Imvelaphi Yembali Yenkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe

Ingcamango yenkqubo efanelekileyo ayizange ivele ngokupheleleyo kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States; yavela kwiinkulungwane zemfazwe esemthethweni neyopolitiki. Intetho yayo yokuqala eyaziwayo ivela ku . UMgna Carta [1215], apho uKumkani uJohn wavuma ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokuthi afakwe entolongweni okanye ahlulwe impahla yakhe “ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga okanye umthetho welizwe." Eli binzana lakuqala livelayo lokutyala imbewu ekufuneka inikwe ngumthetho osemthethweni. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi waphuhliswa njengelungelo lokulawula, ilungelo lokufumana ityala, ilungelo lokufumana ubungqina ngoku, kwaye alibonelingene imvume yokufumana imvume. Kodwa labona ukuba abalawuli baseMerika bavukela ulawulo olusemthethweni olusemthethweni olukhoyo.

Ichaza inkqubela elindelekileyo: Iintslayers ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo idla ngokwahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezimbini ezisebenzisanayo, nganye isebenza umsebenzi owahlukileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuviwa phambi komphathi-zigqibo ongakhethiyo, kunye nesigqibo sengqiqo. Umzekelo, phambi kokuba urhulumente aphelise amalungelo abazali, kufuneka anike ukuva apho umzali anganikela khona ubungqina, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Kufuna iinkqubo zobulungisa: isaziso esaneleyo, ithuba lokuviwa phambi komphathi wesigqibo ongakhethiyo, kunye nesigqibo sesigqibo. Umzekelo, phambi kokuba imongameli anikezele, kufuneka anike ukuva apho umzali anganikela khona ubungqina kunye nokuvavanya izityholo zikarhulumente. Inkundla ephakamileyo iphuhlise uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo Mathes v. Eldridgeb.[FLT] ukugqiba oko kufanelekile: lwabiwo lobugqaliselo, ukubeka umdlalo phantsi kwemiqatha ephantsi kwemiqatha, ukuncitshiswa kweminyaniswa kwemiqathango yolawulo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwendlela ekufuneka kunyanzelwenzelwe yimeko.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Urhulumente ubuza [[FLT: 1] oko [iNkundla ePhakamileyo] angakwenza, hayi nje ngendlela ekwenza ngayo. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ekubeni ilungelo lokutshata, ilungelo lokuphakamisa abantwana, kwaye ilungelo lokuzilawula libaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba akukho nkqubo inokuthethelela ukuchasana kwabo okuzenzekelayo. Lo msonto uye wabangela impikiswano, ngokufuthi wahlula amatyala ngamalungelo afunekayo nangoko. Iinkqubo ezingundoqo zimbini zingu [[FLT:] v.[5] u-199] u-1995] u-196 [1], kwaye kufuneka ugunyazwe ngumthetho okhoyo.[199], apho kumele kusetyenziswe khona imigaqo ephantsi yezoqoqook

Ukwakhiwa komGaqo-siseko

IFindth Amendment ivakalisa oku: “Akukho mntu uya kuthi... ahluthwe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Olu lwimi ekuqaleni lusebenza kurhulumente wesizwe. Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, uLawulo lweshumi elinesine lokuLandlwa kwandulelwa kwamazwi:“ Akuyi kubakho naliphi na iLizwe eliza kumhlupha nabani na umntu ophilayo, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomthetho. [[FLT:] Isigwebo sesibini seNguqulo-D [1] sikwaqinisekisa ukuba “ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kwemithetho,” esoloko esebenza kwinkqubo ye-tridem efuna ukukhusela ikhetheko. Ngaphezu kwenkulungwane yama-20, iNkundla ePhaka , isebenzisa inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-FLDimplated [FFoct:1] i-evom] ukusetyenziswa kwemigqweqweneyo ye-Bill, njenge fomu, ingubo yokuzibonda elungileyo, ukukhusela, nokuzimela i-enza i-emele i-endo yoMthe yeNxouni.

