Ukuqonda Indlela Efanelekileyo Yokusebenzisa Imali

Xa abathengi bejamelene neengxaki zemali − nokuba kuthenjiwe ngetyala letyala, ukungagqibeki okungalindelekanga, impazamo, okanye ukuqokelelwa kwamatyala ) umgaqo osemthethweni wenkqubo usebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokukhusela. Oku kumele kufumane isaziso esifanelekileyo salo naliphi na inyathelo elingalunganga le-U.S., umGaqo-siseko, inyathelo elifanelekileyo elifuna ukuba phambi korhulumente (okanye nawuphi na umntu ozimeleyo osebenza phantsi kwegunya likarhulumente) ahluthe umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, kufuneka alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Kummandla wemali, oku kuthetha ukuba abaxhasi bafumane isaziso esaneleyo salo naluphi na uhlobo olungalunganga kwaye banikwe ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuzikhusela nokuzikhusela.

Isixokelelwano asingomlinganiselo omnye womthetho; iimfuno zawo ezikhethekileyo ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kumongo. Kwiimpikiswano zemali, izibonda zisoloko zibandakanya amalungelo empahla /imali, imali yokuthenga ngemali, ii-akhawunti, okanye amandla okufumana indawo okanye umsebenzi. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, abathengi bangathotyelwa kwizigqibo ezingokwasemthethweni, abaqokeleli bamatyala, okanye kwanamaziko karhulumente. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela ekufuneka iliso likhusele ngayo abathengi, isiseko somthetho esibanyanzelela ukuba bafumane indawo yokuhlala okanye umsebenzi. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokusebenza, abathengi bangathotyelelwa ngokweenyawo, abaxhasi bamatyala, ababo batyala, abaqokelelityala, okanye abameli besebe be-rhulumente.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko senkqubo elindelekileyo

I-Bacted Process Claus yeNkqutyana yeNkqubela-mda yesihlanu isebenza kurhulumente wesizwe, ngeli xesha uHlaliso lweMimiselo yeshumi elinesine ludlulisela ukhuseleko olufanayo kurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Icandelo linamalungu amabini ahlukeneyo: iprojekthi efunekayo, echaphazela ukuthelekisa kwenkqubo yesigqibo, kwaye inokuba i-subscristritive ilungelelene nenkqubo engundoqo yokuphazamisa urhulumente. Kwiimpikiswano yemali, inkqubo efunekayo efunekayo iphambili, kodwa inkqubo efunekayo inokuba yindlela engundoqo ephambili, kodwa inokubakho xa umthetho okanye imithetho engekho semthethweni iphazamisa amalungelo ezoqoqosho.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. imisele inkqubo ebhetyebhetye yokumisa ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo efunekayo kwimeko enikiweyo. . Mathews v. Elditridge[[FLT:] [1997], iNkundla imisela izinto ezintathu zokulinganisela: (1) inzala yabucala echaphazelekayo yesenzo sikarhulumente; (2) ubungozi bokuncitshiswa kweso nzala ngempazamo kwiinkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo, kunye nexabiso elilindelekileyo lezinto ezongezelelweyo okanye ezifakelwayo; kunye (3) nenzala karhulumente, kuquka imithwalo yemiqathango kunye nolawulo eziya kunyanzelelwa yinkqubo eyongezelelekileyo. Olu vavanyo lusoloko lusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukuphunyezwa kolawulo lukarhulumente, kodwa kwakhona luphembelela indlela esetyenziswa ngayo kwiimeko zorhwebo apho oorhulumente abaziimeko zobucala basebenzisa umzekelo wobugxandelelo lwetyala.

Imvelaphi: Goldberg v. Kelly and the Welfare Context

Esinye sezigqibo zenkqubo ephawulekayo efunekayo, Goldberg v. Kelly (70]), wakholelwa ukuba phambi kokuphelisa iinzuzo zentlalo-ntle, urhulumente kufuneka anikezele ukuva okucacileyo kumntu ozamkelayo. Ngoxa ityala lisebenza ngokungqalileyo kwiimbambano zemali. Inkundla yazi ukuba abantu abaxhomekeke kwintlalo-ntle, ukupheliswa kweenzuzo kunokuba yingozi, kwaye ngoko ukuva kwangaphambili komphulaphuli-mthetho kwakuyimfuneko ukukhusela ukuswela okuphosakeleyo. Oku kuye kwanwetyelelwa kwezinye iimeko, kuquka ukuthenga ngemali, ukuqokelelwa kweetyala, apho ukulahlekelwa kwengxelo yemali, ityala, okanye ikhaya kunokuthile iziphumo ezitshabalalisayo. Inkundla ifuna ukuva nesaziso esinentsingiselo kwaye ityala lasemva kokuva.[8]

