Imbono Yesiseko Sezobupolitika

Isivumelwano sentlalo simi njengenye yeengcamango ezihlala zihleli nezinempembelelo kwingcamango yezobupolitika yaseNtshona. Kulula ukuchaza isivumelwano esipheleleyo phakathi kwabantu sokuba benze ibutho elimanyeneyo bamkele imithetho ethile nemigaqo ethile etshintshiselana ngayo ukuze bakhuseleke, bazinze, kunye neengenelo zobomi obulungelelanisiweyo. Le ngcamango ayizange ivele kwisiganeko esinye sembali kodwa yavela kwiinkulungwane zengxoxo yentanda-ntanda-bulumko, iphendula imibuzo ephathelele ukufaneleka kwegunya lezobupolitika, imvelaphi yeembopheleleko zokuziphatha, kunye nolwalamano olufanelekileyo phakathi komntu norhulumente.

Ukuqonda isivumelwano soluntu asiyonto nje yemfundo. Le ngcamango iguqula indlela abemi abacinga ngayo ngamalungelo abo, indlela oorhulumente abawathethelela ngayo amatyala abo, nendlela ibutho labantu elithetha ngayo imida yenkululeko nokhuseleko. Ukusukela kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko ukuya kumlinganiselo wemihla ngemihla, isivumelwano sentlalo sinika iliso lokuhlola izivumelwano ezigcina ibutho labantu lidibene. Amacandelo alandelayo ahlola imvelaphi yale ngcamango, izisekelo zayo ezibhaliweyo, impembelelo yalo ekulawuleni, inkqubano ebekwe kuyo yonke imihla malunga nokusesikweni kwayo, kunye nemithetho yayo eqhubekayo kwihlabathi eliguquka ngokukhawuleza.

Imvelaphi Ebalaseleyo Yentsebenziswano

Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo yavela ngexesha leNkcubeko, ixesha elisusela phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-17 ukuya ekupheleni kweye-18, xa iinkcuba - buchopho zaseYurophu zaqalisa ukucel ’ umngeni imithombo yesithethe yegunya enjenge-monarchy, imfundiso yonqulo, nelungelo lemfuza. Intanda-bulumko yokukhanyiselwa yagxininisa isizathu, amalungelo, kunye nokuhambelana nenkqubela kwabantu. Kule meko yobulumko, isivumelwano sentlalo sanikela indlela yokulawula igunya elisekelwe kwigunya lesizwe kuvumela abalawulwa kunokuba bagunya likaThixo okanye amandla alwanyanze.

Izithandi-bulumko ezintathu zibalasele njengeengcali eziphambili zengcamango yesivumelwano soluntu: uThomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau. Nganye yanika umbono owahlukileyo wendalo, imeko yendalo, kunye nemigaqo yesivumelwano, kwaye nganye yafikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukahlukeneyo ngohlobo olufanelekileyo lukarhulumente.

UThomas UnguSomandla Nemfuneko Yolongamo Olupheleleyo

Thomas Hobbes wapapasha [[FLT: 0] ILeviatan ngo1651, umsebenzi owabhalwa ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yemfazwe yamakhaya yamaNgesi. i Hobbes yaqala ijongeka kakubi ngendalo. Kwimeko yendalo, phambi kokuba kubekho nawuphi na urhulumente, waphikisa ukuba ubomi buyimfazwe echaseneyo nayo yonke into. Ngaphandle kwamandla afanayo okugcina wonk ’ ubani esoyika, abantu babephila besoyika ukufa kobundlobongela. Ubomi bebunjalo, kwibinzana lakhe elidumileyo, "lotary, elibi, elibi, elinoburhaba, elincinane, elinobufutshane, elifutshane."

KuHobbes, isivumelwano soluntu sasikuphela kwento yokuphepha le meko ilusizi. Abantu ngabanye, beqhutywa luloyiko lokufa nomnqweno wokuzikhulula, bavuma ukunikezela ngenkululeko yabo yemvelo kwigunya elilawulayo. Lo mlawuli, nokuba ngukumkani omnye okanye indibano, wayeza kuba namandla apheleleyo okunyanzelisa imithetho kunye nokugcina uxolo. Imibandela yawagcinela kuphela amalungelo umlawuli akhetha ukuwashiya. Isivumelwano sikaHobbes sasiyintelekelelo: ukuthobela ukutshintshana kwegunya lolawulo. Yakuba isivumelwano senziwe, sasiphantse ukuba siphinde siguquke, ngenxa yokuba naliphi na ilinge lokubhukuqaqo lolawulo belunokubuyela kwimeko yendalo.

