Ukwazisa: Isiseko somGaqo-siseko senkqubo elindelekileyo

Ingcamango yenkqubo efanelekileyo yenye yezona ntsika zihlala zihleli zomthetho-siseko waseMerika. Isekelwe kwisiqinisekiso sikaMagna Carta sokuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo oza kuphulukana nobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe, inkqubo efunekayo iye yaguquka yaba yisiqinisekiso esiphindwe kabini esiqinisekisiweyo kwiSindululo soMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine. UMthetho weSindululo weSihlanu usebenza kurhulumente wesizwe, uvakalisa ukuba akukho mntu “ohlulwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” IsiHlamguqulo sephondo, esinconywa emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, ugqithisela umqathango omnye kwilizwe. Oku kufuna ukuba zonke ezi zibonelelo zobulungisa, kwaye ziqhutyetyelwe ngokwemigaqo yomthetho.

Le nkqubo ifanelekileyo asiyongcinga emileyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkundla ePhakamileyo itolike ukuquka zombini izikhuseli ze-procedential ```isaziso, ukuva,' kunye nenkundla engakhethiyo'. kunye nezokhuselo ezikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneni kukarhulumente. Oku kudala izinto ezimbini ezenza inkqubo efunekayo yesithuthi sokuqala esisetyenziswa ngurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni phantsi kwemfundiso yezezwe yokukhetha [ ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, ukhuseleko lweyokuQala, lwesihlanu, lweSihlanu, lweSithandathu, kunye neziHlaba-8 iziHlayi-Gawulayo zezo-zigwebo zisebenza kuphela kurhulumente, kushiya inkqubo yesizwe ingathintelwanga.

Ukuqonda indima yenkqubo efunekayo kwinkqubo yokudibanisa iinqobo kufuneka unyukele ngokunzulu kwimbali, iimvavanyo zomthetho, kunye neemeko eziphawula iziganeko eziye zayila umthetho wezomGaqo-siseko wale mihla. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela iNkundla ePhakamileyo eye yasebenzisa ngayo uhlalutyo olufanelekileyo ukufumanisa ukuba ziziphi iziqinisekiso zeBhili yamaLungelo “ezingokoqobo” ngokwaneleyo ukubopha amaphondo, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho olinganayo wenkululeko yomntu ngamnye kulo lonke ilizwe.

Ukuqonda Ukuhambelana Okubalulekileyo

I-Grid yamaLungelo amiselwe ngokwemigaqo-mthetho eyavela kuthotho lwezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba nasekuqaleni kwemashumi amabini. Phambi kokuba kuqaliswe uLawulo lweshumi elinesine lo Amezomthetho ngo1868, iBhili yamaLungelo yasebenza kuphela kurhulumente wezwe, njengoko iqinisekiswe yimeko ye-1833 Berron v. Baltimoret.[FL:1]. Amazwe ayekhululekile ukuyila iinkqubo zawo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yokuthetha, kunye namalungelo empahla ngaphandle kolawulo lwamagunya. Unyaka wesineth Developmentation, kunye neNkstikitho lwe-Mkolo olugunyaziso olugunyazi, kunye nengxoxo engundoqo yemithetho egunyazisa amalungelo athile kazwe-ozwe [FLT: FFF]

Iingcamango ezidibeneyo ezimbini ezikhuphisanayo zavela: idityanisiwe iBhili ye-IClaus eququzelelayo kunye [FLT] ne yokukhetha ukwenziwa . Iyonke idityaniswa, ixhaswe nguJaji Hugo Black, iphikisa ukuba i-IClaus Erst Resmementation Programme iquka zonke ii-Bill yamaxwebhu amalungelo, yenza zonke izikhuseli zayo ezisebenzayo kumacandelo. Mnyama waqinisekisa ukuba abakhenkcedeli be- 1450th Amelika babe nesiphumo. Noko ke, uninzi lweNkundla aluzange lwamkele le mbono. Endaweni ekhetha, ityala-ucingo-o-endo oluthe ngqo nyani nganye kuhlobo ngalunye ukuba ngaba ngaba “kwenyani kumthetho wobulungisa baseMelika."