Inkqubela efanelekileyo kwiimpikiswano ezingokwasemalini

Ingxelo Yempazamo

[[NKT.0] Umthetho wetyala weFair Fair Licking Reporting Report (FCRA) ungomnye weyona mimiselo ibalulekileyo yesizwe ezalisekisa imigaqo efunekayo kwinkcitho yemali yabathengi. I-FCRA ifuna amasebe okunika ingxelo ngetyala (Njengoko) alandele iinkqubo ezisengqiqweni ukuqinisekisa ucoselelo olunokwenzeka kwiingxelo zabathengi. Xa umthengi exambulisana ngento kwingxelo yakhe yetyala, i-CRA kufuneka iqhube i-ecregion ngeentsuku ezingama-30 zesasazi umniki-lwazi. Umniki-mali kufuneka akhangele aze aphinde anikele ingxelo emva koko. Ukuba ulwazi lufunyenwe lungachananga, kufuneka lulungiswe okanye lucinywe.

Ezi nkqubo zinika abathengi ilungelo elikhethekileyo, elinyanzelekileyo ukucela ucelomngeni lolwazi olungachananga . I-FCRA ikwavumela abathengi ukuba bafake ifayile yempahla yokwaphula umthetho okungakhathaliyo okanye ngabom. Umzekelo, ukuba iCRA iyasilela ukuphinda iphinde ifumane okanye ingabunanzi ubungqina bempazamo, umthengi unokuba nelungelo lokonakaliswa kwento, imposiso ye-statory, kunye nemirhumo yegqwetha. Olu nyango lwasemthethweni luqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokuviwa linamazinyo.

Ngapha koko kuphando kwakhona, i-FCRA ifuna i-CRA ukunika abathengi inkcazelo ebhaliweyo xa isenzo esingalunganga sithatyathwa ngokusekelwe kwingxelo yetyala ``````.' umz.', ukukhanyelwa kwemali ebolekiweyo okanye umyinge wenzala ophezulu. Umthengi kufuneka afumane igama, idilesi, kunye nenombolo yomnxeba ye-CRA enika ingxelo. Oku kubona ngaphaya kolwazi kunceda abathengi ukuba kuqinisekiswe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, baqalise impikiswano. Ngaphandle kwesaziso esinjalo, umthengi akanakuba nandlela yakwazi ngeempazamo okanye abalungise.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo: Ukuphikisa Impazamo Kwingxelo Yakho Yetyala

Ukusebenzisa amalungelo enkqubo afanelekileyo phantsi kweFCRA:

  • Zifumane iingxelo zakho zetyala zaminyaka le kwiDiaryCredit Repoint.com.
  • Chaza nayiphi na iakhawunti engachananga, intlawulo yamva okanye iingxelo zikawonke - wonke.
  • Bhala ileta yempikiswano kwiCRA(s) enika ingxelo. Quka nemibhalo yamaxwebhu okuxhasa (ayiyo eyakuqala) uze ugcine ingxelo yeleta yakho.
  • ICRA kufuneka iphande ize iphendule kwisithuba seentsuku ezingama-30. Imbambano yakho iza kuyidlulisela kumxhasi-data (umz. inkampani yamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala okanye umbutho wokuqokelela imali).
  • Ukuba impikiswano ayiconjululwanga, ungadibanisa impikiswano kwifayile yakho (amagama alikhulu okanye angaphantsi) ekufuneka iqukiwe kwiingxelo zexesha elizayo.
  • Ukuba i-CRA okanye umnikezeli waphula i-FCRA, ungafuna icebiso elingokwasemthethweni okanye ukhuphe isikhalazo nge- Faceral Trade Commission (FTC) okanye I-Consum Financial Protection Bureauaument [CFPB]]

Ukuqokelelwa kwamatyala noMthetho Wokwandiswa Kwetyala

UMthetho weMatyala oqokelelwayo uFair Cooctics (FDCPA) unika abathengi isixokelelwano esinamandla sokukhusela ekuqokelelweni kwamatyala okuxhatshazwa. Phambi kokuba iFDCPA, abaqokeleli bamatyala basongele, bahluze, okanye bagqwethe imali ebolekileyo, ishiye amathuba amancinane okucelw'ukuvavanya ukufezeka kwetyala. IFDCPA ifuna abaqokeleli bezinto zokuthumela isaziso esibhaliweyo [ ityala lokuthengwa [[[FLTLD:3]] kungekangaphele iintsuku ezintlanu zokudibana nomthengi wokuqala. Oku kufuneka kuquke umthamo wetyala, igama lomntu oqalayo, nengxelo yokuba umthengi unetyala lokungaphosa kwityala phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-30. Ukuba iingthsethi zemali ezithenwayokulungiselela ukuqokelelwa kwemali.

