Ukwazisa: Imida Engagqibeleliyo Ngegunya Elilawulayo

Umongameli we-United States usoloko echazwa njengeyona ndawo inamandla emhlabeni. Kodwa abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko, abaphaphele ukuphinda-phinda ubuzwilakhe ababelwe nabo, bakha ngabom inkqubo apho umongameli anegunya khona lichazwe ngedemon yemida . Le miqathango ayisemva kokucingwa; isiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi lwaseMelika. UmGaqo-siseko umisela igunya lomongameli ngokweziqu ezingundoqo ezintathu: ukwahlula, ukujonga nokulinganisa, kunye nokucalula amagunya. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela asebenza ngayo kubunzulu obu bukhulu, lihlola indlela asebenza ngayo kwaye kutheni ehlala ebalulekile ukuze alondoloze inkululeko.

ISicwangciso somGaqo-siseko: Inqaku II noBume beMpahla

Amagunya kamongameli achazwa Atyle II woMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S.. Ngokungafaniyo neQumrhu I, elinika iKhomishini uluhlu olubanzi lwamagunya adwelisiweyo, iQumrhu II lifutshane kwaye libanzi. Igunya “lolawulo lolawulo” kumongameli omnye kwaye idwelise amagunya akhethekileyo: ukukhonza njengoMlawuli kwiNtloko, ukuxolela, ukwenza izivumelwano (ngecebiso nemvume), ukumisela abameli kunye nabagwebi (ngokuvumelana kweNsungulo), nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka. Ezi zinika izindululo ezi zilinganiselwe ngabomqu.

Izixhasi zatsalwa kakhulu kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika, ingakumbi iFederalist Papers, ukuthethelela le mida. KuFederalst No. 51, uJames Madison waphikisa ngelithi “imfuno mayiyenzelwe ukulwa namabhongo.” Ngokuhlula amandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu, ngalinye linomsebenzi ohlukileyo kunye nolawulo olulungeleleneyo, umGaqo-siseko uyenza ibe nzima kulo naliphi na isebe=kakhulu isebe--*to intloko-. Umongameli akangokumkani; ngumphathi-onyuliweyo ophantsi komthetho omnye njengommi.

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla: Isiseko Esisikelwe Kumandla

Umgaqo wokwahlula amagunya wahlula urhulumente worhulumente wamasebe amathathu alinganayo: ilegidi (iQuelela]), enqamlezayo[ (umongameli), kunye digital [. Isebe ngalinye lisebenzisa amandla alo omgaqo-siseko kuphela kwaye alinakungenelela kwamanye. Kumongameli, oku kuthetha ukuba akanakukwazi ukudibanisa iimpikiswano, i-active, okanye ukulawula uqingqo-mali. Makhe ahlole indlela egosahlulo ngalinye elilungele ukugqwela.

Amasebe aqeqeshiweyo kuMongameli

Ungqungquthela lubamba amandla engxowa-mali, amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, namandla okwenza yonke imithetho ibe yimfuneko kwaye ifaneleke ekufezeni imisebenzi yayo edwelisweyo. Umongameli angacebisa umthetho kunye neNgqungquthela yengingqi, kodwa kuphela i-Constantives ingadlulisa iindleko-mali [ ezinokuba ngumthetho. Lo ngumlinganiselo onzulu: nokuba umongameli ujonga inkqubo ngendlela engxamisekileyo, akanakuyimisa ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. Umzekelo, uMongameli uFrancment D. Roosevelt, iinkqubo zeNew Fareal , ngexa exhaswa ngumphathi-mikhosi, waze wamiswa kwaye wadluliselwa nguMbutho.

Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga lingayisusa i-veto ekwisithathu somongameli kunye namagumbi amabini, njengoko kuphawulwe kwinqaku lokuqala. Oku kugqitha kuqinisekisa ukuba umongameli akanakuwufumana unomphetho osisigxina wesithintelo obanzi, i-bipartisan inkxaso. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga liyakwazi ukuqokelela amanyathelo alawulayo okulawulayo , ngokunempumelelo ukumisa iinkqubo zoncedo lomongameli. Ulawulo lwe-Nixon lwafumanisa oku xa iiNgqungquthela zinqumla inkxaso yemfazwe yaseVietnam, nto leyo enegalelo ekuphelisweni kwemfazwe.

Uqeqesho Lwesebe Lejaji Kumongameli

Ijudiary, ingakumbi iNkundla Ephakamileyo, inamandla e okuhlola okusemthethweni.

