Ngonyaka ka-1919, uMongameli Woodrow Wilson wabuya eParis ngoko wakugqala njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo: iSivumelwano saseVersailles, ukuseka uManyano Lwezizwe ukukhusela iimfazwe zexesha elizayo. Nangona uWilson ethanda ukulwa nephulo lelizwe lonke, iNdlu yeeNkulumbuso yalwamkela isivumelwano, ukugcina iMelika ingaphandle koManyano kunye nento ebambekayo enegalelo kwiimeko ezakhokelela kwiMfazwe yehlabathi II. Oku kusilela okuphawulekayo kubonisa inkalo engundoqo yedemo-demokhrasi yaseMelika: ngelixa oomongameli benokuthi badibanisene nehlabathi, inkqubo yendlela izivumelwano ezenziwa ngayo kwaye ivunyiwe ngayo ifuna umanyano phakathi kwamabhongo okulawula nemvume.

Iintsebenziswano zimela ezona zibophelelo zibalulekileyo iUnited States engenza kwamanye amazwe, ithwele ubunzima obusemthethweni obufanayo nomthetho wesizwe kunye nesivumelwano sexesha elizayo kwimiqathango yezizwe ngezizwe. Ukusuka kwizivumelwano zomkhosi zaseMelika ezibeka ubomi esichengeni ukuya kurhwebo lwezivumelwano ezichaphazela izigidi zemisebenzi, ukusuka kwisivumelwano sobuzwelonke esikhuthaza inkqubo yoshishino lwezoshishino ukuya kwiindibano zamalungelo abantu ezichaza amaxabiso amaMelika aphesheya, amandla onyango achaphazela zonke iinkalo ezithi zendlela iMelika edibana ngayo nehlabathi.

Kodwa nangona ibalulekile, inkqubo yesivumelwano ayikaqondwa kakuhle yinkoliso yamaMelika. Kutheni iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMalanga, kodwa hayi indlu, ivota kwizivumelwano? Zihluke njani kwizivumelwano zolawulo? Kwenzeka ntoni xa uMongameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zemali engavumelaniyo? Ukuqonda le mibuzo kubangelwa kukuba izivumelwano zingeyonkqubo yamanye amazwe kodwa zibumba yonke into evela kwimveliso esiyithengayo kwimfazwe esilwa kuyo kumalungelo esinayo.

ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko soMgaqo-siseko sokwenziwa kweSivumelwano

Uyilo lwabaseki

Amalungiselelo esivumelwano somGaqo-siseko abonakalisa ulungelelwano olululo lwabaseki phakathi kobuchule bomgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Icandelo 2 linika uMongameli amandla "ngeSiluleko kunye neSivumelo seNdlu yeNtlanganiso, ukwenza iiNgxelo, ukubonelela isibini kwisithathu samaSenator akhoyo avumelanayo. Le sigwebo sibonakala silula sibandakanya ukuyekelela okuntsonkothileyo kwaye siyaqhubeka sivelisa impikiswano kwiinkulungwane ezimbini kamva.

Abaseki bafumana kwimizekelo yembali ekhuthazayo nengakhiyo. Phantsi kweZihloko zoMgaqo-siseko, ukwenza isivumelwano kwafuna imvume kumaphondo asithoba kumaphondo ali-13, okwenza uthethwano lube yinto engenakwenzeka. Ngokuchasene noko, imikhosi yolawulo lwaseYurophu ivumela abalawuli ukuba benze izibophelelo ezibophelelayo zezizwe ngezizwe ngaphandle kolwazi olungeyodemokhrasi. UmGaqo-siseko wafuna umgangatho ophakathi: ukhokelo oluphezulu ekuthethelelwaneni nolulungelelwaniso lwemithetho lwezibopho.

Ukhetho lokubandakanya iNdlu yeQela kuphela, hayi yonke iBhunga, lwabonisa ulwazelelelo oluninzi. Abaquluneli babecinga ukuba iNdlu yeNtlanganiso incinane, ikhulula umzimba okwaziyo ukugcina imfihlo ngexesha lokuthethana okunovakalelo. Abaququzeleli bamagama aneminyaka emithandathu [ ngokubhekiselele kumathandabuzo aqhelekileyo anokulalanisa kwizibophelelo zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. ICanterite nayo yakhethwa ekuqaleni yimithetho yowiso-mthetho, eyenza ukuba ingabi yedemokhrasi encinci kodwa ibe namava angakumbi kwisihlenga sedemo-octrac.

Imfuno yesithathu ezimbini zesivumelwano sokuvunywa kwesivumelwano, -- iphezulu kunezinto ezinkulu ezifunekayo kumthetho--"iimvisiswano ezibanzi zezizwe ngezizwe. Le mfuneko iphezulu ibonakalisa imbono yabaQaphi yokuba izivumelwano zifanele zidlule ezopolitiko zelizwe zizimeleyo zize zilawule inkxaso esasazekileyo. Ikwakhusela izilangazelelo zengingqi, ithintela iimfuno ezincinane ekubopheni lonke uhlanga kwizivumelwano ezinokuthi zibangele amaphondo okanye imimandla ethile ingabi namdla.

Imigaqo-nkqubo Ebuntwini bomGaqo-siseko

Xa zithe zagunyaziswa, izivumelwano zinendawo ekhethekileyo kumthetho waseMelika. Ukungagunyazi u-Claus [i-Artle VI] ivakalisa ukuba "yonke izivumelwano ezenziwe, okanye eziza kwenziwa, phantsi kweGunya le-United States, ziza kuba nguMthetho ophakamileyo weLizwe." Oku kubeka izivumelwano kwisivumelwano somqathango kunye nemithetho yorhulumente nangaphezulu, kunikwa izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe amandla angaqhelekanga asemthethweni wasekuhlaleni.

Lo mGaqo-siseko ubangela intsebenziswano entsonkothileyo phakathi kwezivumelwano neminye imithetho. Iingxelo kunye nemimiselo yasekuhlaleni zithathwa njengezilinganayo, nemithetho yamva yexesha exhaphakileyo exhaphakileyo xa kukho ingxabano. IBhunga lingawalawula ngokunempumelelo amalungiselelo esivumelwano ngomthetho olandelayo, nangona oku kusenokungaphulaphuli iimbopheleleko zezizwe ngezizwe. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ikwathiwe ukuba izivumelwano azinakukwazi ukuphelisa umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo, akukho sivumelwano esinokugunyazisa oko umGaqo-siseko ungakuvumeliyo.

ulwahlulo ngokwalo ngokuchasene nolwahlulo olungelulo lobuqu [ umahluko othe kratya ubangela ubunzima bemicimbi. Izivumelwano zokuzinqumla ziba ngumthetho wasekhaya ngokuzenzekelayo ekunikezelweni, ezinyanzelelwayo kwiinkundla ngaphandle komthetho owongezelelweyo. Izivumelwano ezingezoza-wedwa zifuna ukuzalisekisa umthetho phambi kokuba zenze amalungelo anyanzelekayo. Lo mahluko, ngokufuthi ongacacisweyo, uvelisa iimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ezingomthetho malunga nokugcinwa kwesivumelwano.

