Ukuthotywa Okuhlala Kuhleli Kwamaphepha Olawulo Lolawulo Loluntu

Umgaqo-siseko weUnited States, owagunyaziswa ngo1788, wadala uhlobo olutsha lukarhulumente olwenziwe kumgaqo wamagunya ahlukeneyo. Kodwa umbhalo wodwa awuchazi ngokupheleleyo indlela la mandla amiselwe ngayo ukusebenza. Kuba oko kuqonda, abemi baguqukele kwingqokelela yeencoko ezingamashumi asibhozo anesihlanu ezaziwayo [[FLT: 0]] Iiphepha zoburhulumente [[FLT:]. Ibhalwe nguAlexander Hamilton, James Madison, noJohn Jay phantsi kwe-diny "Publius," ezi zincoko zabhalwa ekuqaleni eNew York phakathi koOkthoba 1787 noAgastie. Injongo yabo yayikukucelela abemi baseNew York ukuya kutshonisa umGatho. Ngoko, ngoko ke, inzuzo yabo inika imbono ecacileyo yendlela yezobupolitika, ngokukodwa, kunye nenkqubo yezopolitiki ye-Melika:[2]

Ukuqonda iComputerlist Papers asiyondlela nje yemfundo, kuluncedo ekufundiseni abantu. Xa abemi beqonda isizathu sokwahlulwa kwamagunya ```kungoko umongameli angawugunyazisa umthetho, isizathu sokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekise iijaji, nesizathu sokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo imisele imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho--siseko'. AmaPhepha e-Plape anokuyiguqula ngokuchanekileyo ulwimi olucacileyo olungobume bomntu, amandla, nenkululeko. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela i-Federalist Papers ekhanyisela ngayo ii-echecks kunye nolungelelaniso, isenza ukuba ifikeleleke kubafundi bale mihla.

Yintoni Ebalulekileyo?

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano lubhekisele kwimigaqo-siseko ekhusela isebe ngalinye likarhulumente elivumela ukumisela amagunya amanye amasebe. Le nkqubo yahlukile kukwahlulwa kwamandla, anika imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kwisebe ngalinye. Iipeksi kunye nezingqinisi zongeza umaleko obonisa izicelo: isebe lemithetho yemithetho, kodwa elilawulayo lingenza imithetho elawulayo, kodwa isebe ngalinye lingayibeka iliso lokuba aliyifuni imithetho esesikweni; isalathi i-judicariary ichaza imithetho echaza imithetho edinteneyo, kodwa ikho nemigaqo yomthetho-siseko wemithetho echaza i-arhente okanye abagwebi abaphumeleli. La mandla angenayo anokwenza ukuba kubekho i-glotteetivet contimet iyenze kube nzima naliphi na elinye isebe ukuba lilawule.

Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko babephenjelelwe kakhulu yintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika yaseMontesquieu, eyathi inkululeko efunekayo yokwahlula imigaqo-siseko, isebe elilawulayo, kunye namagunya okugweba. Noko ke, babekwayinyani kwiphulo lomntu. Njengokuba uJames Madison wabhala kwi uluhlulo noNo. 51[, "Umgaqo-siseko kufuneka wenziwe ukulwa inkqenkqenkqeza." Ukuhlola kunye nolungelelwano kwakhiwe ngendlela eliya lelo cebo elisebenza ngayo namhlanje, ngoko ke isebe ngalinye lomGaqo-siseko lizandisa impembelelo yalo, ngoko ke isebe ngalinye elinendlela yokuxhathisa ezinye. Olu manyano, kude kude, lukhuselwano olululweyo. Ukuvavanywa komgaqo womgaqo womgaqo wobuqu ngamnye. [FOT]

Indima Yephepha Lolawulo Loluntu Ekucaciseni Le nkqubo

AmaPhepha oFederali akachazi nje kuphela ukhangelo kunye nolungelelwano; bayazi ukuba ababhali abaninzi baseMerika babesoyika urhulumente onamandla ombindini oya kuxelisa ubundlobongela bukaKumkani George III. Ukuyoyisa le ngqiciso, Publius waphikisa ukuba umanyano olunobuchule obulungileyo lungakhusela inkululeko kunokudibana kwamazwe abuthathaka. Isincoko sichaza ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo indlela amandla esebe ngalinye akhangelwa ngayo ngabanye, sidala inkqubo yokuzilawula.

