Ukuqonda indlela eyahluke ngayo imigangatho yenkcazo karhulumente efuna ingxubusho yentlalo-ntle engundoqo kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi abatshayelelweyo. Eli nqaku lihlola uludwe lweemvavanyo ezibonisa ukusebenza koorhulumente bengingqi, borhulumente, norhulumente abacocekileyo abacoceke. Umgangatho ngamnye usebenza kwimiba yawo yegunya, oovimba abasetyenziswayo, iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo, kunye nobuchule bokuphendula. Ngokuhlolisisa imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene, singawaqonda kakuhle amandla kunye nokulinganiselwa kolawulo ngalunye nendlela abasebenzisana ngayo ukubumba uluntu.

Abasebenzi abathathu boRhulumente: Umsebenzi weSiseko wokuHlaziya Ingxaki

Oorhulumente basebenza kumgangatho ohlukahlukeneyo, ngamnye uneembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo, imithombo yenkxaso-mali, nemida elawulayo.

  • URhulumente wasekuhlaleni – izixeko, ubalo, iilokishi, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo
  • URhulumente weSimo – iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, iirhuluneli, abameli, kunye neenkundla zesizwe
  • URhulumente wezeNtlanganiso – iNkundla, uMongameli, amaqumrhu karhulumente, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo

Umgangatho ngamnye udlala indima eyodwa ekusingatheni imiba, ukusuka kwingxaki ephezulu kakhulu yoluntu ukuya kwiinkqubo zeli lizwe lonke. Ukusasazwa kwamandla kuphenjelelwa ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., kunye noMthetho weSibonelelo weSihlanu wokuHlomelo onganikwanga igunya kurhulumente wesizwe okanye kubantu. Ukuqonda olu lwahlulo luthe nkqo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni indlela iingxaki eziconjululwa ngayo nakuyo nakukokuba abemi banokukwazi ukukhokela ngokuphumelelayo ukuphatha kwabo i-advocance.

Isifundo setyala likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni: Imigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu nokhuseleko loluntu

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basondelelene nabantu yaye ngokufuthi ngabokuqala ukuphendula kwiinkxalabo zoluntu. Ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke luyimbopheleleko engundoqo, kwaye izixeko ezininzi ziye zazama ukuthatha inxaxheba kumapolisa oluntu njengenye indlela yokwandiswa komthetho wesithethe. Ulawulo loluntu lugxininisa ulwakhiwo lolwalamano oluhle phakathi kwabanyanzeli bomthetho kunye nabantu abakhonza kubo, ukugxininisa kwintsebenziswano, ukuthembana, nokucotha kweengxaki.

Isifundo Setyala: ICamden, eNew Jersey

Ngo-2013, isixeko saseCamden, eNew Jersey, sasusa isebe laso elikhoyo lamapolisa saza sathatyathelw' indawo sigunya elitsha elamkela imodeli yobupolisa boluntu. Ucwangciso lwabandakanya uqeqesho olunzulu ekukhutshweni, ukukhuphisana kwenkcubeko, kunye nokudityaniswa kwengingqi ezithile zoluntu. Amagosa abelwa kwimimandla ethile ekhethekileyo kwaye akhuthazwa ukuba anxibelelane nabemi kumgangatho wobuqu, angene kwiziganeko zoluntu kwaye asebenze nemibutho yasekuhlaleni ukuphendula imicimbi engeyo.

Iziphumo zabe zibambekile. Phakathi ko-2014 no-2020, uCamden wafumana unciphiso olubalulekileyo kulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo, kuquka ukuhla kwama-40% ekubulaleni. Ukusetyenziswa kweziganeko zomkhosi kwancitshiswa ngaphezulu kwama-50%, kwaye izikhalazo ezichasene nabaphathi zawa ngokuphandle. Mhlawumbi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthembana kwabantu kwaphucuka. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba abemi baziva bekhuselekile kwaye bekulungele ukusebenzisana nomthetho.

