Ukuqonda Indlela Eyenziwe Ngayo Imithetho Ngexesha Eliphakathi

Unyulo lwemidterm lumela ukuchongwa okubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMelika. Bekuqhubeka phakathi kwegama lomongameli elineminyaka emine, baphinda bahlaziya ulawulo lwemithetho ngokumisa ukuba yeliphi iqela elibamba amandla kwiKhomishini. Unxulumano phakathi kwemiddim kunye nokwenziwa komthetho luthe ngqo: ukuqanjwa kweNdlu yabameli kunye neBhunga leNtsimbi yemithetho kulawula ukuba ziziphi iindleko ezihamba phambili, eziphi ezivinjweyo, kwaye zeziphi ezo ziba ngumthetho. Abaqondisi abaluqondisi bolu lwalamano bayakwazi ukuvavanya umjikelo ngamnye phakathi kwemijikelo kwaye baba ngabameli babo abanyuliweyo ukuba baphendule ngetyala. Olu khokelo lwaphulw'ukwenza inkqubo yokwenza umthetho phakathi, ukuchaza indlela izinto eziphambili zemithetho, indlela amalungu amatsha alawula ngayo inkqubo, nokuba ngabaphi na oothunywa abaphumeleli bemali okanye abangaphumeleli ngayo.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka KwiBhili Ukuya Kumthetho

Ngaphambi kokuhlolisisa impembelelo ekhethekileyo yexesha eliphakathi, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela esesikweni ethathwa yimali ukuze ibe ngumthetho. Iingqungquthela zisebenza kwinkqubo elungelelanisiweyo equka iingongoma ezininzi zokuzihlola, ingxoxo, kunye nokutshintshwa.

Ukwazisa nokugqithisa

Imali iqalisa uhambo lwayo xa ilungu leKhomishini liyingenisa kwiNdlu yabameli okanye kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Umxhasi ungoyena umeleyo okanye ummeli onobuchule okanye umdla kule mbambano. IiBhili zinokuvela nakweliphi na igumbi, nangona umthetho onxulumene nengeniso kufuneka uqalise kwiNdlu. Xa sele iveziwe, ityala lifumana inombolo kwaye libelwe ikomiti esekelwe kumbandela walo.

IKomiti

Kulapho ikomiti ifumana khona uphando oluneenkcukacha. Ikomiti nganye ijongene nomthetho ofana nowokulima, wolwalamano lwamanye amazwe, okanye wezonyango. Ngexesha lokuhlola ikomiti, amalungu aphulaphule ubungqina obuvela kwiingcali, kumagosa oonontlalo-ntle, nakubaphathi bamasebe. Ihlola ulwimi lwemali, ichaza iziphumo ezingalindelekileyo, kwaye icebisa ukupheliswa. Iikomiti zingavota ukudlulisa ityala, ukula, okanye ukulibeka ecaleni. Inkoliso yemali ayize idlulele kule nqanaba. Enyanisweni, ngaphantsi kweshumi ekhulwini lemali engenisiweyo ifikelela kwivoti yomgangatho.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Ukuba ikomiti iyawuvumela umthetho, isiya kwigumbi elipheleleyo ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo kunye nokuvota. Endlwini, ingxoxo isoloko ilinganiselwe ngemithetho emiselwe yiKomiti yeMimiselo. KwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, isenokuqukunjelwa ngekota, ifuna ukuba abantu abathathu abakwisiqingatha bacele ukukhutshwa nokupheliswa kwengxoxo. Xa ithe yaqukunjelwa, ivota igumbi lomthetho. Ukuba idlula, ityala lidlulela kwelinye igumbi, apho inkqubo yonke iphinda iphinda khona.

Ukuxolelaniswa Nenyathelo Lomongameli

Xa la magumbi omabini edlulisa iinguqulelo zomthetho omnye, kufuneka alungelelanise umahluko ngekomiti yenkomfa okanye ngokutshintshana. Xa ulwimi olufanayo luvunywa yiNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu, ityala lisiya kumongameli. Umongameli angawusayina umthetho, awuwuvumele, okanye awuvumele ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi. IBhunga linokuyikhupha iveto nehitya eliziimitha ezimbini kulawo magumbi omabini, nangona oku kunqabile ukuvela.

Indlela Ukhetho Oluphakathi Lomhlaba Osemthethweni Oluyindawo

Unyulo lwexeshana lwenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, kwaye bagqiba zonke izihlalo ezingama-435 kwiNdlu yabameli kunye nomalunga nesinye sesithathu sezihlalo zeNdlu yeeNtsimbi. Ngenxa yokuba phakathi kwenzeka indlela ngelixesha lomongameli, zisoloko zisebenza njenge-arendum kumsebenzi kamongameli ohleliyo. ngokwembali, iqela lomongameli lidla ngokulahlekelwa zizihlalo ebudeni bexeshana. Olu tshintsho lungaguqula ngokusisiseko imimiselo yemithetho-mthetho.