Umthetho wesizwe kufuneka unikezele kwizivumelwano ezisebenzayo, uthintele oorhulumente ukuba bathobe inkqubo yesizwe yamanye amazwe ngomthetho ongqubanayo. Lo mgaqo, osungulwe kwasekuqaleni kwiimeko ezifana noWare v. Hylton (1796), uqinisekisa urhulumente wesizwe ukuba wenze izibophelelo ezithembekileyo ehlabathini lonke ngaphandle kokungenelela kwesizwe. Noko ke, izivumelwano azinakuyalela oorhulumente ukuba baphumeze iimfuno zesivumelwano, balondoloze ezinye izikhuseli zolawulo lukarhulumente.

INkqubo Yokwenza I-Negotia

Ukhokelo lobuMongameli neendima zamasebe alawulayo

Isivumelwano sothethwano siqala ngenyathelo lokuqala lomongameli, elibonisa indima yomgaqo-siseko womphathi-siseko njengommeli oyintloko wesizwe kwimicimbi yangaphandle. Abameli bamisela izinto eziza kuqala ezicwangcisiweyo [, bakhethe abaququzeleli, kwaye ekugqibeleni bagqibe ukuba bazakutyikitya izivumelwano baze bazinikezele ukuba zikhutshwe. Olu lawulo lwegunya kwingxoxo lubonisa iimfuno ezisebenzayo , iingxubusho ezifihlakeleyo, iingxube ezisisigxina ezifunekayo kunxibelelwano olunempumelelo.

ISebe leSizwe likhokela uthethwano lwesivumelwano, kunye neNkqutyana yeSizwe ekhonza njengomphathi-mikhosi oyintloko waseMerika. Abaphathi benkonzo yangaphandle banika ubuchule, ulwazi lombutho, kunye nolwalamano olubalulekileyo kwingxoxo entsonkothileyo. Ii-bhulurethi zengingqi zinikela ubuchule ngexesha lomsebenzi wezicwangciso ezifana nokulawulwa kwezixhobo okanye amalungelo abantu. I-Ofisi ye-Othe yezomthetho-Adviser iqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe kunye nomthetho wasekhaya zivumelana nezobuzwe lonke.

Amanye amasebe aphetheyo aba nenxaxheba xa izivumelwano zichaphazela igunya lawo. ISebe loKhuselo loMkhosi libandakanyeka kwingxoxo yomkhosi. I-University Project ikhokela izivumelwano zerhafu yamazwe ngamazwe. I-Arhente yoKhuselo lweNtlalo-ntle yezobume belizwe incedisa kwizivumelwano zemozulu. I-U.S. Ummeli worhwebo ulawula imicimbi yorhwebo. Olu manyano, lulawulwa ngeBhunga leSizwe loKhuselo, luqinisekisa ukuba zonke izilangazelelo ze-U.S.

Amagosa ezobupolitika namagosa asebenzayo adla ngokudideka xa kuthethwana. Abamiselwe kwezobupolitika bazisa izinto eziza kuqala kumongameli kunye nokulawula ngedemokhrasi kodwa basenokungabi nabuchule bobugcisa okanye amava obugcisa. Amagosa omsebenzi anika ubuchule nobuchule obuqhubekayo kodwa asenokuchasa ulwalathiso lwezopolitiko. Ingxoxo ephumelelayo ilungelelanisa iimbono ezi, idityaniswa nobuchule bobupolitika.

Indlela Yokuqhuba Imithambo - luvo

Uthethwano lwesivumelwano sanamhlanje lwahluka kakhulu kubungakanani, ubude, kunye nobunkimbini. Iingxoxo zamazwe amabini zingabandakanya amaqela amancinane adibana ngamaxesha athile kwiinyanga ezingaphaya. ingxubusho ye-Multialial mentation [ njenge project ye-Paris Climate Act ibandakanya malunga namazwe angama-200, amawaka abathathi-nxaxheba, kunye neminyaka yeengxubusho zokuqala phambi kokuba kuqaliswe ingxoxo yesithethe.

Iingxubusho eziqhubekeka ngamanqanaba amaninzi. Ukukhangelwa kokuqala kuhlolo kuhlolo ukuba uthethwano olucwangcisiweyo lufanelekile kusini na. Ukuba iqela liyaqhubeka, batshintshisana ngemibhalo yedrafti edwelise iindawo ezidwelisweyo. Iintlanganiso zokuthetha zibandakanya iingxubusho ezihamba ngomgca, nezibiyeli ezibonisa ukungavumelani. Ingxoxo yecala ithetha ngemibandela ethile okanye imicimbi yexesha elizayo kwiingxubusho ezininzi. Iintlanganiso zokugqibela zidla ngokubandakanya ukungenelela okuphezulu kwezobupolitika ukucombulula ukungavisisani okukhoyo.

Inkqubo yokhangelo lwezonyango ngexesha lengxoxo ivele ngokuphawulekayo. Oomongameli bale mihla badla ngokuqhagamshelana nabaququzeleli abaphambili ngexesha lengxoxo, befuna ukuphepha iimpazamo zikaWilson Versailles. Amaqela anomdla, ukusuka kwiimbutho zoshishino ukuya kwimibutho yemekobume, abaququzeleli bekhupha ii-arhente kunye nobuchule bobugcisa. Ukuva nogqabaza kusoloko kuvula unxibelelwano lwedemokhrasi, nangona iintlanganiso zokwenene ze-demokhrasi zihlala ziyimfihlo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye baguqula uthethwano lwesivumelwano. Ividiyo inceda ukudibana okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokuhamba rhoqo. Amaqonga amanani anceda uxwebhu olusebenzisanayo noluhlaziyiweyo. Izixhobo zokunxibelelana kwabantu zivumela ukuganana kwamaxesha obuqu kodwa zikwabangela ukuba kube nzima ukuncokola ngokufihlakeleyo. Ezi nguqu zobugcisa zisongela imfihlo yeendawo zokudibanisa iingxoxo ngeli xesha zisenza izinto ezintsha.

Usayino Nokuthobeka

Utyikityo lwesivumelwano luphawula isiphelo sempumelelo sengxoxo kodwa alwenzi iimfanelo ezibophayo. Sitaint ibonisa uqinisekiso[] ```ukubhaliweyo kubonakalisa ngokuchanekileyo oko abaququzeleli bavumelanayo] kunye nokuzinikela kwezobupolitika ukufuna ukhuthuzo. Ixesha phakathi kotyikityo kunye nokwenza i-ratiation livumela ukuba inkcaso yasekhaya malunga nokuba ingaba uyamkela na iimfuno zezizwe ngezizwe.

