqhelekileyo: Ilungu le Rajiya Sabha limele lonke urhulumente, hayi uphazamiso. Oku kuthetha ukuba bangaxhasa imiba yomgangatho karhulumente ngaphandle kokwahlulwa phakathi kweemfuno zobukhomfa bengingqi kunye nemigca yeqela.
  • Indlu ye-Permanent: I Rajiya Sabha ayinyanzelekanga ukuba idibane. Oku kuqhubekeka kuvumela amalungu akhe ulwalamano kunye nefayile exhomekeke ixesha elide ifuna ixesha elide.
  • Amandla akhethekileyo: Kuphela i Rajeya Sabha angaqalisa isigqibo phantsi kweGama 249 (umthetho wesizwe wenzala yoluhlu lwesizwe) okanye agunyazise ukudalwa kwayo yonke i-Indiya Iinkonzo. La mandla ayinika indima ekhethekileyo yokugcina amasango kulwando lwezwe.
  • [[NTLA:0] Ukuvota kwiZigqibo zoMgaqo-siseko: Iziphelo ezithile zifuna ukwenziwa zidityaniswe ngesiqingatha sezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente emva kokudlula kwazo zombini izindlu. Rajiya Sabha amalungu asoloko evota ejonge kwimithetho-siseko kwimo yawo, edibanisa imigangatho emibini karhulumente.

Ngenxa yale ngxaki yokwakha, iRaje Sabha isoloko isebenza njengentamo yebhotile yamatyala anyathela ulawulo. Urhulumente kufuneka akhe isivumelwano esinqamlezileyo kule ndlu, anike amaqela amancinci namaqela asekelwe kurhulumente axhathisa ngokungenakulinganiswa.

Uphando Ngetyala: Umelo olunempumelelo lwezilangazelelo zikaRhulumente

Ingxoxo YeTelangana Bill

Xa uAndhh Pradesh Reorganiation Act yayibhaliswa, uRaja Sabra amalungu emimandla ye-Telangana kunye ne-Andhra walwa kabuhlungu. Okwakudala iiMPS njengo K. Kesava Rao no N. Chandrababu Naidu wasebenzisa indlu ukubiza ixesha elicacileyo lokudalwa kwelizwe elitsha kunye neempahla zemali. Ingxubusho kwi Raja Sabba yaziconga amalungiselelo emali ekwabelaneni kwengeniso kunye nezixhobo zolawulo, ibonakalisa iifisuntslo enzulu zengingqini yengingqi ethi iLok Sab, ngegrabo yayo enzima, ayinakukwazi ukunikela idilesi ngokupheleleyo.

Iimfuno zoBume obukhethekileyo boMntla-mpuma

Rajeya Sabra MPS esuka kumazwe anjenge Nagaland, Mizoram, kunye ne-Arunachal Pradesh ngokuqhubekayo igalelo leQumrhu 371 (amalungiselelo akhethekileyo). Baye bayisebenzisa ngempumelelo inkqubo yekomiti ukufaka amalungiselelo kwiForest Rights Act kunye noMthetho weLand Acquisition ohlonela iinkqubo zobumnini zamazwe. Ngaphandle kwe Rajiya Sabba, ezi zilangazelelo zasekuhlaleni zinokuba zikhuselwe ngomphunga ngoninzi lweLok Sabbaha.

Ingxoxo Equkumbela Imali

Ngexesha lokuphunyezwa kweGST, amaphondo aliqela, ingakumbi lawo anenzala ephezulu njengeGujarat neMaharashtra, ayefuna imbuyekezo yokulahlekelwa yimali. URaje Sabbaram kunye namanye amalungu okwakha njengeP. Chiddaram kunye namanye amazwe aphakamisa imbambano ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwintelekelelo ekhethekileyo nakwingxoxo. UMthetho wokugqibela we-GST wawuquka iprojekthi yembuyekezo kangangeminyaka emihlanu.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa KukaRaje Sabha

Akukho lungiselelo ligqibeleleyo. Abahlalutyi bathi iRaje Sabba iye yaba likhaya lomhlala phantsi kwezobupolitika ezingakwaziyo ukuphumelela kunyulo lweLok Sabba. Ekubeni amalungu engenakujamelana nonyulo olungqalileyo, asenokungaphenduliswa kakhulu kubemi ngokubanzi bamazwe abo. Ngaphezu koko, ingqeqesho yeqela ingazisusa izilangazelelo zikarhulumente: ilungu lesizwe lingavota kwiqela lesizwe nokuba oko kuyingozi kwimfuno yesizwe sakhe, kuba umsebenzi walo uxhomekeke kukhokelo lweqela.