Ukutshintsha Kolawulo Lweqela

Olunye utshintsho olubalulekileyo olunokuziswa phakathi kwexesha lokusebenza kukutshintsha kweqela lolawulo lwegumbi elinye okanye zombini. Xa uninzi lwezihlalo zeekomiti, ukutshintsha kwezihlalo, izinto eziphambili zemithetho, nokuhamba kwamatyala kusuka kwiKhomishini. Umongameli owayeneKhomishini ngaphambili unokujamelana nentshabalalo ngequbuliso. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuba iqela lomongameli lifumana izihlalo okanye ligcine ulawulo, ucwangciso lwemithetho lungakhawulezisa.

Ngokomzekelo, emva kwexesha eliphakathi konyaka ka-2018, amaDemocrates aphinda afumana ulawulo lwendlu, ngoxa amaRiphabliki ayephethe iNdlu yeeNdlu. Le Congress yahlulahlulwe yathetha ukuba ucwangciso lwemithetho lukaMongameli Trump lwajongene neengxaki ezibalulekileyo. IiBhili zazidlula kwindlu zazisoloko zivalwa kwiNdlu, kwaye amagumbi amabini aye atsala nzima ukuvumelana ngomthetho omkhulu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ama-20222 aphakathi aphumela kwindlu yeRiphabliki uninzi lweRiphabliki kunye neNtsimbi yee-Democratic, kwakhona edala urhulumente owahluleleneyo omthetho.

Ulawulo lweKomiti nocwangciso lwe-Agenda

Ii-midters zikwakhokelwa kwakhona yikomiti elawula icandelo ngalinye. Iqela elilawula ikomiti nganye likhetha izihlalo zekomiti lize limisele ukuba lilungu elininzi kwikomiti nganye. Abahlali banamandla amakhulu okugqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala afumana ukuva nokuvota. Utshintsho oluninzi luthetha ukuba izihlalo ezintsha ezinenkqubo eyahlukileyo. Ikomiti ebijolise kwimigaqo yokusingqongileyo ingaxhomekeka kwinkqubela phambili yezoqoqosho okanye kumoya emva kohambo lwaphakathi.

Amalungu Asandul ’ Ukuzalwa Nezinto Ezintsha Eziza Kuqala

Phakathi kwemini nganye kuziswa iqela labameli abasebatsha nabaququzeleli. La malungu asandul' ukuchongwa asoloko efika namadinga akhethekileyo ephulo kunye neenjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo. Asenokuzisa amatyala kwimiba eyabangela ukuba amaphulo awo asebenze, njengotshintsho lwezonyango, ukufuduka, okanye inkqubo yerhafu. Ngoxa amalungu asandul ’ ukuzalwa enamandla alinganiselweyo, udidi olukhulu olumatsha lungaphembelela ukhokelo lweqela kunye nokubumba imimiselo yemithetho. Ama-20187 aphakathi azisa inani elibhaliweyo lamabhinqa nabathathi-nxaxheba kwiBhunga, abaninzi ababalaselela amalungelo okuvota kunye nezenzo zemozulu.

Obona Bandla Babalulekileyo Abaphembelela Umthetho Phakathi Kwamaxesha

Iimeko eziliqela zibonisa enoba umthetho uyahambela phambili kusini na phakathi kwexesha. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kusinceda siqonde isizathu sokuba amanye amatyala ephumelele ngoxa amanye ebandezelekile.

Ulawulo Lweqela Nomanyano Lomthetho

Ulawulo lweqela lomthetho lunguthunywa obalulekileyo ekuboneni iziphumo zowiso-mthetho. Xa elinye iqela lilawula omabini amagumbi eBhunga kunye nomongameli, liyakwazi ukudlulisela umthetho omkhulu ngokulula, lodwa ligcina umanyano lwangaphakathi. Ngo-2010, iSiphakamiso seNtloko neMithetho yeSebe ngumzekelo wemithetho ebalulekileyo edluliselwe phantsi kolawulo lweqela. Xa ulawulo lwahlulwe phakathi kwamagumbi okanye phakathi kweBhunga kunye neCandelo, umthetho omkhulu ufuna i-bipartarian, nto leyo enqabileyo kwezobupolitika zanamhlanje.