Abalawuli bajamelana neenqobo ezicwangcisiweyo malunga nexesha lokunikezela izivumelwano zokudilizwa. Ukuthobela ngokukhawuleza kungasebenzisa inkxaso ephambili ye-arhente kodwa kusemngciphekweni wokulungiselela iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso engafanelekanga. Ukulibazisa kuvumela ulwakhiwo lwezopolitiko kodwa lungalahlekelwa ngungxamiseko okanye ukutshintsha kweemeko. Abanye oomongameli baye batyikitya izivumelwano abakhange bazithobele, ngokunempumelelo izivumelwano zokubulala ngokungenzi nto.

Umyalezo odluliswayo ohambisana nesivumelwano sokuthobela iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso uchaza injongo yesivumelwano, amalungiselelo, kunye nokubaluleka. Esi sigidimi, esibhaliswe liSebe leSizwe, senza ityala lolawulo lokwandiswa. Amaxwebhu axhasayo angaquka ukuthethwa kwembali, uhlalutyo olungokwasemthethweni, kunye neenkcazo zempembelelo.

Inyathelo leKomiti yoNxulumano lwaMazwe Angaphandle

Isivumelwano ngasinye siqalisa uhambo lwaso lweNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlela yokuHlanganisa [iFLT:0] kwiManyano zaMazwe angaphandle , enye yeekomiti ezindala nenodumo. Imiselwe ngo1816, le komiti isebenza njengendawo yokulungiselela ubuchule beNdlu yeeNdlela zolawulo zamazwe angaphandle kunye ne-Form ukuze ivavanywe ngokunenkcukacha zesivumelwano.

Inkqubo yekomiti iqala ngobungqina besebe eliphetheyo, obubonisa uNobhala weSizwe kunye namanye amalungu afanelekileyo achaza amalungiselelo kunye nokubaluleka kwesivumelwano. Ezi ntlanganiso, zidla ngokuvalwa nguwonke-wonke kodwa ngamanye amaxesha zivalelwe kwimicimbi exhalabisayo, zivumela abaququzeleli ukuba bahlolisise ingqiqo yolawulo kunye nophando olunokwenzeka. amalungu asekuhlaleni asoloko esebenzisa ukuva [[ ukukhupha izibophelelo zolawulo malunga nokuphunyezwa okanye ukuphawula izimvo zolawulo ezinxulumene namaqabane.

Amangqina angaphandle anikela imbono ebalulekileyo ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwesebe eliphetheyo. Iingcali zezoshishino zihlalutya iziphumo zesivumelwano. Amaqela anomdla anikela inkxaso okanye iimbono eziphikisanayo. Aba bantu babesemagunyeni banikela inkcazo yembali. Aba bantu bahlukeneyo bazisa uphando lwekomiti nokuqonda uluntu. Ubukhulu nobubanzi beekomiti busoloko buqinisekisa enoba izivumelwano ziyaqhubeka ngokutyibilikayo okanye zijongene nemiqobo.

Ikomiti ingathatha izenzo ezininzi: ixela isivumelwano ngokulungileyo, ixele ngokungafanelekanga (ngokuqhelekileyo sibulala), ixele ngokulungisa okanye ngokumanyumnyezi, okanye ilahle ukwenza (ngokufanelekileyo sisenza). iCommettee inftive igqume izivumelwano ezininzi [, ivumela abaququzeleli ukuba baphephe ukuvota okunzima ngelixesha bethintela ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango. Ikomiti isenokubamba izivumelwano ezilindele ukuthethwano kolunye ulwando okanye iimeko eziguqukileyo.

Uqwalaselo lomgangatho kunye nomda weeThirdi ezimbini

Iingcebiso ezifikelela kumgangatho weNdlu yeNtlanganiso zijongene nemeko-bume engaqhelekanga. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho ofuna iintloko ezilula, ii-arhente zifuna imvume ezimbini-ntathu [, ngokusisiseko ezitshintsha amandla ezobupolitika. Le mfuneko ibalaseleyo inika amandla amancinane kunye nabaququzeleli, abanokukhupha imvume okanye izithintelo zokwahlulwa nokuba nenkxaso yoninzi.

Ingxoxo ye-Floor ngezivumelwano ezibalulekileyo ingaqhubekeka kangangeeveki okanye iinyanga. INdibano yeZixhebo zeMichiza yajamelana neentsuku ezingama-28 yengxoxo. IPanama Canal Partus yachitha iintsuku ezingama-38. Ezi ngxoxo zandisiweyo zivumela ukuxilongwa okucokisekileyo kodwa zikwanikezela iiplatfomu kwimiqathango yezopolitiko ephakamileyo nezokungangqinelani. Maxa wambi abachasi be-Facillbuster ukuze bathintele amavoti abaya kuphulukana nabo.

ICandelo lingalungisa izivumelwano nge izivumelwano, ukuqonda, kunye nezindululo (Ii-RUD). Ukuguqula okusezantsi ngokuqhutywayo kutshintsha iimbopheleleko ezisemthethweni. Ukuqonda ucaciso ngaphandle kokutshintsha iimfuno. Iinkqubo zezomthetho ezinxulumene nokudityaniswa. Ngelixesha ii-RUD zivumela iBhunga ukuba zibumbe izivumelwano, utshintsho olugqithisileyo lungenza okanye lubulale ngokuzenza zingamkeleki ukudibanisa amaqabane.

Umphetho ozii-3 ezintathu wenza iminqophiso engaqhelekanga kunye nezinyanzelisi. Izivumelwano zeparisan zinqabile ukuphumelela ````i-bipartisan'' inkxaso eyimfuneko. Imfuno yengingqi ingakubetha ngoyaba ukunyaniseka kweqela. Abaququzeleli ngabanye banokufumana inkxaso enkulu, banokukhupha imvume engahambelaniyo yamavoti abo. Lo mqobo uqinisekisa ukuba kuvunyiwe kukwakho ukuvalwa kwemiqathango emiselweyo kodwa kwakhona ubangela ukuba kubekho ukuthintelwa okungaqondaniyo.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yenyathelo Lendlu Yoogxalaba

IBhunga leNtlanganiso liqwalasele malunga nezivumelwano ezili-1,500 ukutyhubela imbali yaseMelika, likhupha malunga nama-20 kuphela ngevoti ezisesikweni kodwa libulala ezininzi ngakumbi ngokungenzi nto okanye ngokuguqula. Le ngxelo ichaza impembelelo yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ingathethelelwa okanye idluliselwe ngenxa yokuba oomongameli balindele inkcaso yeNtlanganiso.

Ukwaliwa okuninzi kwepropati ephezulu kubonisa amandla eBhunga. Isivumelwano saseVersailles (1919) asiphumelelanga phezu kwako nje ukukhuthala kukaWilson. IComprehensive Nuclear Ban Treaty Treaty Treaty (1999) yasilela phantsi nakubeni inkxaso yamazwe ngamazwe iphangaleleyo. Ezi zimposiso zaguqula iziganeko zehlabathi lonke zaze zabonakalisa ukuba uthethanononononononono lomongameli ngaphandle kwenkxaso yeNdluvo lwezi ziphumeza izithembiso ezingenanto.