Iinkundla ziphinda zihlole ubugqeba bomthetho-siseko bezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu kwiimeko ezifana ne iNkundla yathi umongameli akanawo umGaqo-siseko okanye igunya lomgaqo-siseko lokuthatha isenzo esicacileyo, (1952), apho iNkundla Ephakamileyo yabetha khona uMongameli uHarry Truman ngokuxhatshazwa kwezigamshelo zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea. Inkundla yathi umongameli akanalo igunya lomgaqo-siseko okanye umgaqo-siseko somthetho wokuthatha umzekeliso ocacileyo wokuba [[FLTL:2] amandla angenasiphelo kwimeko engxamiseko [[FLT].

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Amanyathelo kunye nolungelelwano ngamalungiselelo akhethekileyo avumela isebe ngalinye ukuba lithintele amanye. Kumongameli, eyona ngxaki ibalulekileyo iquka amandla eveto, inkqubo yokumiswa nokunqongophala kwesivumelwano, kunye namandla emfazwe ahlukeneyo.

Amandla Eveto Nophando Lwawo

Umongameli angawukhupha nawuphi na umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga, awuthinteli ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuba akakhanyiswa. Olu vavanyo lungakhiyo lulungelelaniswe ngamandla eBhungane ukudlula iveto ngevoti ezimbini. Ngokwembali, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango kunqabile qha qha qha : 4% yee-vetoes ebengavangwa ukususela ekuFunweni. Kodwa oku kungenzekayo kusebenza njengesithintelo esinamandla; oomongameli bayazi ukuba iveto engathandwayo inokutshintshwa, ngoko ke kufuneka basebenzise igunya ngendlela enobuchule.

Amadinga Nezindululo: Igunya Elabelanayo

Umongameli ubeka amaqhinga angoorhulumente, oonobhala bequmrhu, kunye namanye amagosa aphezulu abeka izigqeba, kodwa onke amagunya anjalo afuna “imvume kunye nemvume” yeNdlu yeeNtsimikazi. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkoliso yabaquzeleli ingavala i-minee, njengoko kubonwa ekungagqibeki kweJaji uRobert Bork kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo 1987. Ngokufanayo, izivumelwano ezixoxwe ngumongameli mazivunywe yiNdlukwano ephezulu yesibini yesithathu yeNdlundlu-i, enokuthi ibulale izivumelwano ezininzi zezizwe ngezizwe, ezifana nesivumelwano se-Cerrevoraiseds (ngaphandle kweBhavision, i-Unity, i-U.S.

Amagunya emfazwe: IBhunga, IngenguMongameli

UMgaqo-siseko unika iKhomishini amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, ngeli xesha utyumba umongameli njengeNkulumbuso kwiNkulumbuso yemikhosi exhobileyo emva kokuvakaliswa okanye kuhlaseleka. Eli candelo lenzelwe ukukhusela umphathi ophetheyo ekurhuqeni uhlanga kwimfazwe ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. Noko ke, oomongameli bale mihla baye bathumela imikhosi ngaphandle kwemiyalelo esemthethweni yemfazwe (umz. Korea, i-Iraq), njengeNkulumbuso ye-Iraq. Kwimpendulo, iNgqungquthela yadlulisa iSigqibo semfazwe se-Gqinipho sowe- 1973[FLT: 1] [FLT] kumongameli wemfazwe yeNixon'to, ifuna ukuba umongameli azise iiyure ezingama-48 zokuxhobisa imikhosi nokuyiva iimfazwe, kwaye ayigxothe emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iBhungane. Nangona i-gropostomstiki iqhube isigwegwegwe, ingu engumgaqo semfazwe yemfazwe.

Ulwaleko olugunyazisiweyo. Amagunya Asetyenzisiweyo: Oko uMongameli Angenakukwenza

UMgaqo-siseko unika umongameli kuphela amagunya amiselweyo] `awo adweliswe ngokukhethekileyo kwiQumrhu II nakwezinye iindawo. Lonke elinye igunya likarhulumente lixhomekeke kwiCongress (INkqululo I) okanye kumazwe (Uguqulo lwezigwebo). Umongameli akanako, umzekelo, ukuseka umkhosi wamapolisa, irhafu ye-levy, okanye ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho olutsha. Xa oomongameli bezama ukwenza okungaphaya kwala mandla adweliswe ngamanani, bajongene nenkxaso engomthetho nezobupolitika.