Le meko ibonisa indlela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanokuyilungisa ngokunempumelelo ngayo inkxalabo yokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ngokwezicwangciso ezicwangcisa ulwalamano oluphezulu kunonyanzelo. Ikwabalaselisa ubuchule borhulumente wasekuhlaleni: ngenxa yokuba ibhunga kunye nosodolophu babenegunya elingqalileyo kwisebe lamapolisa, bakwazi ukuzalisekisa utshintsho olukhulu ngexesha elifutshane. Ukuqhubeka nokufundwa kotshintsho luka-Camden, bona [[FLT:] iZiko loMbutho loBulungiseleli kwingxelo yezentlalo eCamden.

Ukwandisa uLawulo lwasekuhlaleni: Amanyathelo okuzinziswa kwamadolophu

Enye indawo apho oorhulumente basekuhlaleni babalasele khona kukulondolozwa kwemekobume. Izixeko zidla ngokukhokela ekusebenziseni iinkqubo eziluhlaza ngenxa yokuba zilawula ngokuthe ngqo ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, ikhowudi yokwakha, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, kunye nezothutho. Umzekelo, isixeko sasePortland, eOregon, sasebenzisa icebo elizinzileyo eliquka ukuncitshiswa kwegesi eshushu, ukukhuthazwa kokuhanjiswa kwenqanawa nokwebhayisekile, kunye nezizathu zokwakha ingcali. Imigudu yesixeko siyenze yaba ngumzekelo wesizwe wokulondolozwa kwesixeko, ebonisa ukuba urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unokwenza inkqubela ephawulekayo kwimekobume yendalo kwanakungabikho kwemithetho emandla okanye urhulumente.

Iziphumo ezingundoqo ziquka unciphiso lwe 25% kumntu ngamnye olusuka kunyaka kakharbon owenziweyo ukususela ngo 1990, ulwando olungamashumi amathathu epesenti ekusetyenzisweni kothutho, nolwandiso oluphawulekayo kwinani lezakhiwo eziqinisekisiweyo ze LEED. Impumelelo yePortland ibonakalisa amandla karhulumente wasekuhlaleni okuzama imigaqo-nkqubo eqhubekekayo kwaye iyenze ilungele iimfuno zoluntu. City of Portland’s Climate Action Plan [[FLT iphepha eli-FLT:1] ibonelela ukujonga ngokunzulu iindlela zayo.

Uhlolisiso Lobutyala Betyala Likarhulumente: Utshintsho Lwemfundo

Urhulumente unembopheleleko eyintloko yenkqubo yemfundo nenkxaso-mali. Ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe enikela inkxaso-mali aze amisele imigaqo ebanzi (umz., esebenzisa i-All Students Foundes Act), ulawulo lwemigangatho yokufundisa, isiqinisekiso sokufundisa, kunye nenkxaso-mali yesikolo. Oku kwenza ukuphucula umgangatho wesizwe ube sisixhobo esinamandla sokuphucula iziphumo zabafundi.

Isifundo Setyala: IMassachusetts Education Reformation (1993)

Ngo-1993, iMassachusetts yaphumelela i-Education Reform Act, umthetho ophawula iziganeko ezaguqula ngendlela ephawulekayo inkqubo yesikolo sikarhulumente. Umthetho wawuyimpendulo kwinkxalabo esasazekileyo malunga nemali engekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuphumelela kwemfundo ephantsi. Inxalenye engundoqo iquka:

  • Inkxaso-mali engakumbi kwizikolo zikarhulumente, igxininisa kwimimandla ehlwempuzekileyo
  • Ukusekwa kwemigangatho yemfundo engqongqo kunye novavanyo olutsha (i-MCAS) ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwabafundi
  • Imigaqo-nkqubo yokuphuhlisa yoogcisa
  • Imilinganiselo yokuphendula kwizikolo ezisebenza kancinci, kuquka nongenelelo lorhulumente

