Indlela Efanelekileyo Yokukhusela Ukungawi Ngomthetho Kwiziko Lokutshintsha Ingqondo

Amaziko okuvalelwa anezibonelelo apho abantu bebanjwa khona xa imeko yabo yokufuduka iqulunqwa okanye iconjululwe. Ngoxa la maziko ephumelela injongo esemthethweni, inkxalabo ngokuvalelwa okungekho mthethweni iye yanda kwiminyaka edluleyo. Umgaqo we ophambili wenziwa inkqubela yenkqubo [ ebalulekileyo yokukhusela abantu ukuba bagcinwe ngaphandle kwemigaqo efanelekileyo esemthethweni. EUnited States, inkqubo yokuvalelwa kwabantu abangeni kwamanye amazwe igcina amashumi amawaka abantu usuku ngalunye, kwaye izibopho zokuvalela abavalelweyo ziphezulu ngokungaqhelekanga, kwaye iintambo zokuhlala ezikhoyo zinokukhokelela ekuhlukaneni okuqhubekayo kwentsapho, ukuphulukana umsebenzi, nokulahlekelwa okunzulu kwempilo ngokwengqondo kunye nempilo. Ukuqonda indlela ekufuneka ngayo ukuba umntu afumane ukudibana nokungenamthetho okanye ukuvalelwa komthetho komthetho wokungena entlandlwanobuthweni.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Elindelekileyo Kumthetho Ongangeniyo

Imothelela inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko esifunyaniswe kwiSihlanu kunye neSine seMimiselo yeMigaqo-siseko yaseUnited States. IsiHlanzi seNhlanu soMgaqo-siseko sithi akukho mntu “ozakufumana ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Olu khuselo lunabela bonke abantu kwilizwe le-U.S., kungakhathaliseki ukuba linjani ilizwe lobumi. Kwimeko yokuvalelwa kwabantu, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba ababanjiweyo bafumane , unganikeli bamatyala ogcino ogcino., ithuba elinentsingiselo lokunikela ityala labo, kunye nomenzi wezimiselo, ongakhethi.

Embilinini wayo, inkqubo efunekayo kumthetho wokufuduka iqinisekisa ukuba ukuvalelwa akunatyala. Inkundla Ephakamileyo iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba abantu abangangeni mvume banelungelo lokukhusela iprocedial. Umzekelo, uZadvydas v. Davis[ [2001], iNkundla ibambelele kwelokuba urhulumente akanakuhlala emntwini ngokungenasiphelo ukuba ukususwa akubonwa kwangaphambili. Ngokukwanjalo, Demore v. Kim (2003]) (2003) uqonda ukuba ukuvalelwa okunyanzelekileyo ngexesha lokususwa kwetyala kusenokuvunyelwa kuphela kodwa xa kukhatshwa nge-procculcut. Ezi zigqibo ezi zigqiweyo zimele zihonjiswe ngokwenjongo esemthethweni.

Izinto Ezimbini Ezibalulekileyo Zenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ekuvalelweni kwabantu abangenayo iquka zombini inkqubo efunekayo yokuchaza kunye nenkqubo efunekayo yokufumana imvume yokungena. Inkqubo efunekayo ibandakanya inkqubela-nkqubo esesikweni yenkqubo esetyenziswayo ukuhluza umntu inkululeko. Oku kubandakanya ilungelo lokuva, ilungelo lokufumana ubungqina obukhoyo, ilungelo lokunqamleza amangqina, kunye nelungelo lokumelwe ngesiluleko. Inkqubo efanelekileyo, kwelinye icala, ibuza enoba inyathelo likarhulumente lisebenza ngokusesikweni, ukuvalkalisa okungalungiyo nokungabophelelekiyo.