Umzekelo, ku uLuhlu lukaNo. 51, uMadison uveza ingqiqo engundoqo: "Ukusebenzisa ngokwahlukileyo nokwahlukileyo kwamagunya karhulumente... kuvunywa ukuba kubaluleke ekulondolozweni kwenkululeko. Ngoko uchaza ukuba ukugcina olu lwahlulo, isebe ngalinye kufuneka libe "lokwalo" kwaye amalungu amele anikwe indlela yokulwa ukuhlasela kwamanye amasebe. Oku kusisiseko sobulumko sokhangelo nomlinganiselo. Ngaphandle koluhlu lweFederans, uninzi lwale ngqiqo luza kushiywa kubafundi besolwimi olungenayo. Isincoko sencwadi siguqulela uxwebhu olusemthethweni kwingxoxo engomntu nempembelelo yezopolitiko.

Imisitho Yoluhlu Lolawulo Oluphambili Nezifundo Zabo Ezikukujongwa Nokulungelelana

Izincoko ezithi zicatshulwe rhoqo ezithetha ngovavanyo nokulungelelana okukhoyo zezoManyano, 47, 48, 51, 70, kunye no- 78. Ilungu ngalinye lithetha ngohlobo olwahlukileyo lokwahlukana kwamagunya lize libonise indlela amasebe ajongana ngayo. Ukuhlolisisa ezi zincoko kunceda abemi basekuhlaleni bawujonge umgaqo-siseko hayi njengeplani ecacileyo kodwa njengendlela yokuphila emele ukuqhelaniswa nokutshintsha kweemeko ngoxa kugcinwa imigaqo esisiseko.

Uludwe lomanyano uNo. 51: Ukhuselo lodidi lweetsheki nolungelelwano

Udla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngoyena ubalulekileyo kwiMaphethisi yoManyano, No. 51 ithetha ngqo ngemfuneko yokuxilonga kunye nolungelelwano. UMadison uphikisa ngelithi ngenxa yokuba abantu bengezozithunywa zezulu, urhulumente kufuneka akwazi ukulawula abalawulwayo. Kodwa ke ngokukwanjalo, urhulumente kufuneka anyanzeleke ukuba azilawule. Ubhala, "Ukuxhomekeka ebantwini, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, kukulawulwa koorhulumente; kodwa amava afundise uluntu imfuneko yamanyathelo obuncedani." Olo lucoselelo luzixilonga kunye nolungelelwaniso.

Madison uchaza ukuba isebe ngalinye lifanele libe nempembelelo encinane kangangoko kunokwenzeka ekumiselweni kwamalungu amanye amasebe, kodwa umGaqo-siseko unika isebe ngalinye iindlela zokuzikhusela. Umzekelo, amandla kamongameli avumela umphathi ukuba ahlole indlu yowiso-mthetho, kodwa iveto inokuba nempembelelo encinane ngesibini soluntu, inika indlu yowiso-lulawulo uhlolo olupheleleyo. Ngokunjalo, le nkqubo yejajicariary ilungiselelwe ukuphinda imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko (ngoku ke kuqinisekiswe ku [[FLT:]] Marbury v.[5]] [FLT]]]) isebenza njengovavanyo kwiBhunga loMbutho nomongameli wobabini. Umthetho wenza ukuba le nkqubo ingenziwangagqibeleli lokusebenza.[5][5]

Uludwe loManyano No. 70: Imfuneko yokuba umlawuli omnye aqinisekise ukuba uyaphendula

KuFederalist No. 70, uAlexander Hamilton ukhusela umphathi-mandla onegunya elilawulayo, kodwa umongameli omnye kunokuba abe libhunga okanye ikomiti. Ingxoxo yakhe ibopheleleke ngqo ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni: isikhulu esinye sinobutyala obungakumbi kuba uluntu lunokuyinika lula imbopheleleko yokwenza izenzo. Isikhulu esizininzi, Hamilton siphikisa, singayibhenela ngokulula kwaye siyenze ibe nzima kwindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye abantu ukuvavanya igunya eliphezulu. Ubhala u-"Imbali yehambo yokuziphatha kwabantu ayithethi ukuba ifaneleki loo mbono iphakanyiswe ngesidima soluntu, nto leyo enokuthi iyenze ibe lula ukunikela izilangazelelo ezintle nezingako ezibaluleke kangaka nohlobo... ukulahlwa komntu omnye."