Isenzo sokukhetha sisebenza ngamandla kwi-Acts of the 144 Demendment’s Programme Claus, hayi amaLungelo okanye ama-Immunities Claus. Nangona i-1873 Ityala leNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu ibekelwe umda omkhulu okanye iII-Immuniment Clause, izigqibo kamva zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini zaphinda zaqalisa kwakhona i-'udweliso lwe-Clausce njengenjini yokudityaniswa. Isiphumo sisesona sisesandle: kodwa asizinzi sonke, solulawulo lwamalungelo ngoku asekuhlaleni. Ukhuseleko lwesithathu kumkhosi owesithathu alukhange luqukiwe, kwaye ulawulo lwesibini lwafakwa kuphela ku-2010 [FLD [F].[2][FFFF]

Kutheni Ufanele Ukhethe Endaweni Yokukhetha Nje?

Ukukhetha kweNkundla ukuququzelela iSindululo esikhethiweyo kuqukwa ngokuhlonelwa kolawulo lorhulumente kunye novavanyo lukarhulumente. Amazwe aye asebenza ngokwembali njengeeklasi zedemokhrasi, kwaye ukuququzelelwa kwelungelo ngalinye lorhulumente kusenokuba kwathintela ukusungulwa kwemithetho yezaphuli-mthetho nenkululeko yabemi. Ngaphezu koko, umbhalo weSindululo seshumi elinesine soHlaziselo lwamalungelo eMpathi awukhankanyi iBhili yamaLungelo; ithetha “ngokuya kuqhubekeka komthetho.” Inkundla iye yawachaza la magama njengomlinganiselo obhetyebhetyekayo okhusela amalungelo asekelwe kwimbali nakwizithethe zoluntu, hayi njengoluhlu lomatshini. INkukhetha iNkuhlela iNkundla ivumela ukuba ihlaziye amalungelo njengoko kusenziwa ngumzekelo, ibandakanya ilungelo lokuthwala izixhobo kumashumi amabini amabini eminyaka emva kweminyaka amashumi amabini amashumi okuqala eeshumi eenkulungwane eeeeeengxoxo.

Indima yenkqubela elindelekileyo kumanyano

Inkqubo elindelekileyo isebenza njengendlela yeprocedal kunye nomgangatho osezantsi wokukhetha. Inkundla Ephakamileyo ayibuzi nje ukuba ilungelo livele kwiBhili yamaLungelo; ibuza ukuba elo lungelo licacile kulwazi lwenkululeko yomyalelo kwaye libalulekile kwinkqubo esesikweni. Olu phendlo lusekelwe kwi-'Udweliso lomthetho olusemthethweni'l'umthetho' olusemthethweni. Njengoko iNkundla ichazelwe kwi- Palko v. Connecticut [197], ilungelo liyaqukwa ukuba “imeko epheleleyo yenkululeko yokukhululeka yenkululeko" kwaye ukuba iyavunywa.

Le nkqubo ifanelekileyo yohlalutyo inamacala amabini. Eyokuqala yinkqubo efunekayo inguprocedural procebral [, elawula indlela imithetho enyanzeliswa ngayo. Umzekelo, isiHlazo seSithandathu sokunika iliso nelungelo lokuqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa ufumana ityala elisesikweni; iNkundla ifake eli lungelo [[FLT:] [2] Gracconfright [[FLT] v. [[FLT]] [[FLT] [63]] [iindlela ebambekayo] (iiindlela]) ngokuqiqanda ukuba ukumangalelwa okulungileyo akunakwenzekangali, isetyenziswa njengemvume yokuthetha imvume elungileyo. [[FLT][5]

Uvavanyo lwamalungelo abantu abambalwa

Uvavanyo olusisiseko lwamalungelo, olwaveliswa kwinkqubo efunekayo, sisixhobo esiyintloko sokukhetha. Phantsi kolu vavanyo, iNkundla ihlola ukuba ilungelo “liyinyani kumgaqo wetyala laseMelika.” Lo mlinganiselo ucaciswe kwiimeko eziliqela zephawu. Duncan v. Louisiana [1968] [iiiinkqubo engundoqo], equka iSithandathu Isinyusi sokugqibezelo sokulawula kumacala anzulu olwaphulo-mthetho, iNkukholelwa ukuba oku kuyimfuneko ukuba “kumele ulawulo lwenkululeko lwamaNgilani nomthetho oyalelwe. Inkundla ikhangeleka kwimbali, isithethe, kunye nokuqhelisa okusebenza oku, ibandakanya nokusebenza kwamaqela amaqela amaqela asekuhlaleni.

