Ukwazisa: Ukwakhiwa Kolawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Ukwakhiwa koorhulumente bedemokhrasi bale mihla kusekelwe kumgaqo osisiseko: ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Le ngcamango, eyaziwa kakhulu yintanda-bulumko yaseFrentshi uMontesquieu kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka elingu-1748.] Umoya woMthetho , ihlula amagunya orhulumente abe ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: ulawulo, isebe eliphetheyo, kunye nelokugweba. Isebe ngalinye lineembopheleleko ezikhethekileyo, kunye namandla, liyila inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano oluyilelwe ukukhusela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekulawuleni abanye. Kuba abafundi, abafundisi, nabahlali, ukuqonda ukwahlukana okuphakathi kwaba bangamasebe akuyo nje ukusetyenziswa kwemfundo yemfundo, kwaye i-unikl, kufuneka kuqondwe ngendlela efanayo, nendlela yokusetyenziswa kwemithetho elungelelamaneni, kunye nendlela yokusetyenziswa kwe-United States.

Isebe Lomthetho: Ilizwi Labantu Ekubekeni Imithetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linembopheleleko eyintloko yokudala, ukuphikisana, nokumisela imithetho. Limela ubumi kwaye lisebenza njengendawo yokuqala yokukhulula umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. EUnited States, eli sebe likhonjwa yiBhunga laseUnited States eliyiUnited States eliyiUnited States, indlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bitaral equlunjwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNtsimbini. Esi sakhiwo se-cambar sasingu silalanisa ngabomkhethe kwiNdibano yeMgaqo-siseko ka-1787, ilungelelanisa izilangazelelo zamazwe amakhulu namancinane.

Ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa

Indlu yabameli isekelwe kumelo olulungelelanisiweyo, enamalungu ovota angama-45 ahlulwe phakathi kwamazwe ngokokwabantu. Ummeli ngamnye ukhonza igama elineminyaka emibini, ebangela ukuba iNdlu yeNdlu iphendule ngendlela entle kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iCante, inika umelo olulinganayo kwilizwe ngalinye, nabaphathi ababini kwilizwe ngalinye abasebenza ngokutyibilikayo ngokweminyaka emithandathu. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba kwanamazwe angenamdla mninzi kakhulu anelizwi elinamandla kumthetho wesizwe. UMongameli ukhonza njengoMongameli weNtsimbingeleli kodwa uvota kuphela ukuze aqhawule amaqhina. Indlu yabathethi esibini kumgca wolawulo olulandelela.

Imisebenzi neMisebenzi yeCore

Umsebenzi oyintloko wesebe lowiso-mthetho kukubekwa komthetho, kodwa indima yalo idlulela ngaphaya koko. Uxanduva olungundoqo luquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuhloba nokungenisa uMthetho: Naliphi na ilungu leBhunga lingacebisa ukuba linikwe ityala. Inkoliso yemali ivela kwiikomiti, apho iingcali ezinika ingcebiso zihlolisisa kwaye zicoceke. Ngokutsho kwe iSibonelelo seBhunga , amawaka eendleko aziswa intlanganiso nganye, kodwa kuphela inxalenye engomthetho.
  • [[NTLA] I-Debet kunye noHlaziyo: Phambi kokuvota, amatyala adlalwa ngoluvolo kwaye angalungiswa. Indlu isebenza phantsi kwemithetho engqongqo ethintela ingxoxo, ngelixa iNdlu yeNdlu ivumela ingxoxo ende, kuquka i-filbuster/a iqhinga apho umlinganisi uthetha ixesha elide ukulibazisa okanye ukuvala ivoti.
  • Ukungqina uHlahlo-mali loManyano-mali: Congress inamandla "amandla emali emali" kufuneka igunyazise lonke urhulumente ukuchitha imali kunye nokuqokelelwa kwerhafu. Indlu iphuma kwiindleko zemali, kodwa omabini amagumbi kufuneka adlulise izisombululo zemali kunye neendleko zentelekelelo.
  • Ukugqithisa kweSebe eliLawulayo: Congress ziqhuba ukuva, uphengululo, kunye nokuhlola izenzo zamasebe aphetheyo. Ingangamangqina namaxwebhu angaphantsi kwepeyinti. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli ubalulekile ekuphenduleni. [ I-ofisi ye-Akhawunti yeGovertication [GAO] ixhasa iBhunga kunye novavanyo.
  • I-Advice kunye neNkqutyana: Indlu yendlu yemibutho kuphela eqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (amalungu ecabinet, oomatiloshe, abagwebi bequmrhu, kuquka amaJaji eNkundla ePhakamileyo) kwaye idibanisa izivumelwano ngobuninzi obubini besithathu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla okuxhobisa: Indlu inamandla okuphela amagosa karhulumente, kuquka uMongameli, "ngesizathu, ukunyoba, okanye obunye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nokungagqibeki." IBhunga leNtlanga liqhuba ityala ukugqiba ukususwa.