Ezi zikhuseli zenkqubo ezifunekayo: isaziso, ithuba lokuva, kunye nemfuneko yobundilele. Ukuba uqokeleli wetyala akaphumeleli ukuthobela, umzekelo, ngokuqhubeka ebiza emva kwempikiswano, okanye ngokuqhubeka ngaphandle kobungqina obufanelekileyo, umthengi angamangalela umonakalo okhoyo, ulawulo lomonakalo owenziweyo, inkcitho eyi $000 (R1, kunye nemali yegqwetha. Eli lungelo labucala lesenzo lidala isisusa esinamandla kubaqokeleli benkqubo elungileyo.

Imali Ekhululekileyo Neyokucoca Imali Ebhankini

Xa umboleki efumana umgwebo kwaye efuna ukunqanda ityala lomthengi okanye intlawulo yebhanki, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba umthengi afumane isaziso sangaphambili kunye nethuba lokuchasa isenzo. Fuentes v. Shevin [1972], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ibangele ukuba imo ye-octive ivumele ukuphazanyiswa kwempahla ngaphandle kwesaziso okanye ukuva, ibambe into yokuba kwane nemfuno yempahla yexeshana ekufuneka iqale ngakwinkqubo yayo. Ngexeshana i-post-garnsh ifuna ucwangco lwenkundla nesaziso setyala, amanye amatyala anokubeka umngcipheko woko woko woko okanye ityala ngaphandle kokuqwalalw'ukunga. I-endleko ye-odvectory. Ukuba i-Social Social imele ithective ithective, ityala alikho, ityala elifanelekileyo, ityala.

Iingenelo Zokufunda Nezorhulumente

Imali-mali ebolekwayo yomfundi edityaniswe nokubolekwa kwemali ehlawulwayo kunye nee-afminiti zerhafu, kufuneka urhulumente anike isaziso kunye nethuba lokuvavanya ubuhlolopho ngaphambi kokuba athathe inyathelo. Phantsi koMthetho wemfundo ePhezulu, iSebe lemfundo kufuneka lithumele isaziso senjongo yokubolekisa, ukuvumela lowo ubolekiweyo ukuba acele ukuchongwa. Ngokufanayo, uLawulo lwezoKhuseleko-Sociso kufuneka lunike isaziso phambi kokuba lungahlawulwa. Le nkqubo ifanelekileyo ibonakalisa imigaqo yemfundo yomgaqo-siseko kunye nethuba lokuviwa.

Iindlela Zokwaphula Inkqubo Elindelekileyo

Xa iziko lemali okanye iziko lisilela ukulungiselela inkqubo efunekayo, abathengi banokufumana iindlela eziliqela ezisemthethweni abanokuzisebenzisa.

  • [[NKQUBO:0] ukumangalelana komntu ngokwetyala phantsi kwemimiselo yorhulumente (FCRA, FDCPA, Inyaniso kuMthetho weLending, njl. njl.njl.) ukwenzela, imigaqo-mthetho, kunye nelahleko yesohlwayo, kunye nemirhumo yegqwetha.
  • [[FLT: 0] ityala lokumangalela xa ipateni yokwaphula ichaphazela abathengi abaninzi (umz., ibhuluya yokuthenga efotayo engakwaziyo ukuphanda ngeempikiswano).
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izikhalazo zomthetho kwi-CFPB, FTC, okanye igqwetha jikelele lesizwe, ezinokuphumela kwizenzo zonyanzelo, iintengo, kunye nokubuyiselwa.
  • Inkululeko ephakathi ukunqanda ukwaphuka okuqhubekayo/umzekelo, umyalelo wenkundla wokususa uluhlu lwetyala olungachananga okanye ukuphelisa ukukhathazwa ngumqokeleli wamatyala.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lwenkqubo yomGaqo-siseko lusebenza ngqo kuphela kubadlali bakarhulumente. Noko ke, amaqumrhu amaninzi azimeleyo emali aphantsi kwemimiselo ebandakanya imigaqo efunekayo yenkqubo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, urhulumente unokuba netyala lokugunyazisa ukuziphatha kobuqu okuhlutha abathengi kwinkqubo efunekayo ( e.g., xa iinkundla zikarhulumente zivumela isalathathi-nxaxheba).