Iziphumo zaba zichukumisa. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini elandelayo, iMassachusetts ngokusoloko ibala lokuqala kwisizwe kwiNkqubela-phambili yemfundo (NAEP) kokubini ukufunda nezibalo. Umsantsa phakathi kwabafundi abaphezulu nabasebenza nzima kakhulu, kwaye umlinganiselo wokuphumelela kwesikolo semfundo ephakamileyo selizwe wanyuka ngaphezulu kwama-90%. Impumelelo yemodeli yeMassachusetts iye yahlolisiswa ngokubanzi yacatshulwa kwaye yacatshulwa njengobungqina bokuba oorhulumente banokuqhuba inkqubela yenkqubo yemfundo xa bedibanisana nemali eyaneleyo nemigangatho ephakamileyo kunye nokuziphendulela.

Noko ke, utshintsho lwalungenangxaki. Abahlalutyi baye baphawula ukuba ukugxininisa ekuvavanyweni okusezantsi kungakhokelela ekufundiseni kuvavanyo noxinezeleko kubafundi. Ngaphezu koko, ukwahlukahlukana kwemali yesikolo kuqhubeke, ingakumbi phakathi kwamadlelo afumileyo kunye nemimandla yasedolophini. Noko ke, iMassachusetts ishiye ingumzekelo onamandla wengxaki yomgangatho karhulumente exutyushwayo. Uhlalutyo lweYuki yotshintsho lwamaMassachusetts lunika uhlolo oluneenkcukacha lweziphumo zayo.

Omnye Umzekelo Welizwe: Ukwakhiwa Kwezinto Zokuhamba

Urhulumente wenza indima ebalulekileyo kwisiseko sezothutho, ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni kwezoqoqosho nasekukhuleni kobomi. Umzekelo ophawulekayo yimeko yemigudu yeColorado yokwenza inkqubo yakhe yezothutho ngeFASTER (Inkqubela-phambili Yezothutho nezobuxhakaxhaka). Iphunyezwe ngo-2009, umthetho wanyuka iindleko zokubhalisa imoto kunye nemali ehlaziyiweyo yombuso ukulungisa iindlela kunye neebhulorho ezalukileyo.

Ngenxa yoko, iColorado iye yakwazi ukwenza inkqubela ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni ukuxinana kweenqwelo-moya, ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwendlela, kunye nolwandiso lweenketho zothutho. Indlela eqhubekekayo yombuso ibonisa indlela yokwenza izigqibo kumgangatho karhulumente ezinokuthetha ngayo ngeemfuno zezibonelelo ezinkulu kakhulu ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangazisingatha kodwa bezingingqi ukuba urhulumente wengingqi angazimisela intelekelelo ngokukhawuleza. Isebe le-Cobado yezothutho FaSTER iphepha lichaza iinkcukacha kunye neziphumo zocwangciso.

Uhlolisiso loMasipala kaRhulumente: Umgaqo-nkqubo wonyango

Urhulumente wengingqi unowona mlinganiselo ubanzi nowona mkhulu wobukhulu bemali. Ungamisela imigangatho yesizwe, ukusasaza oovimba bomhlaba kuwo onke amazwe, kwaye uzalisekise iinkqubo zesikali esikhulu ezichaphazela wonke umntu waseMelika. Unyango lomntu yenye indawo apho inyathelo lorhulumente liye latshintsha khona, phezu kwayo nje ingxoxo eqhubekayo yezobupolitika.

Ufundisiso lwetyala: UMthetho wokunyamekela onokufikeleleka (ACA)

UMthetho we-Affordble Care Act ojolise ekwandiseni ukukhutshwa kwempilo, ukunciphisa iindleko, nokuphucula ubunjani bendlela yokunyamekela. Yayingowona mthetho ubalulekileyo wezonyango lwaseburhulumenteni ukususela ekudalweni kweMedicare neMedicaid ngo-1965. Iimpawu ezingundoqo ziqukiweyo:

