Ukuqonda Inkqubo Elindelekileyo: Isiseko Sobulungisa

Inkqubo elindelekileyo idla ngokuchazwa njengomgaqo osemthethweni oqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kwinkqubo yogwebo eqhelekileyo. Isebenza njengesithintelo somGaqo-siseko, ikhusela abantu kwizenzo zobugqwirha ngurhulumente. Ngoxa eli gama lisoloko livela kwiincwadi zomthetho nakwinkundla zenkundla, isicelo salo sifikelela ngaphaya. Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, imicimbi efunekayo ivela kwizicwangciso ezisuka kwimpikiswano zasemsebenzini ukuya kwiingxubusho zesikolo, iingxabano zomzini, kunye nokunxibelelana nomthetho. Ukuqonda inkqubo efunekayo kwaye indlela yokuyichaza ngokunempumelelo ayibobuchule nje obusemthethweni, bubuchule bobomi obunika abantu amandla okufuna ukuphendula nokuthembeka.

Le ngcamango ilandelela imvelaphi yayo ibuyela kwiMagna Carta yowe-1215, eyaseka ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokuthi ahluthwe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla “ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe.” Le ngcamango yesiseko yatshintshela kwinkqubo efunekayo efunyenwe kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine weMigaqo-siseko weUnited States. Namhlanje, inkqubo efunekayo igqalwa zweni lonke njengelungu elingundoqo lomthetho, ukwazisa iinkqubo zomthetho kwidemocracy kwimimandla elawula umhlaba wonke.

Yintoni Inkqubela Efanelekileyo?

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ingahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo: inkqubo efunekayo yokuveza intsingiselo kunye nenkqubo encinci efunekayo. Zombini zibalulekile ukuze kuqondwe indlela okusesikweni okusebenza ngayo kwimibandela engokwasemthethweni neyolawulo.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkcazelo igxininisa kwiinkqubo neenkqubo ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente okanye namanye amaqumrhu xa esenza izigqibo ezichaphazela amalungelo omntu. Kufuna ukuba abantu bafumane isaziso esaneleyo saso nasiphi na isenzo esinxamnye nawo, ithuba lokuviwa, kunye nomenzi wesigqibo osesikweni nongakhethi buso. Umzekelo, ukuba iyunivesithi kawonke-wonke igxotha umfundi ngenxa yokunganyaniseki kwemfundo, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba umfundi axelelwe ngezityholo ezithile aze anikwe ithuba lokunikela icala lakhe phambi kweqela labantu abangoondilele.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Ngokuchaseneyo, ikhusela amalungelo asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, kwanaxa kulandelwa kakuhle ukhuseleko lwezithethe. Iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ngokwayo ayiwachaphazeli amalungelo afana nokuzimela, umtshato, okanye ukuzilawula komzimba. Eli sebe lenkqubo ifanelekileyo linempikiswano engakumbi kwaye lisoloko liphikisana kwiinkundla, kodwa lisesona sixhobo sibalulekileyo sokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwiiqhawe.

Zimbini ezi ndlela zibangela ukuba kucace ukuba urhulumente nezenzo zequmrhu azimele zilandele nje amanyathelo, kodwa zimele zibonise ukuba zihlonela isidima somntu ngamnye.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubekho Iingxaki Zokucwangcisa

Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba isixokelelwano esifanelekileyo sixhomekeke kuphela kwizinto xa bebanjwa okanye bemangalelwa. Enyanisweni, sichaphazela iimeko ezininzi eziqhelekileyo. Ukuqonda la mathuba kunokukunceda umntu azikhusele ekuphathweni ngokungekho sikweni. Qwalasela ezi ndawo zilandelayo apho inkqubo efunekayo isebenza rhoqo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Isivumelwano somsebenzi soburhulumente: abasebenzi bamacandelo oluntu kunye namalungu amaqumrhu asoloko efumana ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lwenkqubo phambi kokupheliswa okanye ingqeqesho. Kwanabaqeshwa babucala basenokuba namalungelo avumelanayo okanye asemthethweni kwinkqubo elungileyo.
  • Imfundo: [[FLT: 0] Abafundi kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke banamalungelo afanelekileyo ngexesha lokuxoxwa, ukugxothwa, okanye ezinye izenzo zoqeqesho ezibeka esichengeni amathuba abo emfundo.
  • Ukukhupha: ukugxothwa kufuneka kulandelwe iinkqubo zomthetho, kuquka isaziso esifanelekileyo kunye nethuba lokukhuphisana nokugxothwa enkundleni. Abalawuli abanakukwazi ukususa abasebenzi ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isivumelwano sokwaphula umthetho: simisa, siphengulule, kwaye sibambelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo okanye kukrokrelelwa okusengqiqweni. Abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokucel ’ umngeni uphando olungekho mthethweni okanye ukuvalelwa.
  • Iingenelo zobugwebi: abantu abafumana uKhuseleko lweNtlalo, ukungaqeshwa, okanye ezinye iingenelo zikawonke-wonke azinakushenxiswa ngaphandle kwesaziso kunye nokuva.

Kuzo zonke ezi meko kubandakanya isigqibo esinokuthi simhluthe umntu into ethile exabisekileyo, imfundo, indawo yokuhlala, inkululeko, okanye inkxaso yemali.

Imizekelo Eqhelekileyo Xa Inkqubo Eza Kufuneka Ivavanywe

Intsingiselo yomsebenzi kunye nezenzo zezoluleko

Ngeli xesha abasebenzi bamacandelo angabodwa eUnited States besebenza “ngokuthanda” emsebenzini (ukuthetha ukuba bangagxothwa nangasiphi na isizathu abangayalelwanga ngumthetho), abaqeshwa bakawonke-wonke kunye nabo bagqunywe zizivumelwano zomanyano basoloko benokhuseleko olomeleleyo. Umfundisi- ntsapho, umphathi-mapolisa, okanye isicaka sasekuhlaleni esijongene nokupheliswa kufuneka afumane ingxelo ebhaliweyo yezizathu kunye nethuba lokuphendula. Ngelishwa, abaqeshi ngamanye amaxesha bayawa ngaphaya kwezi zinyathelo. Xa oko kunokwenzeka, umqeshwa angafaka isikhalazo okanye amangalele iprojelo echaza inkqubela efunekayo. iZiko linikela izibonelelo zemisebenzi ephambili ephambili kumalungelo omsebenzi. [American Bar.]

Ukugxothwa nokugxothwa kwesikolo

Abafundi kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke baye bawamkela amalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo phantsi kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U. Gos v. Lopez (1975]. Kwisikolo esifutshane sokususa izithuba (10 okanye ngaphantsi), isikolo kufuneka sinike umfundi isaziso esidluliselwa ngomlomo okanye esibhaliweyo solwazi okanye esibhaliweyo solwazi lwezityholo kunye nethuba lokuchaza uhlobo lwabo lweziganeko. Ukuzisusa okanye ukugxotha, inkqubo kufuneka iqheleke ngakumbi, kuquka ukuva. Abafundi abaninzi abawaqondi la malungelo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiziphumo ezingalunganga. INYU inika amalungelo abafundi aquka ukhokelo olufanelekileyo olubandakanya ulwazi olufanelekileyo .

Ukumangalelwa Kwamatyala Nokubanjwa

Mhlawumbi eyona ndawo iqheleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yobulungisa elungele ukwenziwa. Xa umntu etyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, banelungelo lokuphawula izityholo, ukumelelwa ngokusemthethweni, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza nangokusetyenziswa nguwonke wonke, inkundla yabachopheli-tyala abangakhethiyo, ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, nelungelo lokunikela ubungqina. Le migaqo yenzelwe ukuthintela iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uthwale umthwalo wakhe wokungqina. Kwanaxa kusenziwa iprojekthi, abantu ngabanye banelungelo elifanelekileyo lokuqhuba, kuquka ilungelo lokwazi isizathu sokuba bagcinwe kunye nokuvavanywa ngokusemthethweni.