IsiHlomelo Sesihlanu Esiziinkcukacha

Ngaphandle kwemithetho efunekayo yenkqubo yeGama eliBhala lesihlanu, uMphetho-mvande uqulethe iinkuselo eziliqela ezixhasa ubulungisa benkundla. UJikle-Enkulu uJury Clause ufuna ukumangalelwa okusemthethweni ngabachopheli-mthetho abakhulu ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu lwamatyala karhulumente, ukunikezela ingqwalasela yokuqala phambi komntu onyanzelwa ukuba amelane. [[FLT:]] Le JUM] ivumela umntu ukuba angavumi ukunikela ubungqina ngokuchasene nomthetho wakhe, uthintela urhulumente ukuba amangalele umntu kabini ngenxa yetyala elinye, akhusele abamangalelwa ekukhathazweni ngokuphindaphindiweyo. [[FLT:] [FT.5]

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezigwebo Neengxubevange Zeshumi Elinane

Xa uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine lwagunyaziswa ngowe-1868, injongo yayo eyintloko yayikukukhusela amakhoboka asandul' ukukhululwa kwimithetho karhulumente yolwaphulo-mthetho. Kodwa inkqubo yawo efunekayo yakhawuleza yaba sisithutho sokusebenzisa amanye amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kurhulumente. Umzekelo, kwi- Gideon v. Wainright (1963),[FLT] [iNkundla], iNkundla ibambelele kwelokuba iSixweso sokuLamla icebiso libaluleke kangangokuba lisebenza ekumiseleni ukuvavanywa kwetyala ngenkqubo ye-1459th Amend Confectiontion. Ngokufanayo, ekunene kwityala, ekunene kwetyala ngokukhawuleza, nakunene kumangqina kuye kwafakwa onke. Isiphumo se-ekhompumentimenti yomgangatho ye-Promenti, ukunqandayo ekuthinteleni isebenzisa iinkqubo ezithobhlawulwayo, okanye ukunqanda ulawulo lobundwn.

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Ebonakaliswayo: Igumbi Lenkundla

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo efunekayo iqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa uthathwa njengentsabelo epheleleyo, hayi into engenamsebenzi yamandla karhulumente. Amalungelo aliqela akhethekileyo aphuma ngqo kwinkqubo efunekayo.

Ukufanelekela Icebiso

Mhlawumbi eyona nkqubo ifanelekileyo yemifanekiso ingummiselo ofanelekileyo yisiqinisekiso segqwetha. Gideon v. Wainwright, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba ithetha ukuba kufuneka inike igqwetha nakwesiphi na isigebenga esingakwaziyo ukuhlawula nasiphi na. Eli lungelo linwebela kuwo onke amanqanaba abalulekileyo engtshutshiso, ukusuka kwisibheno. Ukubakho kwesiluleko kunceda ukulingana ukhuphiswano phakathi komntu norhulumente, kuqinisekisa ukuba iimpikiswano ezingongongongomthetho zinikezelwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye amalungelo ommangalelwa akhuselweyo akhuselekile.

Ukubukelwa Ngomnye Umfundisi Ongakhethi Buso

ISithandathu IsiHlanziso siqinisekisa “inkundla yabachopheli-tyala engakhethi buso,” kunye nenkqubo efunekayo iqinisekisa loo mfuneko. Ngexesha lokukhethwa kwabachopheli-tyala, omabini amacala anokucel ’ umngeni abo banokugwetywa. Ijaji kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba iqumrhu labachopheli-tyala libonisa icandelo elinqamlezileyo lengingqi kwaye akukho mgwebi ugwetywe yindawo ekhatywayo. Ukuba ijaji idiwe, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba ityala liqale ngeqela elahlukileyo.

Ilungelo Lokujamelana NamaNgqina

Abameli banelungelo lokujongana nabamangaleli babo kunye namangqina achasene nabo. Eli lungelo, elisekelwe kwi iClaus'', likhusela ubungqina obufihlakeleyo kwaye linika ukhuseleko ithuba lokuchaza ukungangqinelani, iinguqu, okanye ubuxoki obucacileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambe ukuba naxa amangqina engafumaneki, iingxelo zawo azinakusetyenziswa ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa unethuba langaphambili lokunqumla i-enomine.