Esi sincoko sifundisa ukuba uphando nolungelelwano luxhomekeke kwimigca ecacileyo yegunya. I-veto luvavanyo olunamandla kwiBhunga, kodwa kuphela ukuba umongameli ngamnye unomthwalo wokusebenzisa ipropati. Ukuba amandla olawulo ahlukeneyo aye anikwa abantu abaninzi, akukho mntu unokubekwa ityala, kwaye isebe lowiso-mthetho lingasebenzisa lula umlawuli. Iingxoxo zikaHamilton zisebenza nanamhlanje xa kuvela iingxoxo ngemiyalelo yabalawuli, amagunya emfazwe, nomlinganiselo wegunya lomongameli. Ukuqonda umgangatho woburhulumente No. 70 kunceda abemi balapho benoxanduva enoba umongameli unamandla amakhulu okanye umphengululi kakhulu.

Umanyano No. 78: ISebe Elilelona Libuthathaka

UPhondo u-Alexander Hamilton uNo. 78 ngumbhalo osisiseko sokuqonda ukuzimela ngokwamasebe okulawula nokulawula. Hamilton uthi ijaji izakuba yeyona iyingozi kuba ayi "nempembelelo kukrele okanye kwingxowa-mali." Ayilawuli umkhosi okanye umgcini-mali. Noko ke, ukusebenza njengovavanyo olufanelekileyo kumasebe owiso-mthetho nawabaphathi, ijaji mayizimele, ibamba abagwebi ngethuba lokuziphatha okuhle (ngokufanelekileyo kobomi).

Hamilton uphikisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iinkundla zinegunya lokuvakalisa izenzo zowiso-mthetho ukuba ziyaphikisana noMgaqo-siseko. Oku kungumo wokuhlola kwezomthetho njengendlela yokuhlola kwamanye amasebe. Ubhala, "Ukutolikwa kwemithetho liphondo elifanelekileyo nelingaqhelekanga lenkundla. Umgaqo-siseko nguwo, enyanisweni, kwaye kufuneka ujongwe ngabagwebi, njengomthetho osisiseko. Ngoko ke, abagwebi kufuneka baxhase uMgaqo-siseko nangawuphi na umgaqo-siseko ophikisanayo. Le ncwadi inika abemi betyala ngesizathu sokuba iinkundla zinokungquzulana ngemithetho, ingcamango eyayididene nempikiswano namhlanje. Umthetho uPhondo uGaflistristrian Conferenti uchaza ukuba ubomi bukhusela iijajilikethi kwingcinezelo yezopolitiko, ibavumela ukuba basebenze njengomntu ongenamGwaljinga. Ukuhlola indlela ezisebenza ngayo kwiimeko zangoku [Frective [Frec]

IQinisekiso elongezelelekileyo elivela kuLuhlu loManyano. 47 no-48

Umlawuli womanyano No. 47, ebhalwe nguJames Madison, ichaza ukungavumelani ukuba uMgaqo-siseko wahlule ukwahlukana kwamagunya ngenxa yokuba amasebe awahlukanga ngokupheleleyo. UMadison uphendula ngokucaphula iMontesquieu, othetha ukuba elinye isebe alifanele lisebenzise amandla elinye elinye. Inxalenye edibanisa isebe elisebenzisayo. Eli candelo lisebenza ngokuquququzelela imvume yesivumelwano okanye umsebenzi kamongameli weveto/imfuneko yesebe ngalinye ukukhusela ngokwalo. Umkhosi wamasebe u-48 ukwandisa oku ngokuchasene nohlobo lwe-"bhethreyi" lomoya we-Rocestion" oyalungelanelo, ngenxa yokuba uthambe kakhulu kubantu, uthanda ukuxhathisa igunya. UMasmedison ucebisa ukuba umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo ngokuhlola okucwangciiiiisiweyo uthinte ulawulo.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokuzisebenzisa Ngayo Iincwadi Zokubhala Iimeko Ukuze Bahlolisise Urhulumente Wanamhlanje