Unyuso lwendawo

Uhlolo lomnye wezona zinto zixinzeleleyo umntu anokujamelana nazo. Kwinkqubo elindelekileyo yokugxotha ifuna umnini-ndlu anike isaziso esibhaliweyo (ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezingama-30 okanye ngaphezulu) achaze isizathu sokugxothwa. Lo mphathi unelungelo lokuphendula enkundleni nangoku, njengeemeko ezingahlaliyo okanye iziphindezeli. Kumagunya amaninzi, abaqeshi banelungelo lokunikwa igqwetha elimiselwe yinkundla ukuba abanamali enye. Ukuzinika ezi nkqubo, ngokutshintsha izitshixo okanye ukuvala ngaphandle komyalelo wenkundla yenqanawa engaphakathi ngaphandle komyalelo wendlela ephambili yokulungisa izinto zokubulala imoto.

Indlela Yokuququzelela Iimpikiswano Zenkqubo Elindelekileyo: Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo

Xa ukrokrela ukuba amalungelo akho kwinkqubo efanelekileyo ayatyeshelwa, ukuthabatha amanyathelo alungileyo kungenza umahluko omkhulu. Ngeli ngezantsi kuyindlela yokulungelelanisa ucelomngeni oluqhelekileyo.

1. Wazi Amalungelo Akho

Amalungelo enkqubo awafani kwiimeko zonke. Ukhuseleko lomqeshwa wasekuhlaleni lwahlukile kumfundi, kwaye amalungelo omqeshwa ahlukile ngokomthetho karhulumente. Qala ngokuphanda imithetho, imimiselo, okanye imigaqo esebenzayo. Umzekelo, ukuba ungumfundi wesikolo sikawonke-wonke, hlola imigaqo yesithili sehambo kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho. Ukuba ujonge ukugxothwa, hlola iiwebhsayithi zombuso wakho ezikhoyo. U-Openter zoncedo olufana no-[FLT: 0] Isicelo. org

Bhala Yonke Into

Yenza ingxelo ebhaliweyo yazo zonke uthungelwano olunxulumene nempikiswano. Gcina ii email, oonobumba, imiyalezo yokubhaliweyo, kunye neeposi zelizwi. Bhala phantsi imihla, amaxesha, kunye nokuqulathwe yimfonomfono okanye kwincoko yencoko. Ukuba ufumana isaziso esibhaliweyo sokuphelisa, ukukhupha, okanye ukukhupha, gcina eyokuqala. Uxwebhu lusebenza njengobungqina ukuba ufuna ukuvavanya isigqibo kwinkundla okanye kwimvume yokuphulaphula.

3. Cela Inkcazelo Ecacileyo

Ukuba akuqinisekanga ngesizathu sokwenziwa kwesigqibo, cela inkcazelo ebhaliweyo. Umzekelo, ukuba ugxothiwe, cela ileta echaza izizathu ezichaziweyo. Ukuba uhleli, cela umthetho othe wawaphula, buze ubungqina obuchasene nawe. Amaziko amaninzi kufuneka anikele le nkqubo phantsi kwemigaqo yawo okanye umthetho osebenzayo. Ukuba ayala, ukwala ngokwako kusenokuba yinkqubo efanelekileyo yokwaphula ityala.

4. Sebenzisa Izixhobo Zangaphakathi Zokufaka Izicelo

Phantse zonke izikolo, amasebe karhulumente, kunye nabaqeshi abakhulu banenkqubo esesikweni yokufumana izigqibo ezibi ezintle. Jonga kwikomiti efuna izibheno, kwibhodi yabafundi, okanye kumjelo wokuhlola izibonelelo zoluntu. Isibheno sakho ngokubhaliweyo, kuquka uxwebhu oluxhasayo, kunye nokucela ukuchongwa. Qiniseka ukuba yonke inkqubo yangaphakathi ayifezekanga, isoloko iyimfuneko phambi kokuba uqhubeke nenyathelo elisemthethweni.

5. Funa Amacebiso Asemthethweni Xa Kuyimfuneko

Amatyala afanelekileyo anokuba luxanduva olusemthethweni, ingakumbi xa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko esengozini. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphulwe ngokunzulu, umzekelo, ukuba ugxothiwe ngaphandle kwesaziso okanye ukuva igqwetha. /_Imibutho emininzi yoncedo olusemthethweni inikela uphando olukhululekileyo okanye oluphantsi. Kwimicimbi yomsebenzi, qhagamshelana ne-Accompate Explority Commission (EOC) okanye isebe lomsebenzi lorhulumente wakho. Kwimibango yabafundi, iSebe le-U.S. iSebe le-OFreat Office yamaLungelo e-Lifalement Aultment Aultmentmentation Commissionation (EOC) okanye isebe lomsebenzi loburhulumente lakho.