UJohn Locke Nokhuseleko Lwamalungelo Emvelo

UJohn Locke wanika enye indlela ethemba ngakumbi kulawulo lwakhe lwe-Spected of Government , eyapapashwa ngo-1689. Locke waphikisa ngelithi imeko yendalo, nangona inzima, yayingeyomeko yemfazwe. Abantu bendalo babenamalungelo okwemvelo ebomini, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. La malungelo ayezamkelwe, kwaye babezinyanzelela iimbopheleleko zokuziphatha kwabanye ukuba bangayaphuli.

Noko ke, imeko yendalo yayingenazo izinto ezintathu: umthetho omiselweyo, ijaji engoondilele yokucombulula iimbambano, namandla okunyanzelisa imigwebo. Ngoko ke abantu bavuma ukwakha ibutho labantu nokuseka urhulumente ukuze akhusele amalungelo abo emvelo ngokunempumelelo. Ngokungqinelana, uLocke wangqina ukuba urhulumente uxhomekeke ekuvumeni kolawulo. Ukuba urhulumente waphula amalungelo emvelo abemi bakhe, waphula isivumelwano soluntu, yaye abantu babenelungelo lokulwa nokuwabhukuqa. Iingcamango zomvo zaphembelela ngokunzulu iSindululo saseMerika se-Independent ne-U.S. umGaqo-siseko, uquluk ’ imimiselo yemvume, urhulumente olinganiselweyo, kunye neenguquko lwezolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

UJean-Jacques Rousseau noMphathiswa weNkqutyana

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ebhala phakathi kwinkulungwane ye18, wanika ukuchazwa kwakhona kwesivumelwano sentlalo. IContract yeNtlalo[FLT: 1] (1762), waphikisa ukuba iinkcuba - buchopho zangaphambili zazingakuqondi kakuhle ukuma kwenkululeko yokwenyaniso. KuRousseau, ingxaki yayingekokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kodwa ukuxolelanisa inkululeko yomntu ngamnye negunya loluntu.

Rousseau wasungula ingcamango ye [[FLT: 0] uluvo lobuxhakaxhaka, awalukhethayo kukuthanda nje konke. Jikelele uza kumela okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo kwebutho labantu njengeqela, hayi isixa somntu ozithandayo. Ngokuthabatha inxaxheba ekuyisweni kwe-operal, umntu ngamnye waba yinxalenye yeqela elisebenza kwinzala yabo bonke. Ukuthobela uwonke wonke akuyi kuzithoba kwigunya langaphandle kodwa ukuthobela komntu ngokwakhe njengommi. Umbono kaRousseau wawuzinzulu kwaye wawuneenxalenye zolawulo lwedemokhrasi, kodwa waphakamisa imibuzo ekhathazayo malunga nento enokwenzeka kumntu ngamnye eya kukwahlukana. Zombini iingcamango eziphefumlelweyo zasekuhlaleni aziyiyo, ezithi kamva, ezibukele iingozi ezibucala zomngeni.

Isiseko esibugcisa soMbutho

Ngaphandle kwezibakala ezingqalileyo zezithandi zobulumko, isivumelwano sentlalo sisekelwe kwimigaqo esisiseko eqhubeka ifundisa ngezobupolitika.

Ukuvunyelwa Njengomthombo Wobufundisi

Owona mgaqo usisiseko ngowokuba igunya elisemthethweni lezobupolitika lifumaneka ngokuvuma kwabalawulwa. Le ngcamango icela nayiphi na into yokuba ulawulo olusekelwe kwisithethe, amandla, okanye ukutyunjwa nguThixo. Imvume inokuba i-expalitit[, njengaxa abemi bevota kunyulo okanye besenza isifungo sokuba ngummi, okanye i-tacit[[[, njengaxa bengenelwa kukhuseleko lwenkqubo esemthethweni esemthethweni kwaye becingelwa ukuba bayamkela iziqinisekiso zayo. Ingcamango yokuvuma inika ubunzima kwiinkqubo zolawulo-demokhrasi okanye inikeza umgangatho ochasene norhulumente abanokugwetywa.