AmaPhepha oManyano angooFederali akangoovimba bembali nje; anikela ucwangciso lokuhlola iingxabano zezobupolitika zale mihla. Xa umongameli ekhupha umyalelo olawulayo obonakala ugqitha kwiKhomishini, ummi oqhelene noMbutho onguNo. 70 uyakuqonda ukuxinezeleka okuphakathi kwamandla kumphathi-mikhosi kunye nemfuneko yokuhlola uwiso-mthetho. Xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo igalelo lorhulumente, uNo. 78 uchaza ulungiso lwentanda-bulumko. Xa iBhunga lihlola isebe eliphetheyo, iFederalist No. 51 lisikhumbuza ukuba isebe ngalinye linazo izixhobo zokukhusela imicimbi yalo.

Ngaphezu koko, amaPhepha oLawulo loManyano anceda abemi baqonde ukuba uphando kunye nokulungelelana kusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza kakuhle xa kuthe kwathi kwancitshiswa. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba iKhomishini ithuma amandla amaninzi kakhulu owiso-mthetho kumasebe alawulayo, ulungelelwaniso lolwahlulo. Ukuba umongameli akavumi ukunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga, uvavanyo lwemithetho luye luncitshitshiswe. Ukuba ijaji yejaji ide kakhulu kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe, uvavanyo lwezomthetho luyaphela. Ukuqonda indlela yokuqala yokuyila yenza abemi babone iingcinga ukuba baphithelekelele kwaye bafune ukuphendula.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okusebenzisana Namaphepha

  • Funda uluhlu loManyano No 10. 10 kunye noNo 51 kuqala. Ezi zincoko zinika ingcaciso elungileyo kubuchule bamahlelo kunye nokhuseleko lwesakhiwo lokuhlola nokulinganisa. Hayi. 10 ichaza indlela iriphabliki enkulu engayilawula ngayo iziphumo zobuzwe, ngexa uNo. 51 echaza iimvavanyo zangaphakathi kumandla karhulumente.
  • Isincoko ngasinye nesiganeko sangoku. Emva kokufunda umlawuli woBukhosi No. 70, jonga kwimpikiswano yakutshanje ngemiyalelo yegunya. Emva koNo. 78, hlolisisa ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo elivakalisa umthetho ongekho mgaqweni. Oku kubhula isithuba phakathi kwemfundiso noqheliselo.
  • [[NTL:0] Sebenzisa iinkcazelo kwi-intanethi. Izibonelelo ezifana ne-Avalon Project eYale Law School kunye neZiko lomGaqo-siseko weSizwe ophendulanayo unika umgca ngomgca ngengcaciso eyenza ukuba ulwimi lweshumi elinesibhozo lenkulungwane lufikeleleke.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iziphumo kunye nabanye. AmaPhepha aFederal abhalelwa ukucenga uluntu oluthandabuzayo. Ukuxambulisana ngentsingiselo yazo inkqubo elula nokuphucula ukuqonda.

Ukungaqondani Okuqhelekileyo Ngeengcebiso Nolungelelwano Olulungiswe Ngamaphepha

Abemi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba isebe elijongene nolungelelwano lithetha ukuba amasebe amathathu alinganayo kuzo zonke iinkalo. IMaphe kaFederalist icacisa ukuba amasebe awalingani ngamandla okanye umsebenzi; kunoko, ngalinye linohlobo olwahlukileyo lwamandla acetyelwe ukuvavanya abanye. Indlu yowiso-mthetho yelona linamandla anamandla ngokuyilwa, kuba limela abantu ngokuthe ngqo. Isigqeba sinikwa amandla kunye nomanyano ukuze senze ngokungqongqo. Ijudicary ibuthathaka kakhulu kodwa ibamba amandla abalulekileyo okutolika. Ukuqonda aba ba-ammethi abada ukukhusela abemi ukuba balindele ukulingana okugqibeleleyo kwaye ibancede babone ukuba, umzekelo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo ayinakumisela imithetho okanye inyanzele imithetho yayo.