Uvavanyo olusisiseko lwamalungelo alusetyenziswa ngobuchule. INkundla iqwalasela injongo yelungelo, indima yayo ekukhuseleni isidima somntu ngamnye, nokuba ukungahoyi kwayo kungakuphelisa ukufaneleka kwetyala elingokwasemthethweni. Umzekelo, umthetho weSine wokuzinzisa umgaqo wafakwa kumgangatho wesango Mapp v. Ohio[FL:1] [1961] ngenxa yokuba iNkundla igqibele ukuba ngaphandle kwayo, ilungelo elichasene nokuphengulula okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxwa lizanyaza liza kuba lingenanjongo. Ngoko inkqubo yeSindululo isebenza njengomgcini-sango, iqinisekisa ukuba loo malungelo ayimfuneko esesikweni akhutshelwa kwimithetho.

Inkululeko Elungelelanisiweyo Nohlalutyo Lwembali

Ibinzana leJaji Benjamin Cardozo elithi “inkululeko elungelelanisiweyo” yaba sisiko lokusebenzisa i-Palko. Inkululeko elungelelanisiweyo ibhekisela kwinkqubo yenkululeko enyanzelwa ngumthetho, apho amalungelo akhuselweyo kodwa angaphelelanga. Ekusebenziseni lo mgangatho, iNkundla ikwala ngokwembali ukusondela okuqinileyo kombhalo. Endaweni yoko, ibeka umlinganiselo wokubaluleka komdla ngokuchasene nomdla worhulumente ekulondolozeni imigaqo. Umzekelo, ukhuseleko lweFindmGandrefement lungangeniselwa kwingozi ephinda-phindeneyo. Benton. Mary v[FLT] [12:] [69] ngenxa yokuba iNkufunyaniswe umngcipheko ophindaphindiweyo “luxanduku, lungamele ukuba ucineze ucineze ucineze ulwe ngokungekho sikweni."

Uhlalutyo lwembali lukwanendima. INkundla isoloko ihlola ukuba ilungelo laligqalwa njengelibalulekileyo ngexesha lokwandiswa koMphengululo weshumi elinesine. Timbs v. Indiana (2029), eyaquka i-Expression’s Redmisted Recons Claus, iNkundla yalatha kuMagna Carta, umthetho we-colonian, kunye nemithetho-siseko sangaphambili ukubonisa ukuba ukukhuselwa kokunxityiswa okugqithisileyo kwakusekelwe nzulu kwisithethe saseMelika. Le nkqubo yembali ibandakanya i-ankile ngokwentsingiselo yokuqala ye-1459, umgaqo wolwamguqulo lweziko lomthetho, ngexesha ivumela ukutoliko oluqhubekayo.

Imigangatho esemthethweni kunye novavanyo: Ukusuka ePalko ukuya kuMcDonald

Indaleko yokukhetha isalathisi isenokulandelwa kwimigangatho emininzi engundoqo esemthethweni. Ubuchule bokuqala bokusebenza bavela kwi- Palko v. Connecticut (1937]. Kwimeko enjalo, iNkundla ayizange ikwazi ukuquka ukhuseleko oluphindiweyo lweMgqomo-mbini nxamnye namazwe, iphethe ukuba amalungelo kuphela “ekhuselwe kwingcamango yenkululeko e-" iyakhuselwa. UPalko waseka uvavanyo lwesibini-prong: elungileyo kufuneka isohlwayo kwaye ulwalo lwayo lumele lusothuse isazela. Olu vavanyo lushiye uvavanyo oluphambili kamashumi amathathu eminyaka.