Iindlela zokulawula iqela zisenza singasebenzi isivumelwano esivunyiweyo. Xa iqela lomongameli lilawula iNdlu yeNtsimbi ngeencam ezaneleyo, izivumelwano zisoloko zihamba kakuhle. urhulumente owahlukeneyo wenza ulwahlulo lube nzima kakhulu [[ kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba izivumelwano zesivumelwano ze-(-"bipartan zinokuphumelela. Owona mzekelo unzima ubandakanya umongameli ojongene neBhunga elilawulwa liqela lenkcaso elinolwayo kunye neevoti ezaneleyo zokuvala izivumelwano.

Indima yesivumelwano seNdlu yeeNtsimbi iguqukile ngokutshintsha iimeko zehlabathi. Izivumelwano zeMfazwe Yomlomo zisoloko zifumana inkxaso echasene nezisongelo eziqhelekileyo. Izivumelwano zasemva kwemfazwe yeChoold zijongene nolwahlulo oluninzi olulwahlula-hlulayo ngaphandle kokumanyanisa iintshaba ezingaphandle. Ukudityaniswa kwale mihla kwenza ukudityaniswa kwesivumelwano kube nzima ngakumbi, kunyanzelisa oomongameli kwiindlela zokwenza isivumelwano.

Izivumelwano ezigunyazisiweyo: Enye indlela

Izivumelwano zokuphumeza izivumelwano ziye zaba luhlobo oluphambili lwesivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe eUnited States, izivumelwano ezingaphezulu kakhulu. Ezi zivumelwano, ezenziwe ngoomongameli ngaphandle kweBhunga, zifumana igunya kwimithombo emithathu: ugunyazo lombutho wengqungquthela, ugunyaziso lwesivumelwano, okanye amandla obumongameli. Udidi ngalunye lunendlela eyahlukileyo esemthethweni kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Izivumelwano zocalucalulo ezibandakanya amasebe omabini kodwa zigqitha iimfuno ezimbini zeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso. Iingqungquthela zidlulisela umthetho ogunyazisa okanye ovumela izivumelwano ngemisebenzi emikhulu elula. Izivumelwano zezorhwebo ezifana neNAFTA zilandela lo mzekelo, kunye neGunya loMngeniselo we- evumela oomongameli ukuba baqhube izivumelwano zeBhunga ezamkelekileyo okanye ezingavumelaniyo ngaphandle kokulungisa. Le nkqubo yenza ukuba izivumelwano ezintsonkothile zezoqoqosho zikwazi ukuxabana njengezivumelwano.

Isivumelwano sokubulala sisebenza okanye izivumelwano ezineenkcukacha ezikhoyo. Isivumelwano sokuzikhusela sisenokugunyazisa izivumelwano ezilandelayo kumalungelo asisiseko okanye kwintsebenziswano yomkhosi. Ezi zivumelwano zilandelayo azifuni mvume eyongezelelekileyo yeNdlu yeeNtsimi yeeNtsimi ukuba zikwisivumelwano sokuqala. Oku kuguquka kuvumela ukutshintsha kwesivumelwano ukuze kutshintshe iimeko ngaphandle kokuzitshintsha ngokuqhubekayo.

Izivumelwano zolawulo oluphezulu ezixhomekeke kumagunya omgaqo-siseko omongameli kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe kunye nomyalelo womkhosi. Ezi zibandakanya ukuqwalaselwa kwamazwe ngamazwe, amalungiselelo omkhosi, okanye uncedo lwamanye amazwe. Ngelixesha zibotshwa ngokusemthethweni zwenibanzi, izivumelwano zolawulo oluphezulu zisesona silula ukuphinda ziphinde zibuye ngamalandela angaze aphinde arhoxe.

Ukwanda Kwezivumelwano Zegunya

Ukwanda okukhawulezileyo kwezivumelwano zegunya eliphetheyo `kusukela ku 36% wezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ku-1889-129 ukuya ngaphezu kwama-90% namhlanje. Ibonisa oothunywashe abaninzi. imfuno yolwalamano lwehlabathi lonke kunye nokutshintsha-tshintsha [ inkqubo yesivumelwano engenakunikezela. Izivumelwano zobuchule kwinqwelo-moya, iinkonzo zeposi, okanye intsebenziswano yomthetho ingaphazamisa iNdlukwano ukuba zonke iinkqubo zesivumelwano ziyimfuneko.

Ukudityaniswa kweCandelo leNtshona Koloni kwenza ukufikelela kwizikhulu ezibini eziziisithathu zeNdlu yeQela zibe nzima, zityhalela oomongameli kwizivumelwano zegunya. IIran Nuclear Develop (JCPOA) yabonisa le nkxaso inamandla(ukungabi nankxaso yeNdlu yeQela yesivumelwano, i-Obama yayicwangcisa njengesivumelwano segunya elilawulayo. Ukurhoxa kukaTrump kwalandela kwabonisa ukuguquka nokungazinzisi kwezivumelwano zokunganyangwa.

Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi ngehlabathi kuninzi olufuna intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ubugrogrisi, izifo ezigqugqisayo, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezibhedlele, kunye nokuxhomekeka kwezoqoqosho kufuna umanyano oluzinzileyo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Inkqubo yesivumelwano ayinakuwusingatha lo mqulu[, yenza izivumelwano zolawulo zibe yimfuneko. Abahlalutyi baphikisa le ndlela yokujika umGaqo-siseko, ngexa abaxhasi bebona imfuneko yokuziqhelanisa nemeko zale mihla.

Iinkundla zixhase izivumelwano zegunya eliphezulu, nangona zingaphantsi kwemida. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa izivumelwano zegunya elilawulayo kumatyala anjenge-United States v. Belmont (1937) kunye ne-Dames & Moore v. Regan (19981). Noko ke, izivumelwano zokugweba azinakuyigqitha imimiselo ekhoyo[ okanye imiqathango yesiseko, kwaye isiphumo sawo somthetho wasekhaya sihlala sibuthathaka kunezivumelwano.

Iipolitiki Zokuphelisa Izivumelwano

Ukwakha Inkxaso Yasekhaya

Ukwenziwa kwesivumelwano esinempumelelo kufuna amaphulo ezobupolitika antsonkothileyo angqubana nomthetho omkhulu. Impembelelo ephawulekayo yempembelelo kuvoti , ingakumbi kwizivumelwano eziphezulu. Abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka bakhe inkxaso kawonke-wonke ngamajelo eendaba, umxhasi wokhuphiswano, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweengca. IPanama Canal Part Relations yaphumelela ngokwenxenye ngokuzibophana kwabaninzi ekuphumeleleni kokuqala inkcaso.