Iimbono Zabantu Nengcinezelo Enamandla

IMidterns ikhulisa impembelelo yoluvo lukawonke-wonke kubenzi bomthetho. Ngenxa yokuba onke amalungu eNdlu kunye nee-senator ezininzi zijongene nonyulo kwiminyaka emibini, zizazi kakuhle iimbono zabo. Abenzi bomthetho basengozini yokuxhasa umthetho othandwayo kwaye baphephe iivoti eziphikisanayo ezinokubaphazamisa kunyulo olulandelayo. Le mpembelelo ingenza kube lula nokuphazamisa ukumiswa komthetho. Umzekelo, inkxalabo yoluntu ngoqoqosho inganyanzela ungquzukisa ungquzukisa ungquzulwano ukuze luphumele ngokukhawuleza. Kwangaxesha elinye, imibandela eyahlulayo efana nokuqhomfa okanye ukulawula imipu ingazimela njengoko abalungisi bomthetho bephepha ukuthatha izikhundla ezinokuthi zibangele ukuvolukuhla.

Ukhokelo lweKomiti nokulondolozwa kwamasango

Izihlalo zekomiti zinegunya lokucwangcisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, ukubiza amangqina, nokugqiba ukuba ziziphi izikwelo eziza kuqwalaselwa yikomiti yabo. Isitulo esichasayo esichasa ityala linokuyibulala ngokunempumelelo ngokungavumi ukulizisa ukuze livote. Ngexesha laphakathi, inkqubo yekomiti iba yindawo yokulwa ii-projekthi eziphambili. Iqela elininzi lisebenzisa ukhokelo lwekomiti ukuqhubela phambili imiba yalo, ngelixa iqela elincinane lisebenzisa izixhobo zokuyila ukucotha okanye ukuvingca umthetho.

Uthelekelelo Lomongameli

Isikhundla somongameli kumthetho sinobunzima obukhulu. Oomongameli bangasebenzisa iqonga eliqhwalela uluntu ukukhuthaza inkxaso kawonke-wonke yamatyala, ukunxibelelana ngqo neenkokeli zombutho, kunye nokusongela amaqumrhu ukuba athintele umthetho awuchasile. Ngexesha eliphakathi, ikomkhulu lezopolitiko lezobupolitika lisoloko likwincopho yalo kanye emva konyulo okanye emva kokuthotywa. Umongameli ojongene neBhunga elichasayo angabhenela kwimiyalelo yezolawulo kunye nezenzo zolawulo ukufikelela kwiinjongo zemithetho, egqitha inkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Imithetho yeQumrhu neNtlanganiso

KwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi, i- filbuster sisixhobo esinamandla esinokucotha okanye sithintele umthetho. Phantsi kwemithetho yangoku, umthetho omninzi ufuna amavoti angama-60 ukuphelisa ingxoxo nokuqhubeka kwivoti yokugqibela. Oku kuthetha ukuba uninzi lwabachongi abalula abangama-51 lusenokungakwazi ukudlulisela ityala ukuba iqela elincinane lidityanisiwe. I-monicbuster ibaluleke kakhulu ngexesha eliphakathi xa ulawulo lweNtsimbi yendlu lunokusuka kuphela ngesihlalo okanye ngesibini. Imigudu yokuguqula okanye ukuphelisa i-Relivebuster ifumene ingqalelo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kodwa iinguqulelo ezinjalo ngokwazo zifuna ukuvolwa kwenkoliso, zisenza ucelomngeni olujikelezayo.

Iziganeko Zembali Ezaguqula IAgenda Esemthethweni

Uhlolisiso oludlulileyo lonyulo lutyhila impembelelo enzulu olu khuphiswano olunayo ekwenzeni umthetho.

Ixesha Eliphakathi Lonyaka ka-2010 Nokukhula Kwe-Grid

Iintsuku zonyaka wama-2010 zenzeka emva kokuba iiDemocrates zigqithe kuMthetho weNtolongo eNgamandla kunye noMthetho weDodd-Frank. Imali yokulungisa imali. I-voters, ephazamisekile kukuchachana kwezoqoqosho okucothayo, yanikezela ngolawulo lweRiphabliki. Abaninzi abatsha bajolise phambili ekulungiseni i-Afford Care Act, ephethe iivoti ezininzi zokucima umthetho. Ngelixa iCanter kunye noMongameli Obama bevalele imigudu yokulawula, ucwangciso lwendlu lwayekelela ngokupheleleyo kwaye lwaphikisa. Amanyathelo amakhulu omthetho athe amiswa ngomthetho abekwa kwisigaba esiseleyo sika-Obama.