Imiyalelo kunye nezibhengezo ezilawulayo zingumthombo oqhelekileyo wempikiswano. Ngelixesha zinamandla omthetho, kufuneka zisekelwe kumthetho okanye kwigunya lomGaqo-siseko lomongameli. Ukuba umyalelo wolawulo oluphezulu ungqubana nomthetho okhoyo okanye ugqitha imida esemthethweni, iinkundla zingawubetha. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iBarack Obama iphumeze izakhono zolawulo lwamashishini [ku- United States v. Texas ilawula ukuba umyalelo uphule i-Cance Claus. Le mithetho ngokwayo ifuna umongameli “ukunyanzela ukuba imithetho ibulawe ngokuthembeka, oko kuthetha ukuba angakufuni ukuthobela imithetho okanye ukuyila kwakhe imithetho emitsha.

Ukunyamekela UNondyebo Njengomlinganiselo

Inqaku II, iCandelo lesithathu liyalela umongameli ukuba aqinisekise ukuba imithetho “iphume ngokuthembeka.” Eli binzana liyalela umongameli ukuba angawuhoyi ngokukhetha imimiselo okanye athathe indawo yemithetho yakhe ekhethelwe abo bamiselwa yiBhunga. imfuneko ethembekileyo yokufa [ ingumthetho onyanzelekileyo olawulayo. Ingunobangela ophambili wokuphikisana nokuba umongameli angakwala ukunyanzela imithetho yokufuduka, inkqubo yezorhwebo, okanye imimiselo yemekobume. Ngelixa oomongameli benomthetho yokurhwebela, abanako ukurhoxanduva iimfanelo zobugxanduva.

Imiqobo Engakumbi YomGaqo-siseko Nezobupolitika

Ngaphandle kovavanyo lwesakhiwo, ezinye iindlela zolawulo ezisikelwe umda amandla omongameli, ezinye ezidityaniswe kumGaqo-siseko nezinye eziveliswe ngokuqhelisa.

Iphulo: Ingxaki Ephambili Kwezobupolitika

Inqaku II, iCandelo lesi-4 linikela ukuba umongameli, isekela lomongameli, nawo onke amagosa asekuhlaleni eUnited States aza kususwa kwisikhundla ngokungacengwa, nokuqinisekiswa, ukungcangcazeliswa, ukunyotywa, okanye obunye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olubi. Indlu yabameli inamandla okuphela kokungaquququzeli (ngamalungu amaninzi), kwaye iBhunga libamba ityala ngevoti ezimbini ezifunekayo. Ityala liyinkqubo yezopolitilitilitiko enkulu, ingeyonkqubo yezopolitiki, hayi enye yezaphuli-mthetho. Iye yasetyenziswa kumongameli abathathu kwimbali yaseMelika: Andrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (1998), kunye noDurbetle (20,20, kunye no-201) xa iphumele ukuvavanywa kwetyala kwe-aviko (ivoti) ngenxa nje ye-ovotive, i-oki, ingubokisa nje yetyala lomnye woongezo lomphathi baseMerikan, isebenza njengegunya lokungameli begunya lokungamele ukurhorhola.

Uphando LwamaBhunga Nokulawula

IKhomishini ingaphanda nayiphi na into enxulumene nesebe eliphetheyo ngokuvalwa kwekomiti, ii-poenas, kunye neengxelo. Olu phengululo lungabhenca ububi, ukubumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke, kwaye lukhokelele kwiinguqu zemithetho. ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo [ luboniswa liQumrhu leQumrhu I kwaye luye lwangqinelaniswa ngokwembali. Imizekelo iquka ukuvalwa kweMatergate, uphando lwe-Iran-Kontra, kunye nekomiti kaJanuwari ye 6. Xa umongameli engavumi ukusebenzisana `=umzekelo, ngokucela ilungelo eliphakamileyo, ngokuthabatha amanyathelo okuphikisana. Ityala eliphezulu leNkundla [[FLD:] .[FON] .[FT]

Amandla Okuthenga

IKhomishini ilawula yonke imali echithwa phantsi kweGatya I, iCandelo 9. Umongameli unikela isicelo soqingqo-mali, kodwa kuphela yiKhomishini efanelekileyo. Ukuba iKhomishini ayivumelani nezinto eziza kuqala kumongameli, isenokuwasusa amasebe okanye iinkqubo ezilawulayo. UMongameli uThomas Jefferson ngokwakhe uyavuma lo mlinganiselo: “Andazi siseko sikhuselekileyo samandla agqibeleleyo ebutho labantu kodwa abantu ngokwabo; kwaye ukuba sicinga ukuba abakhanyiselwanga ngokwaneleyo ukuze bakwazi ukulawula ngengqiqo elungileyo, asikokuwathatha amasebe okanye ukuwazisa amagunya abo.” Amandla esi singxobo awona aphambili ekufuneni igunya lolawulo.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yamandla Omongameli Ilinganiselwe

Imiqathango yezomGaqo-siseko ayithethwanga ngolu hlobo.