Iimpazamo Eziqhelekileyo Nendlela Yokuziphepha

Nangona bekhuselekile, abantu badla ngokujamelana nemiqobo yokuzilolonga.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo: iifestile ezininzi eziphikisanayo zifutshane (ientsuku ezingamashumi amathathu zengxelo yetyala, iintsuku ezingama-30 zokuqinisekiswa kwamatyala). Ukwenza ngokukhawuleza kuyacokisa.
  • Uxwebhu olupheleleyo: Intengo ecacileyo yempazamo ngaphandle kobungqina obuxhasayo isoloko ingonele. Abathengi kufuneka baqokelele iingxelo zetyala, iingxelo zemali, iingxelo zamapolisa (ukuze babe uchazo), kunye nazo naziphi na iileta.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkundla etyholayo iyabiza: Ukuba umqokeleli wetyala uyakumangalela kwaye awuphenduli, umgwebo ongagqibekanga ungangeniswa, ulahlekelwe lilungelo lakho lokukhusela. Ukuphendula kumangalelwa ngexesha elifunekayo kwisakhelo (ngokufuthi iintsuku ezingama-20-30) kulondoloza amalungelo akho afanelekileyo enkqubo.
  • Ukungazi imithetho yakho yesizwe: Amanye amazwe anikela ukhuseleko olunamandla olungokwesithethe kunomthetho wezwe, njengamaxesha amade empikiswano okanye ukukhulula okungezelelekileyo kwimali. Abathengi kufuneka bahlole imithetho yokhuseleko karhulumente.

Ikamva lenkqubo efunekayo kwiMali yaMali

Njengoko ukuthengiselana ngemali kuqhubekeka kwi-intanethi, inkqubo eqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha. Iinkqubo zemithetho-nkqubo yokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo ezisetyenziswa ziibhanki kunye neenkampani ezinika ityala zinokwenza iimpazamo ekunzima ukuzifumana okanye ukuphikisana nazo. Umzekelo, imodeli yokufundisa ngematshini ingakhanyela imali esekelwe kwifekta ethenjiweyo engabonakali kumthengi. Abaxhasi bemithetho-mthetho baphikisa ukuba inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuchanazelwa . [] [ikhono lokuqonda isizathu sokuba kwenziwe isigqibo] , kunye nelungelo lokuhlola umntu. Isininzi esicetyikiswe ngumthetho netyala (g., i-Acconotestigatement Actstion Trencealventialventivement) ifuna iziphumo kunye nokubonakala kwiziphumo ezichaphazela kwi-activeswooctives.

Enye indawo ephumayo kukusetyenziswa komthetho wokukhupha ityala kumthetho owenzelwe ukugweba ityala. Ngelixesha ukurhoxa kungena ngokwemvelo kukhankanywa kwinkqubo efanelekileyo, kunyanzelekile, kubophelwe ukudityaniswa nesenzo sodidi abasebenzi abanokuwahluza ngokunempumelelo abathengi amandla okuvavanya ulwaphulo-mthetho lwesixokelelwano. I-CFPB ihlole imithetho yokulinganisela izitywina ezinjalo kwizivumelwano zemali. Abathengi kufuneka bafunde ngenyameko nasiphi na isivumelwano sokuphelisa utshintsho phambi kokusayina, kwaye baqwalasele ukuba banika amalungelo abalulekileyo okusebenza kwe-proccustom.

Isiphelo: Ukunikwa Amandla Ngolwazi

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ingaphezulu kunengxelo engomgaqo-siseko, yikhaka eliluncedo elikhusela abathengi kwizenzo zemali ezingekho ngqiqweni nezingafanelekanga. Ngokuqonda iinkqubo ezimele zilandelwe, iingcaciso zomthetho ezikhoyo, kunye namanyathelo omele athathwe xa kuvela impikiswano, abantu ngabanye bangawakhusela ngokuzithemba amalungelo abo. Ukuba uthetha ngempazamo yetyala, umqokeleli wamatyala, okanye ibhanki engalunganga, khumbula ukuba unelungelo lokuphawula nokuphulaphula ngokufanelekileyo. Umthetho usecaleni lakho, kodwa ukuba usebenzisa loo ngxelo yetyala.

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho enkqubo afanelekileyo ophulwe, qwalasela ukhangelo nomthengi wegqwetha okanye ufake isikhalazo . CFFB. Ulwazi oluninzi ngamalungelo akho phantsi kwe FCRA, ndwendwela [ FC's isikhokelo seFC . Ukuqonda okunzulu kwenkqubo efunekayo yesiseko, i-[[FLT: 4.] iCornell Information Information Institute inikeza ushwankathelo oluhle. Iziko-luvo lukuninzi kuwe. [ulwazi] lunezinto eziluncedo kakhulu kwimicimbi yemali.