Inkqubela Yomthetho Esebenzayo

Umthetho uba ngumthetho ngenkqubo eneenyathelo ezininzi ezibonisa ubukho borhulumente ngabom. Emva kokuqalisa, uthunyelwa kwikomiti. Ukuba kuxelwe kakuhle, ushukuma ukuya kumgangatho ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo kunye nevoti. Ukuba idluliswe kwelinye igumbi, isiya kwelinye. Zombini iigumbi mazidlule iinguqulelo ezifanayo. Umahluko uyaxolelaniswa kwikomiti yengqungquthela. Ekugqibeleni, irejista ithunyelwa kuMongameli, ongayisayina kumthetho okanye kuvote.

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu: Ukuzalisekisa noLawulo

Ngoxa isebe lowiso-mthetho lisenza imithetho, isebe elilawulayo libekwa ityala lokuqinisekisa nokulisebenzisa. Elilawulwa nguMongameli, isebe eliphetheyo likwaquka uMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, kunye namakhulu amasebe karhulumente. UMongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente, indima edityanisiweyo edibanisa ukhokelo lwesizwe olufuziselayo kunye neembopheleleko zolawulo lwemihla ngemihla.

Ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa

Isebe elilawulayo likhulu kwaye lintsonkothile. UMongameli unyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine ngeElectoral College, hayi ngevoti edumileyo `inyaniso ekhokelela ngqo kumongameli ophulukana nevoti ethandwayo. IKhabhinethi iquka uMongameli ophetheyo kunye neentloko zeesebe eliphetheyo ezili-15 (umz., uRhulumente, uBangameli, uMasipala, uMandla kunye neeNkonzo Zoluntu). Aba noonobhala-mthetho bamiselwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiNkqutyana leNtlanganiso. Ngaphantsi kwabo bafumana izintlu-mali-mali, ii-oomasipala, ii-ofisi ze-ofisi ze-ofisi, kunye nemibutho yezoburhulumente, njengamaqela [[FLT.0.] I-AP.[FLD.1], i-FLCreauragetivey Comment Adminity [ierst]

Imisebenzi neMisebenzi yeCore

  • [[NTLA:0] Ukulawula imithetho yoManyano: uMongameli kunye namaqumrhu aphetheyo ajongene nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga iphunyezwe. Oku kuquka ukumisela imithetho echaza indlela esebenza ngayo. Umzekelo, uMthetho we-Ceather Air unika igunya lokumisela i-EPA imigangatho yokukhupha igesi.
  • Ukuqulunqwa komgaqo-nkqubo waManygedoni: UMongameli ukhonza njengonozakuzaku omkhulu wesizwe, izivumelwano (ozithotyelwe kukwahlulwa kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso), ukumisela oothunywashe, nokudibana neenkokeli zamanye amazwe. UMongameli unakho ukukhupha izivumelwano zolawulo oluphezulu, ezingafuni kuvunyelwa yiBhunga.
  • uMyaleli- ngaphakathi- kwiChieef: UMongameli ungoyena mphathi uphezulu omisa imikhosi exhobileyo. Oku kunika ulawulo kwimisebenzi yomkhosi negunya lokukhokela imikhosi, nangona iBhunga kuphela linamandla okubhengeza imfazwe.
  • Amagosa oManyano amiselweyo: uMongameli ubeka abagwebi, ii-ofire, kunye namagosa aphezulu aphezulu. La madinga isiqinisekiso seNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, kodwa uMongameli ukwanamandla okwenza izicwangciso zomnqamlezo xa iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ingekho kwintlanganiso.
  • [[NTL: 0] Imiyalelo ekhupha ulawulo oluphezulu: UMongameli angalathisa isebe eliphetheyo ukuba lenze izenzo ezithile ngaphandle kokulinda iBhunga. Le miyalelo inamandla omthetho kodwa inokuthi ipheliswe yiBhunga ngomthetho okanye icelwe ityala njengengavumelaniyo nemithetho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amandla ePardon: UMongameli anganika ukuxolelwa nokubuyiselwa kwetyala lorhulumente (ngaphandle kwiimeko ezingangeni manyathelo). Eli gunya liphelele kwinkqubo yolawulo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Igunya le-Veto: UMongameli angagqithisa amatyala emali nguCongress, enyanzelisa ii-2-3 zevoti ukubopha ukuba zimiselwe. Iveto sisixhobo esinamandla ukubumba umthetho.