Enye imbambano ngulo [[FLT: 0] wophicotho lwamazwana amakhulu. Ngelixesha inkqubo ye-STV inika ilizwi kumaqela amancinci, ulwabelo lwesihlalo lusawamkela amaphondo amakhulu afana no-Uttar Pradesh, anamalungu angama-31. Umanyano lwamazwe amancinane lusoloko luzama ukulingana nelizwi elo. Ngaphezu koko, ukunqongophala kwegama elisisigxina lendlu (ngaphandle kwelungu leshumi leminyaka) kuthetha ukuba amanye amalungu aphulukana noxanduva lwemeko exubileyo.

Kukho ingxaki ye amandla emali kunye nokudibanisa imali. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, unyulo lwe Rajiya Sabba lubone izityholo zemali- yokukhohlisa kwevoti, apho uMlMongo unyotywa ukuvota umvoteli weqela. Oku konakalisa uqhagamshelwano lomelo phakathi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho nelungu le Rajiya Sabha. PRSGRAGRAGS uhlalutyo lophando lophando lophando oluneyo[[ ekuboniseni ukuba iqela lidla ngokuphosa njani naxa iziqhubo zemali ziphezulu.

Utshintsho Lokumela Urhulumente Owomelezayo kwiRaje Sabha

Izindululo eziliqela zotshintsho ziye zaxhotyiswa ukwenza iRaje Sabha ibe nempumelelo ngakumbi ekumeliseni izilangazelelo zikarhulumente.

  • [[FLT: 0] Unyulo lwamalungu: Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ukuba uRajiya Sabha unyulwa ngqo ngabantu borhulumente, bazakuba netyala elingaphezulu. Noko ke, oku kungafiphaza umahluko phakathi kwezindlu ezimbini kwaye kucuthe uphawu lwezwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuncitshiswa kweQela iWip Impembelelo: Phantsi kwemithetho yangoku, isitya sokubetha siyasebenza kwi Rajiya Sabba ukuvota. Ukuba amalungu aye avunyelwa ukuvota ngokukhululekileyo kwityala elichaphazela imibandela karhulumente, izilangazelelo zikarhulumente zizakukhuseleka ngcono. Iveki ye-ikhonconic nepolitical[ ixubushe isicelo sokulwa nomthetho wokubulala ityala kuRajiya Sabra.
  • Ithenjiwe kaSihlalo: UMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli, njenge-ex-offio Sihlalo, unexesha elilinganiselweyo. USihlalo wexesha elipheleleyo omiselwe ixesha elisisigxina angalilawula ngcono ishishini elisisigxina lemo.
  • Inkqubo yeKomiti eyomelezayo: Inani leekomiti ezinxulumene nesebe linokonyuswa, kwaye uRaje Sabha angahlala kulo rhoqo. Iingxelo zabo kufuneka zibophelele kwiinkonzo ngaphandle kokuba zilawulwa yinkqubo ethile ekhethekileyo.

Amanye amazwe aye afuna ukuba iRaje Sabha ngokwayo ipheliswe, eyibiza ngokuba yindawo engekho kwidemokhrasi. Kodwa xa inikwa indima yayo engokomGaqo-siseko njengovavanyo lwamagunya, loo nto isenokubangela ukuba iphunyezwe ingakumbi.

Isiphelo: Indima ephambili yeRaje Sabha kwiFederalism yaseIndiya

IRaje Sabra ikude nendlu ehamba ngelabha. Amalungu ayo anyulwa ngokungangqalanga ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, ezibanika umyalelo okhethekileyo wokucacisa inkxalabo yengingqi kumgangatho ophakathi. Ngokuthetha ngemithetho-siseko, ngokuvavanya ikomiti, ngokukhankanya okukhethekileyo, nangomgaqo-siseko, aqinisekisa ukuba imo yendalo eyahlukeneyo yase-Indiya/ukusuka kwiinduli zase-Uttarakhand ukuya kunxweme lwaseKeralah/nelizwi eDelhi.

Noko ke, ukuphumelela kolu melo kuxhomekeke ekuthembekeni kwenkqubo yonyulo, ukuzimela kwamalungu kwimigxobhozo yeqela, nokuvuma kukarhulumente ukuphulaphula. Xa esebenza kakuhle, iRajiya Sabha isebenza njengencopho yokujikeleza kwinkqubo ye-India ye-quatsi-federal, ilungelelanisa i-populism yendlu esezantsi kunye nezilangazelelo zexesha elide zikarhulumente. Kumntu nabani na ofunda amaIndiya, ukuqonda iRajiya Sabhaha kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izilangazelelo zikarhulumente zinjalo, kwaye akukho ``kukhuselwa kumbindi wedemokhrasi) wamaIndiya.