Amalungelo Emvelo Nokhuseleko Lwawo

I-arhente yezentlalo idla ngokuthatha ingcamango yokuba abantu banelungelo elithile ngenxa nje yokuba ngabantu. La malungelo akhoyo ngaphambi kokuza kulawula. Injongo yesivumelwano sentlalo asikokudala amalungelo kodwa kukuwakhusela ngokunempumelelo. Oorhulumente abangakwaziyo ukukhusela la malungelo, okanye abawaphula ngamandla, baphulukana negunya labo lokuziphatha. Le siseko simisela intetho yamalungelo abantu yanamhlanje kwaye sinikela izizinziso zentanda-ntanda-bulumko zokukhusela imigaqo-siseko.

Imbopheleleko Nembopheleleko Yokuthobela

Ukuba abantu bayavumelana nesivumelwano sentlalo, bafaka iimbopheleleko. Abami banomsebenzi wokuthobela umthetho, ukuhlawula irhafu, ukunikela kwimiqathango yejaji, nokuncedisa kwimigaqo yokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo. Noko ke, ezi mbopheleleko aziphelelanga. Izivumelwano ezininzi zezentlalo ziyaqonda ukuba imithetho echasene namalungelo asisiseko okanye egqitha igunya elisemthethweni isenokuba ayinabulungisa kwaye isenokungabophi isazela. Umbuzo wokungathobeli kwesizwe xa kufanelekile uhlala ungumbandela ophilayo kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika, kwaye isivumelwano sentlalo sinika isiseko sokucinga ngayo.

Isivumelwano seNtlalo nokuLungiselelwa

Isivumelwano soluntu sinikela uthethelelo lwesizwe ngokwaso. Ngaphandle korhulumente, abantu bebeya kunyanzelisa amalungelo abo, kukhokelela kwiingxabano nakungazinzi. Ngokuvumelana negunya eliqhelekileyo, abantu benza isiseko sokuhlalisana ngoxolo. Kule meko, imo, asinto ingokwemvelo kodwa isakhiwo esiyilayo esidalwa yisivumelwano soluntu. Le ngqiqo inoba inamandla. Icebisa ukuba imeko ikho ekukhonzeni abantu, hayi enye indlela ejikelezayo. Ikwabonisa ukuba amandla karhulumente alinganiselwe ngokwesivumelwano, nokuba loo nto ayisoloko ibhalwa phantsi.

Ukwenziwa kwesizwe kubandakanya isivumelwano esiphindwe kabini kwezinye iindidi zengcamango. Okokuqala, abantu bayavuma ukwakha ibutho labantu, ukuseka iqumrhu elihlangeneyo. Okwesibini, le qumrhu liyavuma ukuseka urhulumente onamagunya akhethekileyo. Lo mahluko uvumela abaxhasi ukuba bahlule umbandela wembopheleleko yezobupolitika kumbandela wesimo sikarhulumente. Ibutho labantu lingawuguqula urhulumente walo ngaphandle kokuphelisa isivumelwano sentlalo.

Impembelelo Kulawulo Lwanamhlanje

Isivumelwano sentlalo siye sashiya uphawu olunzulu kumaziko zobupolitika ale mihla. Ngoxa bembalwa oorhulumente abayicel ’ umngeni le ngcamango, imigaqo yayo isekelwe kwimigaqo yomgaqo - siseko, kwiinkqubo zomthetho, nakwizenzo zedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke.

Ulawulo-demokhrasi lomGaqo-siseko norhulumente obekelwe imida

Ulawulo-mthetho lolawulo-mthetho olulawulwa ngoorhulumente lunengcamango yokuba igunya likarhulumente lilinganiselwe ngumthetho nangamalungelo abemi. Umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo udla ngokuqala ngesandulela esibonisa ulwimi lwesivumelwano sentlalo, uchaza abantu njengomthombo wegunya. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., uqala nge "Thina bantu," ukubhekiswa ngqo kwisivumelwano seqela esibeka uxwebhu lonke. IBhili yamaLungelo ikhusela amalungelo emvelo ngokuqhubekayo ngokuchasene nongenelelo lukarhulumente, ibonisa impembelelo kaRoce.

Umthetho

Isivumelwano sezentlalo sithetha ukuba abalawuli abangaphezulu kumthetho. Umthetho ufuna ukuba amagosa karhulumente enze ngokwemigaqo emiselwe ngokomthetho yaye bonke abemi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakwimeko enjani, baphantsi kwemigaqo enye esemthethweni. Lo mgaqo uthintela ulawulo oluzimeleyo kwaye unika ukuthelekelelwa nokusesikweni. Yinguqulelo engqalileyo yengcamango yokuba isivumelwano sentlalo sibopha bonke abantu, kuquka nabo basemagunyeni.