Ukufanelekela Ukunikela Ubungqina Nobungqina

Kwakhona inkqubo efanelekileyo ibandakanya ilungelo lokubiza amangqina, ubungqina obunikela ubungqina, yaye ingqina ngokwakho. Ngoxa ityala limele lingqine linetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni, inkundla imele ibe nethuba elifanelekileyo lokuphikisa ityala likarhulumente. Iinkundla azinakubukhupha ngokukhululekileyo ubungqina bokuzikhusela okanye zithintele ummangalelwa ukuba angathathi nxaxheba.

Ukufanele Ubhenele

Ukuba ityala liphule inkqubo efanelekileyo, ummangalelwa angabhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Ngelixa kungekho lungelo lomGaqo-siseko lokubhena kwityala ngalinye, wonke urhulumente norhulumente unika ubuncinane umgangatho omnye wesibheno esingqalileyo. Ebudeni bombheno, inkundla ephinda-phindwayo ihlola enoba iimpazamo zeprocedrowding j j j jl okanye ukhetho olungafanelekanga lokugweba olunekhethekileyo.

Uphawu lwetyala leNkundla ePhakamileyo elaguqula inkqubo elindelekileyo

Izigqibo eziliqela eziphelisiweyo ziye zachaza indlela ekufuneka zisebenze ngayo kwiinkundla zenkundla zaseMerika.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Ukuncinwa kwamapolisa bekusoloko kusindawo enokuba yindawo yokunyanzelisa. Miranda, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathi ukukhuselwa koMphetho-Mdathiso-mvaba kufuna ukuba umthetho unyanzelise ukukrokraza amalungelo awo phambi kokuncinwa kwetyala. [`````IManda'''''''] ilungelo lokuhlala uthulile, ilungelo lokuhlala uthe cwaka kwigqwetha, kunye nesilumkiso esithi nasiphi na isilumkiso sisetyenziswa nxamnye nawe/ngoku singumkhuseli wesiqhelo. Ngaphandle kwezi zilumkiso, naziphi na izibhengezo ezifunyanwayo zinokungasetyenziswa ekucinyweni ityala. Lo mba ubonakalisa indlela esetyenziswayo iprocculgraccoration amapolisa phambi kokuba inkundla ivulwe.

UGideon . Wainwright (1963)

UClarence Earl Gideon wayelihlwempu elibekwe ityala lokuqhekeza kwigumbi lokuhlala laseFlorida. Wacela inkundla ukuba imisele igqwetha; urhulumente wala ngenxa yokuba ngelo xesha ilungelo lokunika icebiso elisetyenziswa kuphela kumatyala karhulumente. UGidiyon wazimela kwaye wagwetywa. INkundla Ephakamileyo yangqinelana ngamxhelo mnye yarhoxokisa ityala lakhe, igqiba kwelokuba ilungelo leSithandathu lokunika icebo linelungelo elisisiseko elisebenzayo kumazwe kuMphengululo-nyaka weshumi elinesine. Kulonke elo tyala, uGidiyon idiyon yakhululwa. Eli tyala liqinisekisa ukuba isikhundla sezoqoqosho asilokugqiba ukuba ilungelo lokusesikweni.

EKhalifoniya (1952)

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho angena kwikhaya likaRochin, ambona eginya iintsimbi ezimbini, andule ke amse esibhedlele apho isisu sakhe sasimpontshelwa ngokuchasene nokuthanda kwakhe. Ii-grapsi zajika zaba yimorphine. INkundla Ephakamileyo yathi le ntshukumo “iyasiphazamisa isazela” kwaye iphula inkqubo efunekayo, nangona kungekho Bill of Rights accengmented ngqo. Ityala laseka ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo efunekayo yezo ndlela yokuhlola inqanda iindlela ezibukhali okanye ezimkisayo zokuphatha ngobulungisa.