Ukhuseleko Olusemthethweni Lweedetaines: ISiseko

Imithetho emininzi, imimiselo, nezigqibo zenkundla ziqinisa ukubaluleka kwenkqubo efunekayo ekuvalweni kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. UMthetho we-Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) unika isiseko somthetho sokuvalelwa, kodwa ukwaquka amalungiselelo athintela igunya likarhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, INA 766 igunyazisa ukuvalelwa kuphela emva kokuba ukuzimisela kokuba umntu lowo abeke ingozi yokubhabha okanye ingozi kuluntu. Amava eencwadi akhona kubabambeleli abaninzi, avumela ijaji yokufuduka ukuba agqibe enoba ukuvalelwa kuyimfuneko kusini na, yaye ukuba njalo, ukumisela umanyano.

Amalungelo angundoqo asemthethweni oRhulumente

  • [ Ilungile ukuxelelwa ngezizathu zokuvalelwa: Izakhono kufuneka zifumane isaziso sokuvela (NTA) esichaza izityholo ezinxamnye nabo. Ngaphandle kwale saziso, ukuvalelwa kusenokugqalwa njengokungekho mthethweni.
  • Ilungelo elifanelekileyo kumelo olusemthethweni: Ngelixesha urhulumente engafunwayo ukunikela isiluleko sesisa kwiingxoxo zokufuduka, ababanjwa banelungelo lokuqesha igqwetha labo. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente kufuneka anikezele kumaziko asemthethweni kunye nonxulumano lomnxeba ukuze kulula ukumela.
  • Ekunene kwityala elifanelekileyo phambi komgwebi ofudukayo: abagwebi abathathi-nxaxheba (JS) banembopheleleko yokugqiba ukuba ukuvalelwa kufuneka kuqhubeke okanye kuboniswe iimfanelo zetyala lokususwa. Iindlebe kufuneka ziqhutywe ngendlela evumela ababanjwa ukuba banike ubungqina nempikiswano.
  • Ilungelo lokuvavanya ukuvalelwa ngezicelo: IiDetaines zingabhenela kwizigqibo ezibi kwibhodi ye-Immiggtions zibhena (BIA) kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, kwiinkundla zesebe. Izicelo ze Habbeas corpus zinika uluvo olongezelelekileyo lokuvavanya ukuvalelwa okungekho mthethweni okanye okungagqibekanga.
  • Ekunene ukukhulula phantsi kweemeko ezithile: Ababanjiweyo abaninzi bakufanelekele ukukhululwa kwiqhina okanye phantsi kolawulo. Ukungaphumeleli ukulungiselela ukuva iqhina elifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo kungaphazamisana nenkqubo efaneleyo.

Xa ezi nkuselo zisetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo, ukuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kuseyindlela esemthethweni yokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bayathintelwa kunokuba bohlwaye ngaphandle kokuvavanywa.

Indlela Elindelekile Ngayo Inkqubo Yokukhusela Injongo Ephosakeleyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya likarhulumente ngalo lonke ixesha lokuvalelwa. Ukusukela kwixesha umntu asiwa ngalo entolongweni, kusetyenziswa imigaqo-nkqubo yemveli. Oku kulandelayo kubonisa indlela inkqubo efanelekileyo engenelela ngayo kwinqanaba ngalinye:

Ukuvalelwa Kokuqala Nokuphawulwa

Ekubambeni i-Immigration kunye ne-Crostom Errorcement (ICE), umbanjwa kufuneka athunyelwe nge-NTA echaza ngokucacileyo ukuphulwa komthetho wokufuduka. Olu xwebhu lubangela ukuba kuthethwe gwenxa kwe-NTA. Ukuba i-NTA ikhubazekile. Umzekelo, ukunqongophele ukuchotshelwa okanye ukungaphumeleli ukuquka ixesha nendawo yokuchongwa. Isigqibo seNTA ePhakamileyo sisenokuba asisebenzi. Isigqibo seNQUMTSQUMT. [FLT:] Pereira v.'s sessions (2088) sibalase ukuba i-NTA engakwazi ukuvala ixesha lokumiswa komthetho wokususwa kwetyala, kodwa iinkundla ezisezantsi zikwasebenzise ukuphosa intsilelo olunjalo ekuzibekeni ekuvaleni ityala.