Iingxoxo zezoshishino zeqela lezobupolitika ezikhuthaza kakhulu izivumelwano zezivumelwano zorhwebo. Amaqela amashishini axhasa izivumelwano zezorhwebo kodwa asenokuzichasa izivumelwano zokusingqongileyo. Imibutho yamalungelo abantu ixhasa iindibano zokunceda abantu. Izivumelwano zezizwe ziyabandakanyeka xa zichaphazela amazwe awo. La maqela anikela iminikelo, athumele abavoti, kunye neengxelo zezentengiselwano eziphembelela inyathelo leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso.

Imicimbi enzima kakhulu ekufuneni unyuso lwezobupolitika. iqala kumabinzana omongameli , xa ikomkhulu lezobupolitika liphezulu, izivumelwano zijongene namathemba angcono. Iminyaka yolwakhiwo yenza kube nzima ukunyuswa njengee-senator ziphephe iivoti eziphikiswayo. Amaxesha edada emva konyulo maxa wambi anika amathuba amavoti anzima. Iziganeko zangaphandle ``'''''''''iziphumo ezibonisa imfuneko yesivumelwano okanye amahlazo ezixhasa ukuncitshiswa okunganyaniswa kwe-atyo.'

Izilangazelelo zombutho kunye nezoqoqosho zisoloko zingaphezulu kwezinxulumanisi zomanyano lwabaququzeleli kwizivumelwano. Amazwana ezolimo angaxhasa izivumelwano zorhwebo ezinceda abalimi kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela. Amaphondo angakhetha izivumelwano zoshishino lwaselwandle. Izixhobo zoshishino zoshishino lobukho bobuzwe ziphembelela izikhundla zezixhobo zokulawula izivumelwano zezivumelwano. Ezi zinxaxhiso zibangela ukungqubana okungaqhelekanga nokuqiqa koqikelelo lweqela.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Lwaphumelela Yaye Lwasilela

I- North Atlantic Treaty (1949) ukwenza iNATO ibonakalisa impumelelo yeqhinga lokwandiswa kwemiqhaphu. Ulawulo lweTruman lwakha inkxaso ye-bipartisan ngokuthetha kakhulu, kuquka nokuzisa umPhathi-mikhosi weRiphabliki uArthur Vandenberg kwingxoxo. Amaphulo okufundisa abantu agxininisa kwiingozi ze-Soviet. Ivoti ye-82-13 yolwakhiwo lwabonisa uvumelwano oluphangaleleyo olufunyenwe kubaphathi bezobupolitika.

Isivumelwano se-Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II [SALT II] [i-SALT II] ibonisa ukungaphumeleli kolwakhiwo lwerathisi phezu kwayo nje intelekelelo yokuqala. Yafakelwa iminyaka emininzi yasayinwa ngo1979, isivumelwano sajamelana nenkcaso eyandayo njengolwalamano lwe-U.S.-Soviet lwawohloka. Ukuhlasela kwe-Afghanistan kwabulala inkxaso eseleyo. Carter warhoxa isivumelwano ekuqwalaleni, ebonisa indlela iziganeko zangaphandle ezinokutshabalalisa ngayo izivumelwano.

IConvention yezixhobo ezixhobileyo (1997) yaphumelela kumgudu ozingisileyo we-bipartisan. Nangona kwakunenkcaso yokuqala evela kwezinye iiRiphabliki kunye nemicimbi yemichiza, ulawulo lweClinton lwakha inkxaso ngokuvumela ukuzalisekiswa noqinisekiso. UJesse Helms, isitulo seKomiti yeMasignational Relations, ekugqibeleni savumela ivoti. Izivumelwano ezingamashumi amane anesibini namathandathu anesibini ezidityanisiweyo zabonisa ukuba izivumelwano zempikiswano zingaphumelela ngomgudu oqhubekayo.

Isivumelwano esingobuqhetseba baBantu abaneziphene (202) asiphumelelanga phezu kwayo nje inkxaso ebanzi nempikiswano encinane. Sadityaniswa phantsi koGeorge W. Bush kwaye saxhaswa ngu-Obama, esi sivumelwano sabonakala singawiswanga. Noko ke, amaqela akwisikolo sasekhaya kunye nabaxhasi bolawulo baphakamisa uloyiko malunga nokungenelela kwe-UN ezisapho. Nangona kunjalo amaqela amagqala enkxaso kunye nokunconywa kwe-bipartistan, sawa mfutshane ku-38. Oku kusilela kubonisa indlela abambalwa abalungelelanisiweyo abanokuyoyisa ngayo izivumelwano eziqhelekileyo.

Iingcebiso Zale Mihla

Ukwinguqulelo Eninzi

Ukwenza isivumelwano kwangoku kubandakanya [[FLT: 0] iingxoxo zobuzwe namazwe amaninzi okanye amakhulu. Le ngxoxo, edla ngokuqhutywa ngeentlangano zezizwe ngezizwe, yenza amandla ahluke kakhulu kwiintetho ezilandelayo. Ukwakha uvumelwano phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo aneenjongo ezingqubanayo kufuna uthethathethwano lokwakha kwaye kudla ngokuvelisa izivumelwano zolawulo oluphantsi kakhulu.

Isivumelwano se-Paris Climate Areant sibonakalisa ukuntsonkotha kwala mazwe akhoyo. Malunga namazwe angama-200 anemigangatho yophuhliso eyahlukeneyo kunye neentelekelelo zokukhupha igesi ezifunwa kumhlaba omnye. Isakhiwo sesivumelwano ````iminikelo ewiswe phantsi kweTrump', kunokuba ifake amaxhoba ngokubotshelelwayo. Ulwalamano lwase-U.S. noParis[[FLTLD:1]] [----------i-ojoining, iphuma phantsi kwe-Trump, idibana phantsi kwe-Bhjomp, idibana nobukhobo obufunekayo ukuze imicimbi yasekhaya izenze ngemisebenzi emininzi.

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ekhulayo yenza isivumelwano sisebenze. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo eziququzelela iingxoxo kuyo yonke into ukusuka ekulawuleni izixhobo ukuya ekuqhubeni phambili. IWorld Trade Organization ilungiselela izivumelwano zorhwebo. Iingingqi ezinjengentlangano yengingqi yeMerika yenza ukuba izivumelwano zengingqi zibe luncedo. Ezi ndawo zibonelela ngobuchule nokusemthethweni kodwa zikwadibanisa ukuntsonkotha kwemithetho.