Kelly (1970)

Phambi kokuba imeko yaseNew York iphele iinzuzo zomxhasi woluntu, kwakufuneka inikeze ityala elicacileyo. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba iingenelo zentlalo-ntle luhlobo lomhlaba phantsi kwe-CSTED Clause, kwaye abamkeli banelungelo lokuva kwangaphambili okuquka ilungelo lokunika ubungqina, amangqina, nokuphulaphulwa phambi komenzi wesigqibo ongakhethiyo. Goldberg ukwandisa inkqubo efunekayo yokufumana iinzuzo zikarhulumente, ukumisela iqonga kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukhuseleko loluntu, indawo yokuhlala nomsebenzi.

Mathews v. Eldridge (1976)

Ukufumana iinkqubo ezifunekayo phambi kokuba urhulumente athabathe inzuzo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavakalisa uvavanyo oluzinxenye ezintathu: inzala yabucala echaphazelekayo, ubungozi bokuncitshiswa kwempazamo, nomdla karhulumente. Amathews [ ngoku ngumgangatho wenkqubo efunekayo yokulawula kunye noluntu, ukusuka kwiinzuzo zesiphene ukuya kugqirha oyingcali.

Ucelomngeni Lwale Mihla Kwinkqubo Elindelekileyo

Ngoxa imigaqo engundoqo ihlala iqinile, inkqubela-phambili yomthetho yexeshana ivavanya ukufikelela kwenkqubo efanelekileyo. Olunye ucelomngeni olukhulu kunyuko lobugcisa . I-95% yamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho iphela ngesicelo, hayi ngetyala. Abameli kufuneka bawazi kwaye ngokuzithandela bawanike amalungelo abo afunekayo enkqubo elungileyo. Qhagathelwe ekuvavanyweni kwetyala, ilungelo lokumelana namangqina, nokuhlala buthule. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba uxinzelelo olukhulu lokwamkela isibongozo (ngokufuthi ngesigwebo esifutshane kunetyala) lunganyanzelisa abantu abangenatyala ukuba bamangalelwe ngetyala. Iinkundla ziye zazama ukuqinisekisa ukuba izibongozo zokuzithandela ngokufuna ii-colliqui, kodwa umthamo wetyala opheleleyo ukuba ngaba baphakamisa yonke imibuzo efunekayo ngenxa yetyala.

Omnye umda ngumthetho wokwahlula . Nangona ukugxothwa kuyinto yoluntu kunokuba kube sisophuli-mthetho, kungaphumela ekugxothweni kwelizwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele amalungelo athile afanelekileyo okungangeni manani, njengamalungelo okuphawula nokuchongwa, kodwa umgangatho wokukhusela usoloko uphelelwa zimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Amatyala angabanjwa ngaphandle komanyano olude, yaye kwezinye iimeko abalwamkeli abalufumani cebiso. Abameli baphikisa ngelithi xa izikhungo ziquka ukwahlukana kwentsapho kunye noluntu, urhulumente kufuneka anike umgangatho ophezulu we-eprocculture owe.

Amanyathelo okhuseleko lwesizwe akwadibana nenkqubo efunekayo. Emva kohlaselo olungu-9/11, urhulumente wadala umkhosi womkhosi wamajoni otshaba eGuantánamo Bay. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi HAmdi v. IRumsfeld (2004) yabambelela ekubeni kwanommi wase-U.S. kufuneka afumane isaziso sesiseko esiyinyaniso sovalelwe kwakhe kunye nethuba elibalulekileyo lokukhuphisana ngaso phambi komphathi wesigqibo sobundilele. Le meko ibonisa ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo iyakwazi ukutshintsha nangamaxesha obunzima, nangona iinkqubo ezichanileyo zisekho.