Ufundo lwetyala lehlabathi lokwenene: Ukufunda kumava

Ukuhlolisisa iingxabano ezifanelekileyo kusinceda sibone indlela eluncedo ngayo le migaqo.

Ukuhlolisisa Imeko 1: Ukuchasa Okuphosakeleyo Ngaphandle Kokuva

Umfundisi- ntsapho wesikolo sikawonke-wonke oqeqeshiweyo eOhio watyholwa ngehambo engafanelekanga kumfundi. Ibhodi yesikolo yaxhobisa umfundisi- ntsapho ngoko nangoko ngaphandle kwentlawulo yaza yaqalisa imigaqo. Umfundisi- ntsapho wacela ukuvalwa ngokusemthethweni, kodwa ibhodi yalibala iinyanga ezintandathu. Ngelo xesha, umfundisi- ntsapho wayengakwazi ukusebenza kwaye engakwazi ukumelana neengxaki zemali. Xa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala ekugqibeleni, ubungqina obunxamnye nomfundisi-fundisi bufunyaniswe ukuba ubuthathaka, yaye izityholo zarhoxile. Noko ke, umfundisi-fundisi wafaka isithilisithili seso siphinze inyathelo ngokungaphumeleli komthetho. Inkundla yavuma, yaphinda yanikwa umrhumo, yayalela ukuba kuvunywe imigaqo yayo. Ityala lathiwa xa kumangalelwa ityala elingeyoxesha lokuphulaphula ityala alifanelekangafikelelwa.

Isifundo setyala 2: Umfundi ongazinzanga uphambuka

Umfundi oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo eKhalifoniya wamiswa iintsuku ezingama-20 emva kokulwa kwikhefi. Inqununu yabiza umfundi ukuba aye eofisini kwaye, ngaphandle kokuphanda, yaxelela umfundi ukuba bawushiyile umsebenzi. Akukho saziso sibhaliweyo sanikwayo, kwaye umfundi akanikwanga ithuba lokuchaza ukuba omnye umfundi uqalile ukulwa. Abazali bomfundi baqhagamshelana nentlangano esemthethweni, eyathumela ileta efuna uncedo olusemthethweni echaza imbopheleleko yesikolo phantsi kwengxelo yomfundi [[FLT: 0]. UGless v. Lopez. Isikolo sahlola ukuhlola ukuchola iliso, saqonda impazamo yaso, saza ityala laso iintsuku ezintathu ngoxa bebhala le ngxelo. Kulo , ulwazi lwabazali lokuthintela amalungelo omthetho osisigxina.

Ukuhlolisisa Imeko 3: Ukuthetha Ngaphandle Kwenyameko

Umgcini-sango okwisiXeko saseNew York wawa emva kweenyanga ezimbini kwirente. Umninindlu, ephazamisekile kukulibala, wafaka isaziso emnyango womphathi ohlalayo esifuna ukuxilongwa kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48. Umnini ndlu ngoko watshintsha izitshixo ngoxa i-ant ibisebenza. Lo mgcini-ndlu wadibana negqwetha elisemthethweni, owafaka ugqatso longxamise umgaqo-nkqubo wokunqanda okwexeshana. Inkundla yagqiba ukuba umnini-ndlu waphula umthetho wenkqubo efunekayo ye-intenter-nter ngokungaphumeleli ukulandela inkqubo esemthethweni yokugxotha, efuna isaziso seentsuku ezingama-30 nenkundla eqhubeka. Izitshixo zabuyiselwa, yaye ityala lavunyelwa ukuba lihlale ngexesha lomthetho wokugxotha ungena kwiminxeba. Le meko ibonisa ukuba xa umqeqeshi wetyala elilishumi, umnini-ofisi wendlu-mthetho akanakuphuma.