Ucelomngeni lwe [[FLT: 0] olunobungcungcutheki bomhlaba wonke kunye nobuchule obukhoyo luquka izivumelwano zale mihla. Ukuquka zonke izizwe zifuna amalungiselelo abuthathaka amkelekileyo kwabangenanxaxheba abancinane. Izivumelwano eziqinileyo phakathi kwamazwe anezimvo ezincinane anokufumana udibaniso olungakumbi kodwa olungenayo lwehlabathi lonke. Olu xinezeleko phakathi kobubanzi nobunzulu bobume bazo zonke iingxoxo ezithelekisa iinko.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye neMida emitsha

Ubugcisa bokudibanisa budala ucelomngeni lwezingqino zesivumelwano sesithethe. Imfazwe yeCyber imfiliba imida phakathi kwemfazwe noxolo, urhulumente kunye nabadlali abangengomalungu, benza ukulawulwa kwezixhobo zemfazwe ngokwesithethe kube yingxaki. Imingenis-mviso yokuthengisa ebhakabhakeni ebhalelwe iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Ubuchule bokwenza izinto zobucukubhede bekhompyutha kunye nezixhobo ezizilawulayo ziphakamisa imibuzo yomthetho wokunceda abantu azikwazi ukuyiphendula.

Isantya sotshintsho lobugcisa sidla ngokudlula isantya sokuthethana ngesivumelwano. Ngexesha amazwe avumelana ngalo ngokulawula ubugcisa obuthile, uhlaziyo luye lwahamba ngaphaya kwamalungiselelo esivumelwano. Eli xesha alihambelani nenkqubela phambili kwisakhiwo esibhetyebhetye kunye neengqungquthela ezizinzileyo kunezokuhlola ezithe rhoqo, izivumelwano ezizinzileyo. ulawulo olusemthethweni ngezivumelwano [ luba lubalulekile kodwa luba lucelwha ucelomngeni lwesithethe lwezibophelelo ezinyanzelekileyo.

Ukuqinisekiswa nokugadwa kothotho kuqhubekeka ntsokothileyo ngenkqubela-phambili yobugcisa. Iisatellite zinika ujongo olungakabonwayo lwemisebenzi yenyukliya neqhelekileyo yomkhosi. ICyber forensics ingayibeka ityala kodwa iphakamise inkxalabo zolawulo. Izixhobo zoluntu zinika ubuchule bobuntlola obuvulekileyo kodwa zikwanika ubuchule bokuphelisa izivumelwano. Ezi khono zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwesivumelwano ngeli xesha zidala izinto ezintsha ezikhoyo.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwedemokhrasi Nokubonisa Okucace

Ubugcisa bonxibelelwano bale mihla benza uthengiselwano lukawonke-wonke olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili ngesivumelwano esiqhutyelwa emfihlekweni. iintlanganiso ezihamba kunye neziququzelelayo ezipapasha iingxelo zedrafti, kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano lwentlalo-ntle zihlaziya iinkqubo zolawulo-melo ebezingabonwa ngaphambili. Imibutho yabemi boluntu ikhuthaza iphulo lokukhuthaza ingxoxo yehlabathi lonke. Oku kunyusa ukusetyenziswa kwedemokhrasi kodwa kwenza ukuba inguqulelo yezobuzwe izenze zibe nzima.

Uxinzeleleko phakathi kokubonisana nokusebenzisana okusebenzayo luhlala lungalungiswa. Iingxoxo zifuna ukutshintshisana okuyimfihlo ukukhangela ulwaphulo. Ukutyhilwa kwangaphambili kungenza iindawo zokwakha ziqine kwaye kuthintele izisombululo. Kodwa ukufihla imfihlo kubangela ukukrokra nokunciphisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke. [[FLT: 0]] Ukukhulula ngokusebenzisa icebo lokuququzelela [] kuvavanya ukuvelisa izivumelwano zale mihla.

Abantu belizwe babengasasebenzi kwizivumelwano ezichaphazela amazwe abo namalungelo abo, befuna ngakumbi ukuba nenxaxheba. Isindululo seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo samalungelo abantu boMhlali siyawavuma amalungelo okunxibelelana. Ezinye iingxoxo ziquka abameli bomthonyama. Oku kubandakanya ingxubusho enika ingxubusho enzima kodwa kongeza ukuntsonkotha kwiinkqubo ezisele zinzima.

Ucelomngeni Lokusebenza Ekhaya

Ukusuka Ekugungqeni Ukuya Kwimeko Yokwenene

Isivumelwano sokwahlula iretioty siphawula isiqalo, asipheleli [, imingeni yokuzalisekisa kwasekhaya. Iingxelo zifuna umthetho omkhulu, ulawulo, kunye neenguqu ezikhoyo. INdibano yezixhobo Zezikhemichako zafuna ukuyila ulwaphulo-mthetho olutsha, ulawulo, kunye neemfuno zoshishino. Izivumelwano zorhwebo zifuna utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, kunye neenkqubo zokombulula impikiswano.

Ukuphumeza umthetho ojongene nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yezobupolitika kunokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Ngelixesha izivumelwano zifuna imvume yeQembu leNtlanga, ukuzalisekisa amatyala kufuna kuphela izinto ezinkulu kodwa kufuneka kudlule omabini amagumbi. ubandakanyeko lwendlu ekuzalisekiseni [ lunika abameli impembelelo kwiisivumelwano abangenakuzithintela ngqo. Oku kunamandla ngamanye amaxesha kuvelisa ukuphumeza okungqubana okusuka kwiinjongo ze-igotator.

Iinkqubo zomanyano ziwenza nzima umsebenzi xa izivumelwano zifikelela iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente. Imfundo, ubulungisa, kunye nomthetho wentsapho zihlala zisemagunyeni esizwe naphantsi kweemfuno zesivumelwano. Urhulumente wengingqi akanakuyalela mazwe ukuba azalisekise izivumelwano, edala imisantsa phakathi kwemiqathango yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nenkcubeko yasekhaya. Olu xinezeleko lwamalungelo abantu oluselurhulumenteni luchaphazela izivumelwano ezichaphazela amalungelo angokwesithethe.

Iimfuno zemali zidala imiqobo eyongezelelekileyo yokuzalisekisa. Iingxelo zinganikezela kuncedo lwezizwe ngezizwe, iinkqubo zokuhlola, okanye iinkqubo zasekhaya ezifuna ukusetyenziswa. Ikhonparete yokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali [ nakanjanina neemfuno zesivumelwano, ivumela imikhosi emikhulu yemithetho ukuba ithobe izivumelwano ngokungafuni mali. Eli ngxowa linika isikhuseli esiqhubekayo kukuphumeza izivumelwano.

Ukutolikwa Nokunyanzelwa

Utoliko lwesivumelwano luvelisa iimpikiswano eziqhubekayo emva kokuba ziqaliswe. Isivumelwano se- Vienna kuMthetho weeTreates sinika imithetho yokutolika, kodwa i-U.S. ayiyigunyazisanga, ishiya imigaqo yokutolika ingaqiniseki. IiNkundla, amaqumrhu aphetheyo, kunye neNgqungquthela zingazichaza ngokwahlukileyo izivumelwano, zidala ukudideka ngezibo.