Ubuxhakaxhaka buzisa imibuzo emitsha. Ukusetyenziswa kwe ubungqina be-DNA , [[FT:2] ulwazi lobuzwe , kunye uqikelelo lwemithetho-algorith[ ekugwebeni kunyusa uxanduva malunga nokucaca kunye nelungelo lokuvavanya ukuthembeka kobungqina. Ukuba umShunyushelwa akanakunqamleza-a i-algorim ye-algorithm okanye indlela esebenza ngayo, inkqubo efanelekileyo ingathotywa. Iinkundla ziqala ukuphendula kwezi miba, zifuna ukufunyaniswa komsebenzi wemithetho yemithetho kunye nokuvumela ii-Shunyusi ukuba zifumane ubungqina obukhoyo kwingcaciso kwiimeko zazo.

Ukufundisa Kwigumbi Leklasi

Kubafundisi-lwazi, inkqubo efunekayo inika umxholo obalulekileyo wokudibanisa umthetho, imbali, kunye neziganeko zangoku. Ootitshala bangasebenzisa amatyala aphawula iziganeko ngaphezulu njengezifundo zamatyala, ukuba abafundi baxelise iimpikiswano phambi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo okanye amaqondo ahlukeneyo etyala. Ukuxubusha umahluko phakathi kwenkqubo efunekayo yokulungisa kunye neyokungalinganisi macala kunceda abafundi baqonde ubungcaphephe kunye nemilinganiselo enzulu esemva kwayo. Imisebenzi iquka:

  • Ityala le- Ityala le-Mock:[ Abafundi benza indima yejaji, umtshutshisi, igqwetha elikhuselayo, kunye nabagwebi benkqubo elindelekileyo ecingelwayo yokwaphulwa.
  • Uhlaziyo lweCult:0 [ Iqela eliphanda ngomzekelo omnye ophawulayo lize linike izibakala zalo, libambe, kwaye liqiqe kwiklasi.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-emele: imigaqo efunekayo ifanele isebenze kumntu ovela kwamanye amazwe? Kuthekani kwizikolo ukuze abafundi bafumane uqeqesho? Ityala leNkundla Ephakamileyo Gos v. Lopez (1972) ibambelele kwelokuba abafundi abajongene nokuzinziswa kufuneka bafumane isaziso kunye nokuchotshelwa, incopho elungileyo yokuqalisa.
  • C iziganeko zangoku: Amabali eendaba abandakanya ukuphulwa kwenkqubo okufanelekileyo (umz., ukuvalelwa ixesha elide kwetyala, iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo, okanye iinkqubo zokuhlola) kwaye xoxani enoba iinkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo ziyayifikelela kusini na imigangatho yomgaqo-siseko.

Usebenzisa imithombo engundoqo ``````````''',' njengemibhalo yeSigqibo seNhlanu neshumi elinesine,' izimvo ezininzi kulwimi lwenkululeko. imaranda kunye Gideon[, okanye kwane projekthi yokuqala iMagna Carta , inika abafundi abathembisi ngqo ngolwimi lwenkululeko. Ubuncwane obuninzi bufumaneka kwi [[FLT: 4.] iCornell Information Information yolwazi lwasemthethweni kunye neproject [FLT:][FLT]]

Isiphelo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo iyenye yezona ndlela zokhuseleko zihlala zihleli nezibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo yamaxesha aphakathi eMagna Carta ukuya kwizicelo zayo zesi nkulungwane ekucebiseni, kwiinkundla zokufuduka, kunye nobungqina bamanani, lo mgaqo ugxininisa ukuba urhulumente akanakuzenzela nto. Kwinkundla, inkqubo efunekayo iqinisekisa ukuba wonke ummangalelwa ufumana ukuva okusesikweni, umenzi wesigqibo ongakhethiyo, kunye nethuba elinentsingiselo lokuviwa. Ngoxa kuvela imiqobo, akukho mntu uya kunyanzelelwa ubomi, okanye impahla ngaphandle kokhuseleko lomthetho. Ngokufundisa nokuqonda le migaqo, abafundi nabantu ngokufanayo banokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ihlala ikho ukuze kufike izizukulwana ezizayo.