Ukuva Ityala Nokuzimisela Ukuba Ngumgcini Wetyala

Kubantu abaninzi abavalelweyo, ukuva ityala liyindlela yokuqala ekhusela ngayo isigqibo sokuvalelwa ixesha elide. Ekuchongweni, urhulumente uthwala umthwalo wokungqina ngokucacileyo nangokuyisekisa ukuba umntu ubeka umngcipheko wenqwelo-moya okanye ingozi kuluntu. Ukuba urhulumente akaphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo, ijaji kufuneka ikhululwe. Ngaphandle kokukhusela okuzenzekelayo, ukuva i- i-Casas-styrillon v. Isebe loKhuselo lwaseHomeland. (2008) likholelwa ukuba ukuva okunjalo kumele kucaciswe ngokobuqu, kwaye ubungqina bumele buphindwe kabungachatshazelwa. Ngaphandle koku kukhuselwa, ukugcinwa komsebenzi ozenzekelayo kusenokuba sisixhobo se-Rhubro.

Uhlolo lweemeko zenjongo

Inkqubo efunekayo iquka iimeko zokuvalelwa. Abantu abagcinwe benelungelo elisemthethweni lokufumana unyango olufanelekileyo, ukhuseleko, kunye nonyango olunobuntu. Ryeyes v. CCA (2011], inkundla yesithili yesizwe ifumanise ukuba iimeko kwisongezelelo sokuvalelwa kwabantu abafudukayo zinokuchasana noMphetho-Mthethweni weSihlanu ukuba behla phantsi kwemilinganiselo esezantsi. Xa iimeko zokuphathwa kakubi, iinkundla zolawulo lorhulumente zinokungenelela ngamalungelo amakhaya kunye nezibongozo zomrhumo, zikhupha okanye zithumele isicombululo.

Ucelomngeni Lokuqhuba Inkqubela Elindelekileyo Kwinkumbulo Yokufuduka

Phezu kwako nje ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo esemthethweni, ukukhuselwa ngendlela efanelekileyo akusoloko kusenziwa.

Ukulinda Okude Kweendlebe

Enye yezona ngxaki zingapheliyo yindawo ephambili yeenkundla zokufuduka. Ngonyaka wama-2024, kwakukho amatyala angaphezu kwezigidi ezibini alindeleyo phambi kweenkundla zokufuduka, kunyaka ophakathi wokulindela ixesha elingaphezu kweminyaka emibini. Kubabanjwa, oku kuthetha ukuvalelwa ixesha elide ngoxa ityala labo lokususwa liqhubeka kancinci. Ulawulo lweBiden luthathe amanyathelo okunciphisa imo yomva ngokuqesha abagwebi abangakumbi abafuduki, kodwa umsantsa uhlala ubanzi. Okwangoku, abantu abaninzi bahlala betshixiwe kangangeelwe iinyanga okanye kwaneminyaka emibini, besebenza ngokunempumelelo kwisohlwayo phambi kokuba kufunyanwe nayiphi na into efumanekayo.

Ukusikelwa Imida Isiluleko Esisemthethweni

Nangona abavalelwe benelungelo lokuqesha igqwetha, akukho lungelo lokutyunjwa ngentlawulo karhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, ababanjwa abaninzi abangenayo abakwazi ukufikelela kwigqwetha. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba ababanjwa abamele imvume esemthethweni basengozini enkulu yokukhululwa ngamaqhina nokuphumelela kwimicimbi yabo yokususa. Ngaphandle kwegqwetha, ababanjwa basenokungawaqondi amalungelo abo, ukuphoswa kwemiqathango yexesha elimisiweyo, okanye ukungaphumeleli ukunyusa intelekelelo ephantsi yokuvalelwa. Amaqela eenkqubo ze-prodoo azama ukugcwalisa umsantsa, kodwa afuna ukufikelela kukhulu.