Umelo nokuphendula

Kwibutho elikhulu lanamhlanje, ukuba nenxaxheba ngqo kuzo zonke izigqibo akunakwenzeka. Isivumelwano soluntu siboniswa ngorhulumente ongummeli, apho abemi bemi benyula amagosa ukuba bathathe inyathelo labo. Unyulo lunika inkqubo yokuvuma okuqhubekayo, kwaye ukuphendula kwamagosa anyuliweyo kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela ekuthandeni kwabantu. Unyulo oluthe rhoqo, ukwenza izigqibo ezicace ngqo, kunye nenkululeko yamajelo eendaba zimaziko anika intsingiselo esebenzisekayo kwisivumelwano sentlalo.

Inkcitho yeNkcubeko

Phezu kwayo nje impembelelo yayo, ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo iye yagxekwa ngokuqhubekayo. Ezi ngcamango ziphikisa iingcamango, ukuchana kwembali, kunye nentsingiselo yezobupolitika yale ngcamango.

Iinguqu Zesini Nesiphelo Samabhinqa

Izithandi-bulumko zamabhinqa ezifana noCarole Pateman ziye zathi isivumelwano soluntu embalini besiyisivumelwano sezobugqwirha ngokwembali. I-paremists, Pateman ixambulisana, amabhinqa akhutshwa kwicandelo lengingqi ezipheleleyo. Amabhinqa aye acingelwa ukuba aphantsi kwamadoda kwaye akhanyelwe amalungelo alinganayo ezobupolitika. Isivumelwano sentlalo, kule mbono, sasiyisivumelwano phakathi kwamadoda okulawula amabhinqa. Ingcamango yanamhlanje ye-Oritity icela ukucinga kwakhona ngesivumelwano ukuze baquke bonke abantu ngokulinganayo.

Uhlanga noMthetho

Abanye abahlalutyi bathi ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo idla ngokuthatha ibutho labamhlophe, abathi bafune impahla yamadoda. Imbali yobukhoboka, ubuthangala, kunye nocalucalulo lobuhlanga ibonisa ukuba abantu abaninzi abazange bagqalwe njengamalungu kwisivumelwano. UCharles W. Mills, kwincwadi yakhe iContract , iphikisa ukuba isivumelwano sobuhlanga siqondwa bhetele njengesivumelwano sobuhlanga esiqalisayo nesigcina ubungangamdla obumhlophe. Ubiza isivumelwano esihlaziyiweyo esivuma ubugqwetha bobulungisa obudlulileyo kwaye sivumelana nokulingana nokwenene.

Ingxaki Yokuzimisela

Abanye abahlalutyi bathi isivumelwano soluntu siyinto engekho ngqiqweni nengenakufezeka. Akukho butho lembali lakha lamiselwa yisivumelwano esinyanisekileyo phakathi kwabantu abakhululekileyo nabalinganayo. Ibutho lokwenyani lenziwe ngoloyiso, ngokufuduka, ngelifa, nangengozi yembali. Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo isenokufihla indima yegunya, inyanzelisa, kunye nokungalingani kwimibutho yezobupolitika ekhuthazayo. Ibeka engozini ukuvelisa uhlobo lwezobupolitika oluzizizothelelayo olungavisisaniyo lwemfazwe negunya.

Ukuhlaziywa koMbutho woNtlalo

Phezu kwazo nje ezi zivumelwano, isivumelwano sentlalo sisenamandla okucinga ngemibandela yezobupolitika neyasekuhlaleni.

ISebe lifumana inkxaso-mali ephambili

Ukusuka kwiKhunga lamaLungelo elikwi-United States ukulwela ukulingana kwamabhinqa kunye namalungelo e-LGBTQ, abaxhasi baye bacela isivumelwano sentlalo ukuphikisa ukuba urhulumente usilele ukukhusela amalungelo abo bonke abemi. Imfuneko yokukhuselwa ngokufanayo phantsi komthetho yimfuneko yokuba isivumelwano sentlalo sihlonelwe wonke umntu, kungekuphela nje kwabambalwa abanelungelo. Isivumelwano sentlalo sivumela abaxhasi ukuba bachaze isithembiso esaphukileyo kwaye sifune ukuzaliseka.