Utshintsho lwenzeka ngeminyaka yee-1960 ngexesha leNkundla yaseWarren. Malloy v. Hogan (1964]), iNkundla yaquka ilungelo lokuLandlwa kweSigqibo sesihlanu nxamnye nolwahlulo-luvo, ngokucacileyo ukulibeka phezulu Ukuvavanya v. INew Jersey[[FLT][FLT]] [1908]). Inkundla yashiya “umgangatho wesazela” kwaye endaweni yoko yathi ilungelo liqukiwe ukuba“ liyimfuneko ngoko ke ekucinyweni ngokusesikweni okulungileyo." "ukuvavanya umlinganiselo wokuquququzelela, ukukhokelela kungceleleko olukhawulezileyo lwezigqibo lwezi, olungenisa ungxube lwezinziso sivumelwano, nolunganyanze imigaqo ye-6.

. Le fomu ivumela iNkundla ukuba ifake ilungelo kwityala lejaji nakubeni amanye amazwe aqhelekileyo, njenge Britane, aye asebenzisa abachopheli betyala kwakhona, ichaza ukuba ilungelo libalulekile ukuba “liyimfuneko kulawulo lwenkululeko yama-Anglo-American." Oku kuyila kuvumela iNkundla ukuba ifake umgangatho okhoyo kwityala labachopheli-mthetho, nangona amanye amazwe aqhelekileyo, njengo-Britane, aye asebenzisa abachopheli-m betyala kwiimeko ezincinci. Ngaphantsi kwalo mgangatho, iNkukhangela kwindima yasekunene kwinkqubo yokulawula iMelika, hayi nje iingcambulo zayo zembali. UDun uvavanyo luhlala lukho umgangatho okhoyo wokuqulungela abalawuli namhlanje.

Kutshanje, McDonald v. Chicago [2010], iNkundla yaquka ilungelo lesibini lokuHlaziya iMpahla-mda ukugcina nokuthwala izixhobo ukuze uzenze uzenze. Uluvo lobuninzi lwasebenzisa “onzulu kwimbali kunye novavanyo lwesithethe”, ukuvala inkqubo efunekayo esetyenziswayo ukuhlaziywa kwamalungelo angahlaziyiyo. Eli tyala labonisa ukuba ukuququzelelwa ngenkqubo esebenzayo kuseyimfundiso esebenzayo, evumelana neenkcazelo ezintsha zomgaqo-siseko. Inkundla kwakhona yaqinisekisa ukuba uMxokelelwano-nkqubo ka-Digreeter Claus uyinkqubo ye 145 yeSindululo-Geneixo xa kusenziwa, ukugatya ukuvuselela amalungelo e-Immastine.

Amatyala abalulekileyo eNkundla Ephakamileyo

La matyala alandelayo abonisa indlela ekufuneka ngayo ukuba isetyenziswe ngokukhethayo, nto leyo eye yandisa iBhili yamaLungelo ukuze ikhusele abantu ekuphangweni ngurhulumente.

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Gitlow v. New York, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi inkululeko yokuGqibela yokuQala isebenza kumazwe ngenkululeko yokuthetha nge-Adctive of Identith Reconfment Claus. Nangona uBenjamin Gitlow wagwetywa phantsi komthetho wesiphithiphithi- mthetho waseNew York, iNkundla yaqikelela ukuba inkululeko yokuthetha yayiyilungelo elisisiseko elikhuselwe yinkqubo efanelekileyo. Eli tyala livula ucango lokubandakanya amanye amalungelo okuHlayishwa koLuhlu, kuquka unqulo, ukushicilela, kunye nendibano. Isigqibo siphawuleka ngenxa yokuqhankqelela kwayo kwasekuqaleni kwingcamango yokuba uMxokelelwano-mthetho ka-mthetho ka-Xreal Clauskiusle ikhusela inkululeko esezantsi, hayi nje kuphela inkqubo ephantsi komngeni.

Map v. Ohio (1961)

.Mapp v.O. yaquka umthetho wesine woMnyuselo owehlaziyiweyo, olela ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obufunyanwa ngokuphandwa okungekho ngqiqweni nangokuxhuzula kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho. Phambi kweMap, amaziko angasebenzisa ubungqina obungekho mthethweni. INkundla yaqiqa ukuba ngaphandle komthetho wokuzikhulula, ukukhusela koMgaqo-siseko wesine ekuphengululeni okungekho ngqiqweni kuya kuba nentsingiselo kumgangatho karhulumente. Inkqubo efunekayo ukuba iinkundla zikarhulumente zibushiye ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuchasene nomthetho womthetho kunye nokuthintela ihambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa.