Inkululeko yejaji eHlanganisayo

Abagwebi abathathi-nxaxheba bangabasebenzi beSebe leMimiselo yeJaji, nabo abaphethe igalelo lokunyanzelisa uluntu −. Eli lungiselelo lesakhiwo linyusa inkxalabo ngokuzimela ngokwamatyala. Abanye abagwebi bajamelana nengcinezelo yokulawula urhulumente, ingakumbi kwidokisi eliphezulu. IZiko leMelika Bar kunye neminye imibutho liye labiza ukwenza iinkundla zokufuduka zibe liQumrhu elizimeleyo iNkundla I ukuphelisa le ngxabano. De kude kube ngoko, imbono yokucalulaza ityala ihlazelela ukuthembeka komvalelo.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Nemigudu Yotshintsho

Ngenxa yocelomngeni oluqhubekayo, inkqubela eninzi yakutshanje iye yazama ukomeleza inkqubo efunekayo yokuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Amanyathelo asemthethweni okuphucula indlela yokufumana uncedo olusemthethweni

Iingingqi ezininzi noomasipala baye basungula iinkqubo ezinika iziluleko ezixhaswayo ekuhleni ezinika abaphambukeli abavalelweyo. Umzekelo, inkqubo yeSixeko saseNew York “I-Accessival Acception to Deception” iqinisekisa ukuba umelo olusemthethweni kubo bonke ababanjwa ekususweni kwemicimbi. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba iinkqubo ezinjalo zinciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ixesha lokuvalelwa kwaye zinyusa iziphumo ezilungileyo. Amanyathelo afanayo eKhalifoniya, eColorado, naseWashington abonise ukuba ukunikela isiluleko kuyindlela eluncedo yokuqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo nokunciphisa ukuvalelwa okungeyo okungeyo.

Isigwebo Sejaji Ngexesha Elifanelekileyo

Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zicacisa ukuba ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kwetyala ngokukhawuleza kuchasene nenkqubo efunekayo. Fraiat v. ICE (2029), iNinth Centre yabambelela ekubeni ukuvalelwa ixesha elide ngaphandle kokuvalwa kweqhina (ngonaxa umbanjwa wayenengxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho/ukungavunyelwa. Inkundla ifuna ukuba urhulumente abonise ngobungqina obucacileyo nobucacileyo bokuba umntu uhlala engumngcipheko okanye ingozi. Esi sigqibo sinyanze ukuba aphinde avavanye izigqibo zokuvalelwa kwakhe kwaye akhulule abantu abangenakubanjwa ngokusemthethweni.

Izizathu zoMthetho zokulinganisela iNtlawulo Engenasiphelo

KwiBhunga, “Unyamezelo Lomthetho Ongaxhaswayo Wokungangeni Macala” kunye namanye amatyala aye aziswa ekufakeni ityala ekuvalweni ngeentsuku ezingama-60 kwaye kufuneka kuqwalaselwe rhoqo. Ngoxa ezi zindululo zingakadluli, babonisa uvumo olukhulayo lokuba ukuvalelwa okungagqibekanga akunabudlelane kwaye mhlawumbi kuchasene nomthetho. Ulawulo lwaseBiden lukwanike ukhokelo lwangaphakathi lokuyalela ukuvalelwa kwe-ICE ukuba kubekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwabo babangela izisongelo zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kunokuba kudluliselwe abantu abaphantsi.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwezinye Iindlela Ukuze Uzikhumbule

Iinkqubo ezinokusetyenziswa ekuvalweni (ATD) `njenge-GPS - uhlolo, ii-cheke-ngaphakathi nabaphathi-tyala, kunye nemfonomfono-fono inikela iindlela ezincinci zokuqinisekisa inkangeleko ekuvinyweni. Uphando lubonisa ukuba i-ATD ifumana isantya sokuthobela esiphezulu ngeli lixa inkxaso ekhoyo. Urhulumente uye wandisa ubalo lwe-ATD kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kodwa amandla afunekayo. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba ukuvalelwa isetyenziswe kuphela xa kuyimfuneko, kwaye i-ATD inika indlela ecacileyo yokuhlonela loo mgaqo.