Indima yamaqumrhu achazayo amazwe ngamazwe ihlala ineempikiswano. Izivumelwano ezininzi zimisela iikomiti okanye iinkundla zokuchaza amalungiselelo nokuzihlola. Abanye abantu baseMerika bawajonga njengezinto eziphazamisa ulawulo. Abanye bawajonga njengayimfuneko ekusetyenzisweni ngokungaguqukiyo. I-U.S. idla ngokugunyazisa izivumelwano kodwa abafuni igunya lezizwe ngezizwe lokulawula iingxabano.

Iinkqubo zonyanzelo lwasekhaya zahluka kakhulu. Amanye amalungiselelo esivumelwano enza amalungelo anyanzelekayo eenkundla zaseMerika. Amanye axhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekunyanzelweni komthetho karhulumente. Abaninzi bawela phakathi, benenkqubo yokunyanzelisa engacacanga. Oku kungaqiniseki kusoloko kubonisa ukuyekelela kwezobupolitika ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwemingeni enzima kodwa kudala imingeni yokuzalisekisa.

Ukuqokelelwa Nemiphumo

Isivumelwano sibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwemali esetyenziswayo, esemthethweni, nesebenzayo. indleko zokwaphula imigaqo ingakonakalisa ulwalamano lwezizwana kunye nokuthembeka kwixesha elizayo. Iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni zingaquka ukuqukwa kwenkundla yehlabathi lonke okanye imbuyekezo egunyazisiweyo. Iziphumo ezisebenzayo ziquka inkxaso yesivumelwano elahlekileyo okanye ukungabhaliswa kwabanye.

Ingxelo yokuthobela yase-U.S. ihlala inamandla kodwa iquka ukwaphulwa okuphawulekayo. Iinkundla zezizwe ngezizwe zeJaji zifumana ukungahambelani nezivumelwano zokwazisa iU.S. zabangela ungquzulwano lwentsebenziswano. izenzo zobuqhetseba zaphula umthetho [ iConvention Against Torture. Trade comments. Impikiswano yesivumelwano se-U. Le mithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, ngexa ilinganiselwe, ithoba ukuthoba ukunyaza intela inteza ekufuneni ukuthobela kwabanye.

Ngokuphuma kwizivumelwano, nangona zivumelekile ngokomthetho, zithwala iindleko ezibalulekileyo. Ukurhoxa komphathi kwisivumelwano se Paris, iIran Nuclear Development, nezinye izivumelwano ezonakeleyo zabangela abanye ukuba bakhuseleke kumaMelika angaphiliyo. Imigudu kaBiden yokuququzelela izivumelwano ezinokungaqiniseki ngokuguquguquka kwamazwe aseMelika. ukurhoxa kolawulo oluchanekileyo [ kuhlala kungacacanga ngokwesiseko somgaqo-siseko, kunye nempikiswano yokuba ngabalawuli bangarhoxa okanye bafune ukuvunywa ngokungenamdla komdla wokuzinziswa.

Ikamva leSivumelwano samaMerika-sokwenza

Utshintsho Oluqwalaselwayo

Izindululo ezahlukahlukeneyo zifuna ukwenza ukuba isivumelwano sibe sisenzo sokwenza ukuba sifumaneke ngokweemfuno zale mihla. Ezinye zicebisa ukuthoba umqobo wokwandiswa kwemiqobo ukusuka kwisithathu ukuya kwisithathu sesithathu okanye isininzi esilula, ukwenza izivumelwano zibe lula ukutsala kodwa ezinokuba zincinci. Ezinye zicebisa ukuba kufuneke ukuvunywe kwesivumelwano sokurhoxa, kuthintelwe ukutshintsha komongameli ongomnye. Ezi nguqu zijongene nemiqobo emikhulu enikwe imfuno yesiseko.

Imizekelo yabaphathi abanegunya abakhawulezayo abasuka kurhwebo inokuba ngapha nangapha kwezinye izivumelwano. Ingqungquthela inakho ukugunyazisa uthethwano phakathi kwemida, kunye neziphumo zezivumelwano ezifumana ivoti ephezulu ngaphandle kokulungisa. Le nkqubo ilinganisa ungeniso lwedemokhrasi ngokutshintshana. Noko ke, ukwandisa umzila okhawulezayo ngaphaya korhwebo kunyusa inkxalabo malunga neenkqubo zokujika kwesivumelwano somgaqo-siseko.

Amalungiselelo okudada kwelanga kunye nohlolo oluthe rhoqo lungacombulula ingxaki ehlala ihleli. Iingcebiso zingaquka isiphelo esizenzekelayo ngaphandle kokuba sivuselelwe , zinyanzelisa ukuphinda kuphinde kuphinde kubonwe izibophelelo. Ngelixesha lokutshintsha, oku kungathintela izivumelwano eziphelelwe lixesha ekuqhubekekeni kwazo i-interentia. Ukuqalisela phambili kungenza ii-sentente zikulungele ngakumbi ukwenza izivumelwano ze-raviation zazi ukuba azinasiphelo.

Ukuqhelana Neengxaki Zazwenibanzi

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, izifo ezimandundu, kunye nokuphazamiseka kobugcisa kufuna intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe ukudlula kwisivumelwano sesithethe. izivumelwano ezivumela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo ziba yimfuneko njengoko iimeko zitshintsha ngokungaxelwa kwangaphambili. Isivumelwano se-Paris yesivumelwano sesakhelo esinemimiselo yesizwe kunye nezivumelwano zemodeli zexesha elizayo.

Abadlali abangengomazwe balwakha ngokukhulayo ulawulo lwehlabathi ngaphaya kwezivumelwano zikarhulumente. Izixeko, amashishini, kunye namashishini enza izibophelelo zemozulu yehlabathi lonke. Iinkampani zobugcisa zilawula ngokunempumelelo intetho ye-intanethi yomhlaba wonke. I-NGOS igosa nokunyanzelisa imigaqo yamalungelo abantu. Le " i-appliced dibanisa" imekobume efuna ukujongwa ngokutsha kwizivumelwano zikarhulumente ukuya kurhulumente-orhulumente.

Umanyano lwengingqi lungaphelelisa okanye luthathele indawo izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke. Njengoko izivumelwano zehlabathi lonke zibonakala kunzima, njengamazwe acinga ngengqondo zisenokusenza sisebenzelene ngakumbi ngamalungiselelo emimandla. I-European Union ibonisa ukuba i-odola enzulu enokwenzeka. Iintlangano ezahlukahlukeneyo zePasifiki, eAfrika, kunye neMerika zinceda intsebenziswano apho isivumelwano somhlaba wonke singaphumelela.