Indima yesebe elinolawulo oluphezulu kwinkqubo

Isebe elilawulayo lelona libonakalayo kwinkoliso yabemi, njengoko livelela yonke into ukususela kukhuseleko lwesizwe ukuya kumgaqo wemekobume. Isebe lalo elikhulu lisebenzisa ukuthanda kweBhunga kodwa likwacacisa imithetho ngokumisela imithetho. Ubuchule boMongameli bokukhupha imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo buye bakhula ngokuhamba kwexesha, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxoxo eziphathelele umgangatho ofanelekileyo wamandla olawulo oluphezulu. Umzekelo, imiyalelo yabalawuli abalawulayo ngokufuduka, inkqubo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nonyango lwempilo iye yacelw ’ umngeni enkundleni, ibonakalisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezisebenzayo phakathi kwamasebe.

Isebe Lezeejaji: Ukutolika Nokusesikweni

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho, liqinisekisa ukuba bayavumelana nomGaqo-siseko, kwaye lisombulula iimpikiswano. Ukuzimele kwalo kwamanye amasebe kubalulekile ekulondolozeni umthetho. EUnited States, inkqubo yokugweba ikhokelwa yiNkundla yetyala [ ephakamileyo kwaye iquka iinkundla ezisezantsi zesizwe.

Ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa

Abagwebi bomanyano bamiselwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiNkundla yamatyala. Babamba iiofisi zabo zobomi "ngendlela yokuziphatha entle," intsingiselo yabo banokususwa kuphela ngokungagunyaziswanga. Lo bomi babakhusela kwiingcinezelo zezobupolitika kwaye baqinisekise ukuba bangenza izigqibo ezingakhethiyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iqule ithoba lizigwebo: iSigwebo esinye nesisibhozo esingokwaBagwebi abamanyeneyo. Inani labagwebi limiselwe yiBhunga, eliyitshisi maxesha amaninzi embalini. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zeenkundla zeenkundla zesithili ezingama-9, iinkundla eziliqela zezibheno, neenkundla eziliqela ezikhethekileyo (umz., iNkundla yezonganiso zeNkundla yeeNkundla yeeNtloko zezomthetho) ziyaphatha kwaye zisingatha imicimbi yomthetho engowaseburhulumente, kodwa iinkundla zolawulo lwesizwe, kunye neengxuwaniso zobuzwe.

Imisebenzi neMisebenzi yeCore

  • [[FLT: 0] Impinda yeJodicial: Owona mandla abalulekileyo esebe lejaji kukukwazi ukuvakalisa imithetho okanye imisebenzi yempatho yegunya engekho semthethweni. Eli gunya lamiselwa kwimo yezulu yomzekelo (1803 umzekelo buttory v. Madison. Ivumela iinkundla ukuba zityhafe izenzo zoBhunga okanye uMongameli ochasene nomGaqo-siseko.
  • Imithetho engenisayo: IiNkundla kufuneka zitolike imimiselo edidayo zize ziyisebenzise kwiimeko ezithile. Iinkcazelo zazo zimisela imizekelo ekhokelayo kwizigqibo zexesha elizayo(/imfundiso ye stare decis. Oku kuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokuxelwa kwangaphambili kumthetho.
  • Iintswana ezisonjululweyo:[ Isebe lezomthetho liva amatyala oluntu kunye namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, limisela ityala okanye ubumsulwa kwaye libeka izigwebo. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, lilungisa iimpikiswano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, imibutho, okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente.
  • Ukukhusela Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye:[ IiNkundla zikhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, njengenkululeko yokuthetha, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Zingayalela okanye ziyithintele xa amalungelo esongelwa.
  • Ukujongwa kwe-Arhente Agency Application: Xa abemi becela imiqathango yezibonelelo, iinkundla zorhulumente zigqiba ukuba lo mbutho usebenza kwigunya lawo elisemthethweni kwaye ulandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo.