Ukuthelekisa Inkqubo Elindelekileyo Kumanyano Lolwaphulo - mthetho Nokusesikweni

Ukuvalelwa kwe-S6 Amendment kungumthetho, kungekhona ulwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa iziphumo zayo zinokuba ziqatha kakhulu, okanye zingaphezulu. Kodwa ukhuseleko olusemthethweni kumatyala okufuduka lubuthathaka kunalawo akwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, iSithandathu soMphengululo siqinisekisa ukuba nabani na ummangalelwa ojamelene nokuvalelwa. Akukho siqinisekiso esinjalo sikhoyo kwiinkundla zokungena kwabantu. Ngokufanayo, abamangalelwa bezigwebi banelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza; ababanjwa basoloko belinda iinyanga ezithile ukuze bafumane ukuchotshelwa. Oku kuphakamisa inkxalabo enzulu ekufuneka kuqulethwe yinkqubo enzulu, ingakumbi xa kuqwalaselwa ukuvalelwa komntu okuluthiwe kukungamele kungabi nankululeko yokuvalelwa.

Ku Padilla v. Kentucky (2010), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqonda ukuba ukugxothwa “sisohlwayo esinzima ngokwemo” esinokuba “silingana nokugxothwa okanye ukugxothwa.” Le ngqiqo ifanele ifikelele ekususweni kwangaphambili. Ukungalingani kokhuseleko lwendalo kuthetha ukuba abantu abaninzi babanjwa kwimijelo yokufuduka phantsi kwemilinganiselo enokuthi ingasetyenziswa kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo

IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zinike ukhokelo ekusetyenzisweni kovalelo lokufuduka. Iqela lokusebenza le-UN kwi-Arbitrory Debery lithi ukuvalelwa kwabafuduki kufuneka kube njengendlela yokugqibela yokukhetha, ixesha elifutshane elinokwenzeka, kwaye nezixhobo ezipheleleyo zokukhusela. Isivumelwano sezizwe ngemithetho yezizwe eBaluleki nakwezepolitiki (ICCPR), apho nabani na ohluthwa inkululeko kufuneka aziswe khona ngokukhawuleza phambi komgwebi aze anikwe ithuba lokuvavanya ukuvalelwa. Ngoxa u-US. umthetho uququzelela uninzi lwemigaqo, imingxube eseleyo (iiiiiCP) ngokubhekisele ekunene nakusekunene kwiBhunga elizimeleyo.

Isiphelo: Imfuneko Eqhubekayo Yokukhusela Inkqubo Elindelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo asiyongcamango yobugcisa nje; lukhuselo olwahlula ukuvalelwa ngokusemthethweni ekuvalweni okungekho mthethweni. Amaziko okuvalelwa ayimfuneko ekunyanzeleni imithetho yokufuduka yesizwe, kodwa kufuneka asebenzise ngaphakathi kwemida yesiseko. Ukhuseleko oluchazwe(nenotice, icebiso, ukuva okufanelekileyo, uhlalutyo olufike ngexesha elililo, kunye neemeko zobuntu ezijongene nesidima somntu.

Noko ke, inkqubo efanelekileyo yomelele kuphela njengokusebenza kwayo. Ukuqhubeka kusenziwa komthetho, ulawulo, kunye nenyathelo lowiso-mthetho kubalulekile ukuze kuvalwe izithuba ekuphunyezweni kwazo. Wonke umntu ovalelwe kwindawo yokufuduka ufanelwe kubulungisa obusisiseko obuthe umGaqo-siseko wathembisa kubo bonke abangaphakathi kwemida yethu. Ngokuqonda indlela inkqubo ekhuselekileyo ekuvalweni okungekho mthethweni, singenza kakuhle ukuba inkqubo ihlale ithembekile kwaye isebenzela ukuguqula ukhuseleko nobulungisa.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga i ACLU yomsebenzi we-'kungawasebenzisi amalungelo abaphambukeli', i-, i-Melika-American Immugigation commentation commenter [, kunye nesikhokelo se- INFCR] kwimigangatho yentolongo [. Le mibutho inika uhlaluzo oluqhubekayo kunye nolawulo olugcina inkqubo efanelekileyo kumbindindindi wotshintsho lokufuduka.