Ukwaliwa kwembono ephosakeleyo malunga nenkqubo elindelekileyo

Iingcamango eziliqela eziphathelele inkqubo efunekayo zinokukhokelela abantu ekubeni bacinge ukuba bakhuselekile kakhulu okanye bangazijongi lula izinto abazichazayo.

  • Imyuziyam: Inkqubo elindelekileyo isebenza kuphela kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Enyanisweni, inkqubo efanelekileyo ikhusela nakwesiphi na isenzo sikarhulumente esihlutha umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, kubandakanya umsebenzi kawonke-wonke, imfundo, neengenelo.
  • Myth: Iinkampani zabucala azifuni kunikezela ngenkqubo efunekayo. Ngelixesha abaqeshi babucala besebenza phantsi kwemithetho efunwayo, kufuneka balandele naziphina izibophelelo ezithenjiweyo okanye iimfuno zomthetho. Umzekelo, ukuba usayine incwadi yesandla yabaqeshwa ethembisa ingqeqesho eqhubekayo, inkampani isenokubotshelelwa ngesithembiso.
  • [[FLT: 0] Myth: inkqubela-phambili ithetha ukuvavanywa okubiza ixabiso eliphezulu. Kwiimeko ezininzi, inkqubo efunekayo inganeliswa kukuva okulula okungacwangciswanga okanye inkcazelo ebhaliweyo. Umgangatho womthetho uxhomekeke kubungakanani bokuswela. Ukugquma okuziintsuku ezilishumi kufuna inkqubela encinci kunelahleko yomsebenzi osisigxina.
  • [[NTL:0] Myth: Ukuba uphumelele kwinkqubo efunekayo, ngokuzenzekelayo ufumana isigqeba esikhulu. Ngelixesha iinkundla zinokuhlawula umvuzo, ukubuyiselwa, okanye iindleko zegqwetha, ilahleko yesohlwayo inqabile kumatyala enkqubo efunekayo. Injongo idla ngokuba kukubuyisela umntu kwindawo ebezinokuyiyo ukuba inkqubo ibilungile.

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Ngasemva KweUnited States

Nangona inkqubo efunekayo isaziwa kakhulu kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., amanye amazwe amaninzi anezokhuselo ezifanayo phantsi kwemithetho yawo okanye izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. IGatya lesi-6 leNgqungquthela yaseYurophu engokwamalungelo abantu liqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, eliquka izinto ezininzi ezifanayo njengenkqubo efunekayo. ISicatshulwa seKhanada samaLungelo neSikhundla sikwakhusela ubulungisa obusisiseko. Kumazwe angenazo isiseko somthetho, inkqubo efanelekileyo inokuba buthathaka, isenza sibonakale sinzima ngakumbi kubemi ukuba baqonde amalungelo abo kwaye imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ikhuthaze ukulawulwa komthetho. Kumntu ohamba okanye oya kwelinye ilizwe, uphanda inkqubo efunekayo yokukhusela okufanelekileyo kwelo lizwe kusenokuba luncedo.

Iingcinga Zokugqibela: Ukuthethelela

Imo-yokuba ifanelekile inkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo ayiyomfundiso engokwasemthethweni egcinelwe amagqwetha nabagwebi. Iluncedo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abantu baphathwa ngesidima, kwanaxa betyholwa ngesenzo esiphosakeleyo. Nokuba ungumfundi, umqeshwa, umqeshwa, okanye ummi, ukwazi indlela yokuqhuba imicimbi efunekayo inokukunceda ukuba umelane nexesha lokuchasana. Xa uphawula ukuba amanyathelo afanelekileyo akhutshwayo, xa kungekho mntu ukuxelela isizathu sokuba ugxothiwe, xa umntwana exhotyiswe ngaphandle kwethuba lokuthetha, xa umnini-ndlu etshixa ngaphandle komyalelo wenkundla, oko kunokukunceda. Uxwebhu, cela, ukubhenela, kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko, funa uncedo olusemthethweni. Ngokwenjenjalo, akuzikhuseli nje izilangazelelo kodwa umele uqinise intengo yakho, kodwa umele imigaqo emele isetyenziswe yinkqubo yoluntu, kwaye ifanele ihlonelwe.