  • Ukwanda kwe-Medicaid elungele ukugubungela abantu abadala ngengeniso efikelela ku-88% yomgangatho wobuhlwempu karhulumente
  • Ukwenziwa kweevenkile zeinshorensi (ukutshintsha) zempilo apho abantu namashishini amancinane babenokuthenga iinshorensi yobuqu ngenkxaso
  • Imisebenzi yokufumana i-inshorensi (igunya loluntu) nelokuba abaqeshi banike abaqeshi intlawulo (igunya labaqeshwa)
  • IMicimbi yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko

IACA yaba nempembelelo enkulu. Ngonyaka ka-2016, isantya esingangeni manyathelo sihle ukusuka kwi 16% ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-9%, simela inzuzo emalunga nezigidi ezingama-20 zamaMelika athenjiweyo. Umthetho uphinde unciphise ukunyuka kweendleko zempilo kwaye unciphise ukungalingani okunxulumeneyo ngenxa ye-lizwano nengeniso. Noko ke, iACA ijongene neengxaki zomthetho nenkcaso yezopolitiki, kwaye amanye amazwe akhetha ukungayandi Mdid, ashiye izithuba ezisisithelisi. Urhulumente wamazwe wandisa ubuchule bakhe bokumisela utshintsho olulukhuthayo lubonisa amandla akhethekileyo okuthetha ngeengxaki zelizwe lonke, kodwa ukufezekisa okuqhatha kutyhila iimfanelo zemithetho ye-ekhundla xa intsebenziswano yentsebenziswano elungele urhulumente. Iinkcukacha ezininzi, [FL: 0]

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo: UMthetho woMoya ococekileyo

Omnye umzekelo onamandla wokucombulula ingxaki yemeko-bume nguMthetho we-Chrood Air, owadluliswa okokuqala ngo-1970 kwaye walungiswa ngokuphawulekayo ngo-1977 nango-1990. Lo mthetho wagunyazisa i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) ukumisela imilinganiselo yomgangatho womoya wesizwe wongcoliso oluyingozi kwimpilo kawonke-wonke nakwimekobume. Kwakhona kwafuneka ukuba kubekho amazwe asungula ukwenziwa kwemiqathango yokuhlangabezana nemilinganiselo kunye nemida yokukhupha imithombo yezoshishino kunye nezithuthi.

Iziphumo ziye zaphawuleka. Ukususela ngo-1970, ukukhutshwa komoya okutshayelelayo okuqhelekileyo okufunyanisiweyo yi-EPA kuye kwehla ngaphezu kwama-75%, njengokuba uqoqosho lwase-U.S. luye lwaphindaphindeka kathathu. Lo Mthetho uye wathintela izigidi zamatyala okugula kokuphefumla, isifo sentliziyo, nokufa ngaphambi kwexesha. I-Ceane Air Act ibonisa indlela ulawulo lwesizwe olunokwenza ngayo imigangatho esisiseko ekhusela wonke amaMelika, ngoxa usavumela urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bafumane ngayo loo milinganiselo. Lo mfuziselo wentsebenziswano yesebe uluvo luphawu lwemithetho emininzi ephumelelayo yemekobume. [[FLT.0:] I-EPA'SClect ye-operalvector Act [FLT] iphepha[FLD:1]

Uhlalutyo lothelekiso: Amandla kunye nokusikelwa umda ngaphesheya kwamaqondo

Umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente uneengenelo ezikhethekileyo kunye nezingemi kakuhle xa kufikelelwa ekucombululeni ingxaki. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki zorhwebo kunceda abafundi nabemi bavavanye izicelo zenkqubo kwaye baqonde ukuntsonkotha kolawulo.