Inkqubo Yogwebo Negunya

INkundla ePhakamileyo iphethe ulawulo olupheleleyo lwamatyala karhulumente kunye namatyala athile karhulumente abandakanya imibuzo karhulumente. Ikhetha ukuba ngawaphi amatyala okuva, ukunika i-certari kuphela kwi1% yezibongozo nyaka ngamnye. Izigqibo zeNkundla zigqibele, nangona zinokupheliswa yimpenduka yemithetho-siseko okanye yinkundla ngokwayo kwiimeko zexesha elizayo. Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo (1954) egwetywe ngamaxabiso angoko.[FLT: 4) Ingcaciso i-mthetho eguqulwayo.[FLT: 4,5]

Iingqinipho nolungelelwano: Ulwalamano oluzimeleyo

Inkcubeko yokwahlula amagunya ixhomekeke kukwahlula igunya kodwa ekuvumeleni isebe ngalinye limisele amanye. Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelana ithintela naliphi na isebe ekuqokeleleni amandla agqithisileyo. UmGaqo-siseko unika ngokucacileyo ubuchule obuninzi ukwenzela isebe ngalinye ukuba lichasane namanye, kwaye uvavanyo olongezelelekileyo luye lwaguquka ngoqheliselo nangesithethe.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

  • IKhomishini ingayigqitha iveto engumongameli kunye novoti ezibini kwisithathu kumagumbi omabini.
  • INdlu yeeNtsimbi iyaqinisekisa okanye iyalwala ukumiselwa koomongameli nezivumelwano.
  • IBhunga lilawula uqingqo - mali-lwazi, lisenokungakufuni ukuxhasa imicimbi yezolawulo.
  • Indlu inokutyhola uMongameli okanye abanye amagosa aphetheyo; iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi iqhuba ityala yaye inokubasusa eziofisini.
  • IBhunga linokuphanda ngezenzo zolawulo ngokuchotshelwa kweetyala nangabaphathi abaphantsi.

Ukujongwa komthetho

  • IBhunga limisela ubungakanani beNkundla Ephakamileyo kunye nesakhiwo seenkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente. Likwanokuyila okanye liyiphelise inkundla ezincinci (ngaphandle kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, emiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko).
  • INdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso iyabaqinisekisa okanye iyabachasa abagwebi.
  • IBhunga linokuphazamisa lize lisuse abagwebi belizwe ngenxa yokuziphatha kakubi.
  • IBhunga linokucebisa utshintsho lomgaqo - siseko ukuze kutshintshwe iinkcazelo ezigwebayo zomGaqo-siseko.
  • IBhunga linokuguqula igunya leenkundla zikarhulumente, nangona lingenakuyisusa iNkundla Ephakamileyo kulawulo lwalo lwantlandlolo.

Isalathisi soMgaqo-siseko

  • UMongameli angawakhupha amatyala adluliselwe yiKhonkxa.
  • UMongameli unokubiza iCongress ukuba ibe kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo xa ingekho kwintlanganiso, nangona kunqabile ukuba lisetyenziswe eli gunya.
  • Umongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli weBhunga, angalwahlula uvoti.
  • UMongameli angasebenzisa "iqonga eliphezulu eliqinileyo" ukubumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye neBhunga loxinzelelo.
  • UMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elawulayo enamandla omthetho, maxa wambi ejika inkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Icandelo Elilawulayo Lijonge Ikomiti

  • UMongameli ubeka amagwebi asekuhlaleni, kuquka amajaji eNkundla Ephakamileyo, abumba isigwebo kangangezizukulwana.
  • UMongameli unokuxolela ulwaphulo - mthetho lwamagunya, aze abhukuqe ezinye iziphumo zomgwebo.
  • ISebe leMithetho esesikweni, phantsi koMongameli, lilawula izigqibo zamatyala afanele aziswe kunye nendlela yokuzisukela ngamandla.
  • UMongameli angala ukunyanzelisa imiyalelo yenkundla, nangona le ingumngcipheko womgaqo-siseko yaye inqabile ukuwenza. Ngexesha lonyaka wamaLungelo oMhlali, uMongameli uEisenhower wathumela imikhosi karhulumente ukuba inyanzelise imiyalelo yokuphelisa ucalucalulo, ebonisa ukuba umphathi ophetheyo angaxhasa imicimbi yezomthetho.

Isalathisi somthetho sihlolisisa uMthetho nolawulo

  • INkundla Ephakamileyo inokuvakalisa imithetho engekho mthethweni (ukuhlolisisa ngokusemthethweni iNkundla).
  • Iinkundla zomanyano zingawisa izenzo zegunya nemithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko okanye engaphaya kwegunya loMongameli.
  • Iinkundla zinokukhupha imimiselo yokubantela izenzo zikarhulumente ezilindele uhlolo olupheleleyo lwenkundla.
  • Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho, ngamanye amaxesha ngeendlela eziguqula iziphumo zalo ezicetyiweyo.