UGideon . Wainwright (1963)

Mhlawumbi ityala elidume kakhulu lokuqukunjelwa, Gideon v. Wainwright , wakholelwa ukuba uHlaliso lweSithandathu lwelungelo lokucebisa lubalulekile kwaye luyasebenza kumazwe. Clarence Earl Gideon, ibanjwa laseFlorida, waphikisa ukuba ukuqiniseka kwakhe kwakungasebenzi kuba wayekhanyelwe igqwetha. INkundla ePhakamileyo yavuma, ikhupha isigqibo sayo sangaphambili [[FLT:] Bretts v. Brady[FLT] [192] [192]). Inkundla yathi “kwinkqubo yethu yomchasi wezomthetho, nawuphi na umntu oye wangenele enkundleni, oswele kakhulu ukuba aqeshwe igqwethara ityala, akanakuqinisekiswa ngaphandle kokuba inikwe eso sigqibo somthetho esiguquliwe.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

[[Nkundla:0] i-Miranda v. Arizona yaquka ilungelo lokuGqiniswa kweSigqibo sesihlanu nxamnye nolwahlulo lwawo ngokwawo yaza yamisa izilumkiso ezidumileyo amapolisa amele azinike phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba i-Sex Act Proced Claus ifuna ukuba kucelwe ukuba kuqinisekwe ukuba naluphi ukhuseleko lwawo lokuhlala ethule kunye nelungelo lawo kwigqwetha. Ngelixa uMirnda yaziwa ngokuyintloko ngemithetho yayo ebhaliweyo, eso sigqibo sixhomekeke kwinkqubo elungileyo yokuba ukuncinwa kwegunya kuxhomekeke kwityala ngokugqibekileyo. Inkundla ibandakanya ezi nkuqinisekisa ukuba naluphi na uvumo lwawo luzibo lokuzithandela luzinyolo lokuzithandela yaye luthembekile.

Ezinye Iimeko Ezibalulekileyo

  • [[UMGAQO-] Benton v. Maryland (11969): Waquka uthintelo loMmiselo wesihlanu woLawulo ochasene nengozi ephindwe kabini, ubambe ukuba lusisiseko kucwangciso lokusesikweni lwaseMerika.
  • Duncan v. Louisiana (1968): Wadibanisa uHlaziyo lweSithandathu loMgqibo- Amendulo kulungelo lokuchophela ityala labagwebi kumatyala anzulu olwaphulo-mthetho, emisela “umgangatho wenkululeko elungelelanisiweyo”.
  • McDonald v. Chicago (2010): Iquka uHlaziyo lwesibini lwamalungelo ukugcina nokuthwala iingalo ukuze uzifakele ngokwakho, usebenzisa uvavanyo “oluneengcambu ezinzulu”.
  • Timbs v. Indiana (2029): Iquka iSend Reconstament’s Readfies Claus, ukuqinisekisa indlela efunekayo yembali.

La matyala abonisa umgaqo ongaguquguqukiyo: INkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzisa uhlalutyo olufanelekileyo ukuchaza amalungelo ayimfuneko kwinkululeko nokusesikweni, ize ke isebenzise amagunya ngokukhetha. Le nkqubo ithe yathe chu kwaye ngamabom, iqinisekisa ukuba ithe igcina ububhetyebhetye kwiindawo ezingeyondawo yonqulo ngoxa ixhasa umgangatho wesizwe wokhuseleko lomntu ngamnye.