Ulawulo lokusingqongileyo kunye nembopheleleko yokuqokelela

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kubangela ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo kwisivumelwano sentlalo. Iingxaki zokusingqongileyo zinqumla imida yesizwe kwaye zichaphazela izizukulwana ezingakwaziyo ukuvumelana nemigaqo-nkqubo yangoku. Bambi abaxhasi beli phulo baphikisana ngesivumelwano esithe sandiswa esiquka abantu bexesha elizayo nendalo. Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe njengeParthe Paris Isivumelwano simela imigudu yokuyila isivumelwano soluntu jikelele sokulungisa imozulu. Olu celomngeni lukukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zelizwe kunye nembopheleleko enye.

Intsebenziswano Yazwenibanzi Nomthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Isivumelwano sentlalo sikwanyuselwe kumgangatho wezizwe ngezizwe. Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo enjenge-Immanuel Kant ingqinela ukukhuphiswano kwamazwe anokuzisa uxolo olungapheliyo. Amaqumrhu akhoyo ezizwe ngezizwe anjengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iWorld Trade Organization, kunye neNkundla yeNkundla yehlabathi Lonke YeCriminal ibonisa ukuqashelwa okukhulayo kokuba iingxaki zomhlaba wonke zifuna izicombululo ezimanyeneyo. Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo yehlabathi lonke ihleli ikhuphisana, kodwa inika isiseko sokucinga ngamalungelo nangawamagunya nangabantu behlabathi.

Isivumelwano Sentlalo Kwixesha Lamanani

Ukunyuka kobugcisa bezeteknoloji kunye namaqonga ezentlalo-ntle kuye kwadala imibuzo emitsha ngesivumelwano sezentlalo. Iinkampani zezobugcisa ezifana ne-Facebook, i-Google, kunye ne-Twitter zivelise abantu abahlala ngokusisigxina ngemithetho yabo, ii-asethi zenkonzo, kunye nezixhobo zokulawula. Abasebenzisi bavumela la magama, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokuwafunda, ukuze bafumane iinkonzo. Oku kudala uhlobo oluthile lwesivumelwano soluntu sezimvo.

Noko ke, isivumelwano soluntu samanani sinyusa amaxhala anzulu. Imfihlo iyaphela, ulwazi luyaqokelelwa luze lufakwe, kwaye imigaqo-algoritime ibumba oko abasebenzisi bakubonayo nokukukholelwa. Amandla eenkampani zobugcisa alingana noko koorhulumente abaninzi, kodwa abachaphazelekayo. Abaphengululi nabaxhasi babiza isivumelwano esitsha soluntu sexesha lentlalo esiza kukhusela amalungelo abantu abasetyenziswayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba bacace, kwaye bagcine iqonga elinamandla linetyala. Ingxoxo ichaphazela imibandela yokuthetha ngenkululeko, inkohliso, ukuhlola, kunye nomdla woluntu.

Isiphelo

Isivumelwano sentlalo asilulo uxwebhu lwembali okanye ingcamango enye yentanda-bulumko. Luluvo olubhetyebhetye noluhlala luhleli oluqhubeka luguquka. Ukusuka kwiHobbes nakwiSinxibo ukuya kwiingxoxo zale mihla eziphathelele amalungelo amanani kunye nolawulo lwehlabathi, isivumelwano sentlalo silungiselela isiseko sokuqonda izivumelwano ezenza ukuba kubekho ubomi obumanyeneyo. Sisikhumbuza ukuba igunya lezobupolitika lixhomekeke kwimvume, ukuba abantu banamalungelo oorhulumente abamele bawahlonele, kwaye abemi banezibopho kuluntu abayinxalenye yabo.

Kwixesha lokuthatyathwa-nxaxheba kwezobupolitika, ukumanyana kwemekobume, kunye nokutshintsha kwezobugcisa okukhawulezileyo, isivumelwano sentlalo sinikela indlela yokucinga ngoko sikweletana noko sinokukulindela kumaqumrhu ethu. Incoko isekude kakhulu. Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sichaze size sihlaziye isivumelwano sentlalo ngexesha laso, siqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano esizenzayo zilungile, ziphelele, kwaye zifanelwe yimvume yethu.

ukuya phambili ekufundeni, jonga kwi Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ungeno ku uququzelelo, iInternet Encyclopedia of Philosophy yengxoxo ye ingcamango yentlalo[, kunye noCharles W Mills Ù isebenza [[ iNkqulu---luvoluko-luko] ye-buhlanga yembono ecacileyo yento efuna uluvo olubalulekileyo kuluhlu lwencwadi.