Enye into engaqondakaliyo kukuba uphando nolungelelwano lwenza urhulumente angasebenzi kakuhle. IMaphu yoManyano iyavuma ukuba lo msebenzi uthengwano uphelile. KuFederal List No. 70, Hamilton uphawula ukuba "ukungavumelani nomphathi kukuphatha kungumsebenzi ophambili kwinkcazelo karhulumente olungileyo," kwaye kuNo. 51, Madison wamkela ukuba inkqubo inokubangela "ingxaki ezithile" kodwa iphikisa ukuba umngcipheko wobuzwilakhe bubi bungaphezulu kakhulu. Abemi abawufaka ngaphakathi lo shishino basenokungaphazanyiswa yintambo eqinileyo kwaye basenokuqonda imigaqo yomgaqo enciphisa iinguquko.

Ukubaluleka Kokufundisa Amaphephandaba Emfundo Yesibhaka-bhaka

Kwixesha lokwahlulwa kolawulo lwezobupolitika nokuncipha kokukholosa ngamaqumrhu, amaPhepha eFederali anikela isiseko esingathathi-nxaxheba sokuqonda indlela urhulumente waseMerika amele asebenze ngayo. Abangamalungu alo nawuphi na umbutho wezobupolitika. Abaxhasi bezopolitiko nabavumi abanokulungela uPublius ukuba bathethe ngeenkcazelo ezahlukeneyo zamandla omgaqo-siseko. Ukufundisa ezi zincoko kwizikolo nakwii-ofisi zikawonke wonke kunceda abemi ukuba bahambele ngaphaya kwentetho ekwayathiwa, babandakanye nokuqiqa okuyila okuyila ilizwe.

For example, debates about the president's use of executive orders often cite the same Federalist Paper to support opposing views. Some point to No. 70 to argue that a strong executive is necessary; others point to No. 51 to argue that the legislature must push back. Understanding the full context of these essays equips citizens to weigh these arguments critically rather than simply accepting partisan talking points. The Library of Congress has a helpful guide to the Federalist Papers that educators and self-learners can use as a starting point.

Ukudibanisa amaPhepha oLuntu kwiMaphu yaNgoku

Amazwe amaninzi afuna ukuba abafundi besikolo samabanga aphakamileyo baphumelele uvavanyo oluquka imibuzo ebandakanya ukwahlukana kwamagunya kunye nokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano. AmaPhepha eFederali angowona mthombo uphambili onokuthi ukwandisa iimpendulo zabafundi ngaphaya kwenkcazelo nje. Kunokucengceleza nje ukuba umongameli angawafaka amatyala, abafundi bangachaza isizathu sokuba leveto ikho, ingxubusho yengxoxo kaMadison kuNo. 51 ukuba isebe ngalinye limele libe nendlela yokuzikhusela. Olu hlobo lokuqonda olunzulu lubaluleke kakhulu ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kunokucaciswa ngemini. Abemi abadala nabo bangangenelwa ekuphindeni kwezi zincoko ukuze bavusele ukubambelela kwabo kwimigaqo-siseko.

Isiphelo: IPhepha loLuntu loManyano njengesikhokelo soMmi

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yenye yezona mpawu zahlukileyo zomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., kodwa intsingiselo yayo epheleleyo ayizibonisi. IPhepha loManyano lisebenza njengombhalo obalulekileyo obalulekileyo, ukutyhila iingcamango zabasebenzi, ukuphendula iimpikiswano, nokubonisa indlela amasebe asebenza ngayo ukuze alondoloze inkululeko. Kubemi abafuna ukuqonda urhulumente wabo, ukufunda amaPhepha eFederali asiyonto yokuzonwabisa ekhethekayo.

Ngokufunda izincoko ezifana noMbutho woLawulo noNo. 70, noNo. 78, abemi bafumana izixhobo zokuvavanya ukuba urhulumente wale mihla usebenza kusini na kwimida yomgaqo-siseko. Bafunda ukubona ii-checks nolungelelwano olungeyomiqobo yokuqhuba kodwa njengemiqobo yokukhusela ekulawuleni ulawulo-mthetho. Ngexesha xa imigaqo yedemokhrasi ivavanywa, ubulumko bukaPublius buhlala bufanelekile kunanini na ngaphambili. AmaPunistlist ayala imigaqo ethile engqalileyo, kodwa anika isiseko esisisigxina sokucinga ngegunya, ukuphendula, ukuthembeka, kunye nenkululeko. Ummi ngamnye othabatha ixesha lokuyiqonda loo mithetho-demokhrasi uba ngumxhasi othelekeleli othe kratya kwinkqubo eqhubekayo ye-Melika.