Ukuziphakamisa Nokuxambulisana Okuqhubekayo

Indima yenkqubo efunekayo kukhetho ihlala iyinkupho ephilayo. Iimeko zakutshanje ezifana ne Ramos v. Louisiana (2020), equka imfuneko yesiThathu yoHlaziyo lweMimiselo yeSithandathu yemiqathango edibeneyo yemimiselo engundoqo yetyala, kwaye i-Timbs v. Indiana[[FLT]] [2029] [209]) ibonisa ukuba imfundiso ayiphelelwanga. Inkundla iyaqhubeka inciphisana ngemibuzo engokuba kutheni na amalungelo angundoqo okudibanisa amatyala. Umzekelo, i-8h Demplifiltertived Blabelton ayifakwanga ngokupheleleyo; iNkundla esekhohlo evulekileyo kumbuzo [FF:]

Abahlalutyi bokusetyenziswa kweNkundla baphikisa ngelithi iNkundla iye yaba ngabaxhasi abaphambili, ingqongqo imigaqo karhulumente ekufuneka ikhululeke ukumisela iinkqubo zabo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Abanye bathi inkqubo efanelekileyo yokuqukwa kwenkqubo kufuneka yandiswe ukuze iquke amalungelo angakasetyenziswa, afana noMmiselo wesithathu okanye iMpanzi-Mdalelo weSibini oLawulwe kakuhle. Le ngxoxo ikwachaphazela inkqubo efunekayo engaphantsi: abanye abagwebi ababambelele kwimigaqo-mthetho baye bavakalisa ukungaqiniseki ngokusetyenziswa kweNkqubo ye-Calct Clausleeocestion ukuze bafake amalungelo angachazwa ngokucacileyo kwiBhili yamaLungelo, ngoxa ijongwa njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokukhusela inkululeko yabemi.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi mpikiswano, umgaqo osisiseko uhlala uzinzile: inkqubo efunekayo yeyomGaqo-siseko eyenza ukuba kubekho ukudibana okukhethiweyo. Ngaphandle kwayo, iBhili yamaLungelo ingaba lidinga elingekho ngqiqweni kuninzi lwamaMerika, olusebenzisana ngokuyintloko norhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. I-Adrect Respremement ye-14th Resclaye’s Procement Claus iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo asisiseko awashiyelwanga kumaqumrhu owiso-mthetho okanye kwiinkundla zasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo: Unxibelelwano Oluhlala Luhleli Phakathi Kwenkqubo Efanelekileyo Nenkululeko Yomntu Ngamnye

Ngokushwankathela, inkqubo efunekayo asiyonkqubo nje esemthethweni elawulayo, yi-injini yomgaqo-siseko eqhuba inkqubo yokudibanisa ngokukhetha. Ngokufuna ukuba nayiphi na imilinganiselo emiselwe kumaphondo ibe sisiseko kucwangciso lobulungisa lwaseMerika, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa uhlalutyo olufanelekileyo ukuze yakhe umgangatho wesizwe wenkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Ukusuka kwinkululeko yokuthetha ukuya ekunene kwisiluleko, ukusuka kumthetho wokususa ukuya ekunene ukuphatha izixhobo, isigqibo ngasinye sixhomekeke kwinkqubo efanelekileyo yembali, isithethe, kunye nokulunga.

Ukukhetha iBhili yamaLungelo kuvumele iBhili yamaLungelo ukuba ilungelelanise neemeko ezitshintshayo ngelixesha ibhekiselele kwiNkundla yorhulumente kunye nenkululeko yorhulumente. Isiphumo singumthetho onamandla okhusela isidima somntu ngamnye kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba kulungile okusesikweni okulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Njengoko kuphakama imibuzo emitsha yomgaqo-siseko (ukuba ngaba nayiphi na imibuzo yezobucala bamanani, ukuphendula kwamapolisa, okanye isigwebo sokufa) inkqubo efunekayo iza kuqhubeka ikhokela iNkugqiba ukuba ngawaphi amalungelo asekelwe ngokokude amele asebenze kubo bonke oorhulumente, oorhulumente norhulumente kunye norhulumente ngokufanayo. Ukuqonda le misebenzi kubalulekile ukuba na ubani ofuna ukuqonda intsingiselo epheleleyo yenkqubo yomgaqo-mGaqo-siseko waseMelika.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga uHlaziyo lweNkqutyana kwi Congress.gov, imiba yovavanyo oluphawulayo kwiprojekthi ye ye-Oyez'' [, okanye hlola uhlalutyo lwembali ku [iiqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho] iCornell Gractic Institut yeConfiction [.