Umzekelo 1: ISeteel Seizere Case (1952)
Ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, uMongameli uHarry Truman wayalela ukuphanjwa kwezingqungquthela zentsimbi ezizimeleyo ukuze athintele isibetho athe wathetha ngaso ukuba sona siya kuphazamisa imveliso yemfazwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula isi-6-3 ukuba umongameli ubengenagunya lomgaqo-mGaqo-siseko okanye umthetho wemithetho-siseko ukwenza njalo. UMongameli uHugo Bumnyama wabhalela abaninzi: “UMongameli, ukuba nayiphi nayiphi na, ukukhupha umyalelo kufuneka uphume kwisenzo soMbutho okanye umgaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Ukufumana, iNkundla yentsimbi yayalela ukuba izinyibiliki zibuyiselwe kubaphathi be-gqeqeshine. Lo mzekelo uyaqhubeka lomzekelo womthetho-gqeshoshosholo-mthetho.

Umzekelo 2: Watergate kunye ne-United States v. Nixon (1974)[[FLT]].Presidenti Richard Nixon wachaza ilungelo elipheleleyo legunya lokukhupha iteyipu eshicilelwe phantsi nguMtshutshisi okhethekileyo weWatergate. INkundla ePhakamileyo yala uluvo, ephethe ukuba ilungelo eliphezulu aliphelelanganako kwaye kufuneka linikezele kwimfuno yobungqina obukwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Isigqibo se-Nixon esinyanzelelwe ukukhupha iikhasethi, eziqulathe ubungqina bokuphatheka kwakhe kwisigqubuthelo, ezikhokelela ekuwisweni kwakhe. Ityala laqinisekisa ukuba [FLD:4] asingomongameli ongaphezulu komthetho [FFFF].[5]

Isampuli 3: Isigqibo semfazwe kunye neLibya (2011)
xa uMongameli uBalck Obama egunyaziswe ngumoya ubetha eLibya ngaphandle kwemvume yequmrhu, abagxeki baphikisa iSigqibo semfazwe. Abalawuli bemfazwe baphikisa ukuba umsebenzi awuzange wenze “iwonga" eyaneleyo ukuxhobisa iwatshi amaxa angamashumi amathandathu ewotshi. Impikiswano ibala eliqhubekayo phakathi komphathi-omatila-phambili wemfazwe ne-ongress. Nangona kungekho nkundla yezopolitiki ilawula imicimbi. Izenzo zemfazwe zigxininisa ukuba umsebenzi womkhosi uyaqhubeka nokhuphikiswano olusemthethweni.[FTY]

Impikiswano Zangoku: Imiyalelo elawulayo, imicimbi yesizwe, kunye noLawulo loLawulo lweMali

Impikiswano esoloko isekelwe ekubeni umongameli uye wagqitha imida yomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo exhobisayo [[FLT: 0] ukumisela utshintsho olukhulu lwenkqubo (umz., iDefereredd Action for Youvements program) iye yacetyiswa enkundleni, ngokunjalo, neziphumo ezingafaniyo. [FLT:] ingcamango yolawulo [[FLT:]] i-EMFLT [12], i-National Contivective Act ukubuyisela imali ngaphandle kwemvume yolawulo olulawulayo, isetyenziswayo kunye nemithetho elawulayo. Abagxeki abagxeki bephikisana namandla ekhompyulweni. [FFT:] inkT], ikhuselwe yiprojenti epheleleyo yeNkuphetho esetyenziswa yiNt.[10]

Isiphelo: Ukugqalwa ngokunempumelelo Kwemiqathango YomGaqo-siseko

Imiqathango yoMgaqo-siseko esemandleni obumongameli ayiyomiqathango yakudala; ibalulekile ekugcineni umlinganiselo wedemokhrasi abaFrame abawuboneleyo. Ngokwahlula amagunya, ukulungiselela iitshekezo nokulungelelana, nokudwelisa amagunya athile kuphela, umGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ukuba umongameli uhlala emele aphendule kwiNgqungquthela, iinkundla, kwaye ekugqibeleni abantu. Imizekelo yeNixon, Truman, kunye nabanye babonisa ukuba le mida inyanzelekile ukuba inyanzelekile, kwaye ineziphumo zokwenene. Abafundi kunye nabafundisi ngokufanayo bamele baqaphele ukuba amandla kamongameli asoloko esetyenziswa kwisakhiwo esicetyiweyo esicelelwe ukunqanda ukuxhatshazwa kwayo. Ukuqonda oku kubalulekile kummi ngamnye. Ukuqhubeka, jongana [FLT] [FFF] kunye nesigqibo seSinyuko seNt.[3]