LevelStrengthsLimitations
LocalProximity to community; rapid response; ability to tailor solutions; high accountability to residentsLimited resources and expertise; vulnerable to local politics and NIMBYism; may lack capacity for large-scale change
StateBroader fiscal base; authority over key services (education, transportation, health); laboratories of democracyCan suffer from political gridlock; varying willingness to act; sometimes too large to be nimble, too small for economies of scale
FederalMassive resources; ability to set national standards; redistribution across states; long-term policy stabilitySlow and bureaucratic; one-size-fits-all may not fit local contexts; requires broad political consensus; implementation often delegated to states

Ukuhlalutya olu hlolisiso lunika uluvo olubalulekileyo ngendlela amanqanaba ahlukeneyo karhulumente anokucombulula ngokunempumelelo ngayo iingxaki. Akukho mgangatho mnye umgangatho ungumkhanya; imigaqo-nkqubo ephumelele kakhulu ibandakanya intsebenziswano enqamleza ithala. Umzekelo, i-ACA ixhomekeke kwimisika yentengiso karhulumente kunye nolwandiso lwe-Medicaid olunganyanzelekanga, kwaye imodeli zobupolisa boluntu zisoloko zixhaswa ngenkxaso yorhulumente kunye noncedo lobugcisa besizwe.

Ukhuphiswano lwamaBhunga: Ityala lokusabela kwe-Pandemic

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sanikela umboniso ocacileyo wendlela onke amaqondo orhulumente amathathu amele asebenze ngayo kunye. Amasebe ezonyango asekuhlaleni avavanya kwaye asebenzisa uqhagamshelwano. Oorhulumente bakhupha imiyalelo yokuhlala ekhayeni labo, ukulawula ubuchule bezibhedlele, kunye nokusasaza imichiza yokugoma. Urhulumente wanikela ngemali ngoMthetho we-ACHERS, ogunyazisiweyo woncedo olungxamisekileyo, kunye nokuququzelelwa kwezivumelwano zokugonyatha. Ngoxa ukuphendula kwakusuka kude ekugqibeleni, indyikitya ebethelelwe ukuba akukho qondo elinye lomlinganiselo elinokuphumeza loo ngxaki.

Izifundo ezifumaneka kule ngxaki ziquka imfuneko yokusebenzisa iindlela ezicacileyo zokunxibelelana phakathi kwemigangatho, ukwabelana ngolwazi olungcono, nokuxhasa inkxaso engakumbi yezixhobo zikarhulumente nezempilo kawonke wonke.

Isiphelo: Ukufumana ulwazi ngokuba ngummi ngenxa yeziphumo zetyala

Ukuqonda indlela eyahlukeneyo imiba yentetho karhulumente ebaluleke ngayo ekukhuliseni ubumi obunolwazi. Ngophando lwamatyala, abafundi bangabona ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kunye nempembelelo yayo kwibutho labantu. Imizekelo yobupolisa baseCamden, utshintsho lwemfundo eMassachusetts, iAffordal Care Act, kunye nomthetho wemeko-bume zonke zibonisa ukuba umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente unendima eyahlukileyo kwaye ukuphucula ingxaki isoloko ifuna ukuxubana.

Ingxubusho ekhuthazayo enxulumene nale mizekelo ingenza abantu bacinge kakuhle kwaye bafune ukuthelekisa imigaqo-nkqubo. Abafundi bafanele bacinge: Luluphi umgangatho karhulumente ofanelekileyo ukucombulula ingxaki ethile? Abahlali banokuyixhasa njani iinguqulelo kumgangatho ngamnye? kwaye kwenzeka ntoni xa imigangatho ingavumelani nale mibuzo? Ngokuxa bexakeka, abafundi baqalisa ukuqonda indlela idemokhrasi esebenza ngayo ekusetyenzisweni, kodwa hayi kwiincwadi nje.

Ootitshala bangasebenzisa ezi zifundo zetyala njengeebhodi zokuqalisa iiprojekthi zophando olunzulu, iingxoxo, okanye iimfaniso. Umzekelo, abafundi bangadlala indima njengamalungu ebhunga lasekuhlaleni aphikisana ngoqingqo-mali lobupolisa, okanye njengabamisi-mthetho besizwe abayila inkqubo yemfundo. Le misebenzi ikhuthaza ubuchule obufunekayo ukuze usebenze, ubandakanye ubumi kwinkqubo entsonkothileyo yesizwe.