Ukugcina isivumelwano sedemocratic-ukwenza

Inkqubo yesivumelwano iquka uxanduva olusisiseko lwedemokhrasi phakathi kokuphumelela nokuziphendulela kobuchule, ubuchule kunye nomelo, uzinzo kunye nobubhetyebhetye. igcina isivumelwano sedemokhrasi sokwenza [ ifuna ukulungelelanisa ezi ngxaki kunokulahla isiseko somgaqo-siseko ukuze kuxolelelwe.

Imfundo kawonke-wonke ngezivumelwano kufuneka iphucule ukuze ithathe inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Abami kufuneka baqonde indlela izivumelwano ezichaphazela ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla nokubandakanyeka kwiingxoxo zokudityaniswa kwemida. Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba kufuneka idlulele ngaphaya kwemfazwe ekhoyo ukuya kuhlaziywa. Imfundo ye-COPSIP kufuneka iquke [ umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kunye neenkqubo zesivumelwano ezilungiselela abemi ukulawulwa emhlabeni wonke.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bungaphuhlisa inxaxheba yedemokhrasi ekwenzeni isivumelwano. Iiplatfomu ze-intanethi zinokwenza ungeniso oluphangaleleyo lukawonke-wonke ngexesha lengxoxo. Izixhobo zamanani zingenza ukujongana neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ezingcono. Ubuchule bokwenza ubuchule bungahlalutya iimpembelelo zesivumelwano kwaye bubone amaxhala. Ezi zintsha zingenza ukwenziwa kwesivumelwano kuhle ngoxa zigcina impumelelo efunekayo.

Isiphelo: Indlela Enikelwa Ngayo

Inkqubo ye yenziwa njani izivumelwano kwaye zivunywa ngoo- ityhila indlela yedemokhrasi yaseMelika yokufikelela kwisivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe(ukulumka, ngabom, kunye nokufuna ukuvumelana okubanzi. Ulwahlulo loMgaqo-siseko lwamandla esivumelwano phakathi koMongameli neNtlanganiso ludala ungquzulwano ngokuyila, luthintela ukuzimisela ngokungxamayo ngoxa kusenzeka okufanelekileyo intsebenziswano yehlabathi lonke. Le nkqubo, ngelixa kudimaza, ibonisa amaxabiso edemokhrasi aphambili ekulawuleni impumelelo.

Iingcebiso zimela okungaphezulu kwezivumelwano ezisemthethweni, ``ezinezithembiso zesizwe ezinobunzima obungokokuziphatha nobubalulekileyo. Xa iMelika iqinisekisa ngesivumelwano, iqinisekisa igama layo, ubuncwane, yaye maxa wambi iphila kwiimfuno zezizwe ngezizwe. Ibhatle ephezulu yokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango engqinelana ngokunyanisekileyo kunezibonelelo zesizwe kunokuba zibe yingenelo yezopolitiko zexeshana. Le nkqubo yononophelo iqinisa ukuthembeka kwamaMerika xa kwenziwa izivumelwano, njengokuba isithintela ezinye izivumelwano ezifanelekileyo.

Ucelomngeni lwangoku olujongene nokwenza isivumelwano sokwenziwa kwesivumelwano, utshintsho lobugcisa, ukuntsonkotha kwehlabathi lonke, kodwa alwenzi ukwenziwa kwemithetho-siseko. Ulwando lwezivumelwano zolawulo oluphezulu lubonisa ugcino lwenkqubo ngelixa kugcinwa izivumelwano ezinzulu. Ukuzimela kweNdlu yecawa indima yayo ephambili, kwanaxa oomongameli abadimazekileyo, bagcina iingxilongo zedemokhrasi kumandla olawulo lwezulu.

Ukuqonda inkqubo yesivumelwano kunika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba kwizigqibo ezisisiseko malunga nendima yomhlaba wonke. Ingxoxo nganye yokudityaniswa kwezixhobo ibandakanya ukhetho malunga nemilinganiselo yesizwe, izinto eziza kuqala, kunye neembopheleleko. Ingingqi eziziqondayo ezi nkqubo zingabandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo(iingingqi ezidibanisiweyo, ukudibanisa amaphulo okulwa novota okusekelwe kwizikhundla zamazwe ngamazwe. Oku kuthabatha inxaxheba kukomeleza intsebenziswano yedemokhrasi kunye nentlalo-mazwe ngamazwe.

Ukukhangela phambili, amandla esivumelwano aza kuhlala engundoqo wokucombulula iingxaki zehlabathi ukusuka kutshintsho lwemozulu ukuya kukwanda kwezixhobo zenyukliya ukuya kulwandiswa kwezoqoqosho. Le nkqubo iza kuqhubeka ichaphazela/ukuqhuba ukusetyenziswa komGaqo-siseko ukuba akupheliswanga ngokweemfuno zale mihla. Kodwa imfuneko esisiseko yokuvuma iimbopheleleko zedemokhrasi zezizwe ngezizwe iya kuhlala ikho, iqinisekisa ukuba izithembiso zeMelika kwihlabathi zibonakalisa ukuthanda kwabantu bayo.

Ibali lokwenza isivumelwano saseMerika ekugqibeleni limalunga nokudibanisa idemokhrasi nehlabathi elidityanisiweyo. Ukusuka kwingxoxo ekrakra yeJay Treaty kwiingxoxo zangexesha lamawaka alishumi elinesihlanu ukuya kwiingxoxo zemozulu, inkqubo yesivumelwano yamajelo olawulo-lwazi oluzimeleyo kwintsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe. Nangona le nkqubo ingeyifezekanga kwaye maxa wambi inzima, iqinisekisa ukuba xa iMelika yenza izibophelelo kwihlabathi, yenza njalo ngedemokhrasi ekwanelisa izibophelelo kunye nedemokhrasi ezizenza zibe negunya elinamandla.

Kubemi, ukuqonda ukwenza isivumelwano kuthetha ukuvuma ukuba izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe azikho kude kodwa izigqibo zedemokhrasi ezibumba ubomi baseMelika. Indima yeNdlu yeNtsimbi asisisithintelo kodwa kukumela. Uphando loMongameli asingomntu ozenzekelayo kodwa luxhomekeke kwimvume yedemokhrasi. Olu lungelelwano, olulondolozwa ngenyameko kuqheliselo lomgaqo-siseko, luqinisekisa ukuba ukudibana kweMelika nehlabathi kuhlala kusebenza kwaye kuxhomekeke kwidemokhrasi.

Ongezelelweyo Oovimba

Abo bafuna ukuqonda okunzulu kwinkqubo yesivumelwano, inikela ulwazi olubanzi lwe-ofisi yeSebe leMicimbi yeSizwe malunga nezivumelwano zangoku kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. I-Eventetrate Foreign Relations Committee [[FL:3] inikela uluvo kwi-website ye-ovestiki yokuqwalasela izivumelwano zezivumelwano kunye nezolawulo lwegunya, kuquka ukuva iingxelo zengxelo ze-CD nekomiti ezikhankamela ukuqulusela idemo-demokhrasi emva kwemiqathango yezizwe ngeMelika.

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