Imizekelo Eluncedo Yemijelo Enamandla

Kulula ukuqonda iingcamango ezingekho ngqiqweni xa kukho imizekelo ecacileyo yembali:

  • [[FLT: 0] Umongameli Truman's Seizere (1952): Ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, uTruman wakhupha umyalelo olawulayo wokuthabatha izigalo zentsimbi ukunqanda isibetho. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula ibhalwe kumgangatho ophezulu weqonga eliphezulu.
  • Ukungakhathalelwa kweVeto: Ngo-2021, iKhomyutha engaphezulu kwe-arede Preside Trump's seveto yeNational Defense Regionation Act, eyokuqala igqithe kwi-Trump comforence. Oku kubonisa amandla olawulo lwesebe xa lihlanganisa ulawulo lwezigqeba ezaneleyo ezaneleyo.
  • Ukuqulunqwa koMongameli Clinton (1998-1999): Indlu etyunjwe nguMongameli Bill Clinton we-perjury kunye nokuthintela okusesikweni; iNdlu yeNtlanganiso ingenatyala kuye. Oku kubonisa amandla esebe lemithetho yokugcina umlawuli oyintloko ephendulayo, ngeli xesha ikwabonisa ukuba ukususwa akuzenzeki kwaye kufuna iivoti ezimbini-3 kwiNdlu.
  • Ukuqinisekisa iNgqiniseko yamaJaji aPhakamileyo eNkundleni ePhakamileyo: Imfazwe ekrakra ekwimilo efana noRobert Bork (waqanjwa ngo 1987) kunye noBrett Kavanaugh (eyenziwe yangama 50-48 ngo1918) ibalaselisa indlela icebiso leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso nendima yemvume ezinokuba yiyo enzulu.
  • Ingqungquthela phantsi kwe-Ice- Ilayini Veto: Ngo-1998, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha phantsi iNkundla ePhawulayo yeNkqutyana yeVto, eyayinike uMongameli amandla okuphelisa izinto ezithile ezisetyenziswayo. INkundla yawisa umthetho wokuphazamisa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngokunika uMongameli igunya elingakhange litshintshe imithetho.

Ukunconywa Kokwahlukana Kwamandla Kwimeko - bume Yezobupolitika Yanamhlanje

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imida ephakathi kwamasebe iye yavavanywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Imiyalelo yabalawuli iye yagquma kakhulu, nabona balawuli babo bobabini abasebenzisa bona ukumisela inkqubo yokumiselwa kwemithetho xa iBhunga livalwa. Uqinisekiso lwejaji luguqukile lwaba ziindawo zemfazwe ezidibeneyo, namacala omabini etyhola amanye amatyala. IiKhomishini ziye zazama ngamandla ukuphatha ngexesha lokusebenza kwesebe ngalinye ngokugqithisileyo kwaye ziye ngamathuba athile zanika igunya eliphangaleleyo kumaziko aphetheyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingxoxo ye-"authorafement" kunye nenkqubo engagunyazenziwa phantsi kwemithetho yezomthetho. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ixhomekeke kwimithetho-mthetho kuphela kodwa ekuvumeni kwesebe ngalinye ekuphumeleni igunya lalo lwalo, nokuhlonela igunya lalo. Xa elinye isebe linike amandla amakhulu kakhulu.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Kubalulekile Ukuqonda Oku Kungafaniyo

Amasebe owiso-mthetho, olawulo-mthetho, nolawulo-mthetho abumba isiseko solawulo-mthetho lwezolawulo-mthetho lweMelika kunye nezinye iidemokrasi ezininzi ehlabathini lonke. Amagunya awo ahlukeneyo neembopheleleko zawo azimiselwa kakuhle ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukumiswa komthetho kusenziwa ngabom, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuyasebenza, kwaye ukucaciswa komthetho akunamkhethe. Iindlela kunye nezingqino eziphothiweyo eziphothiweyo kwilaphu lomGaqo-siseko zilungiselela inkqubo yokuzilungisa ngokwazo esele inyamezele ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Kuba abemi, bayazi ukuba liliphi isebe elibalulekileyo ekubekeni ityala likarhulumente. Kunceda ukuvota, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo yesebe, kwaye ukukwazi ukuqaphela xa elinye isebe lingena kwelinye. Njengokuba ulawulo lwezopolitiko, ukwakhiwa kwemimandla ehlala ihleli engcono ngokukhuselwayo, ukhuseleko oluselulekileyo lwenkululeko yegunya elifanelekileyo.