Ithuba Eliphakathi Ngonyaka Ka - 2018 Norhulumente Omahluleleneyo

Ama-2018 emva kwemini yonyaka aphinda abona amaDemocrates efumana kwakhona indlu ngeli xesha amaBhunga aseRiphabliki andisa uninzi lwawo. Isiphumo yaba yiBhunga eyahluleleneyo eyayizama ukudlulisa umthetho obalulekileyo. Le ndlu yadlulisela amatyala kwizibonelelo, amalungelo okuvota, kunye nolawulo lwezempilo, kodwa iNdlu yeNdlu yamatyala yala ukuwathatha. Ngeli xesha, iSentene yaqinisekisa ii-mons, kuquka iijaji ezimbini eziPhakathi zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, ngelixa iNkungamela iNkundla iqalisa ukuchasana ngokuchasene noMongameli Trump. Eli xesha libonisa indlela iziphumo zomgaqo-mthetho ezinokuthi ziwayise ngayo amandla empatho kwindalo kunye nongquzulwano.

Ama-2022 Amaxa aphakathi nokubuya Korhulumente Ohlukeneyo

Ama-2022 exeshana avelisa uninzi oluncinane lweRiphabliki kwiNdlu ngeli xesha iiDemocrates zihlala zilawula iNdlu yeNdlu. Oku kwahlukana kwakhona kwadala imekobume enzima kumthetho omkhulu. Umongameli uBiden's ucwangciso lokutshintsha imozulu, isikhalazo somfundi, kunye nenkcitho yentlalo yajongana nemiqobo ebalulekileyo kwiNdlu. Uninzi olutsha lwajolise ingqalelo ekuphengululweni nasekuhlawuleni iindleko kukhuseleko lomda kunye neendleko zikarhulumente ezichithwe kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo. Ii-20222 phakathi zaqinisa ipateni zikarhulumente ezahlulwayo ezikhokelela kwi-progrock.

Umsebenzi woMthetho ngexesha lexesha eliphakathi

Ixesha elikhokelela kunyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo kunye neenyanga ezilandelayo ziphawulwa ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho eyahlukileyo. Abenzi bomthetho baziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo xa bejongene nabavoti rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini.

Imisebenzi yoMgaqo-siseko yangaphambili

Kwiinyanga ezingaphambi konyulo lwaphakathi, iKhonkxane isoloko isebenza ukumisela umthetho amalungu awo anokuwukhankanya njengempumelelo kwiphulo lephulo. Oku kubangela uxinzelelo lokudlulisela amatyala athandwayo kwimibandela efana namaxabiso eziyobisi zomthetho, iinzuzo zamavanjisi, okanye izibonelelo. Kwangaxeshanye, amalungu angaphepha amavoti adityanisiweyo anokusetyenziswa nxamnye nawo kwizibhengezo zephulo. Oku kunokukhokelela kwisiphithiphithiphithi semisebenzi ekuqaleni konyulo olulandelwa kukucotha kwemincili elandelelwa ngoNovemba.

Intlanganiso

Emva konyulo kodwa phambi kokuba iKhongozeli entsha iQhelene, intlanganiso yeziqhwala yenzeka. Ngeli xesha, amalungu aphumayo ahlala ezihlalweni zawo kwaye angavota kumthetho. Iintlanganiso zeLame-dock ziveze umthetho omkhulu, njengowangowango-2020 CHOVAD-19, kunye nomqulu wesisa soncedo. Ezi ntlanganiso zinokuba nemveliso kodwa zikwanempikiswano, njengoko abavoti sele bewunikezele umgwebo wabo kumsebenzi wamanye amalungu.

Iintsuku Zokuqala Ezili - 100 Zengqungquthela Entsha

Xa iKhongozeli entsha iqukumbela ngoJanuwari emva konyulo lwaphakathi kwe-term, iintsuku zokuqala ezili-100 zimisela indlela yokusebenza kwiminyaka emibini elandelayo. Iqela elininzi lihamba ngokukhawuleza ukuhambisela phambili amatyala alo aphambili, ukuseka izabelo zeekomiti, nokuqinisekisa amacebo alo. Kwizinto ezikhoyo ezinamandla, eli xesha linika iwindow enempembelelo ephezulu phambi kokuba umjikelo wonyulo olandelayo uqalise ukulawula izibalo.

Ukuqonda Indima Yokuzingca Neqela Elinomdla

Ukuqhaqhazelisana kwamaqela abantu abanomdla kugxininiswe kakhulu kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kwaye impembelelo yawo iyabonakala kakhulu phakathi kwamanqanam. Ukuqonda indlela asebenza ngayo la maqela kunceda kucacise ukuba kutheni iindleko ezithile zihamba phambili ngoxa ezinye zithe jize.

Indlela Ukubopha Okubutshintsha Ngayo Umthetho

I-lobyts imela umgangatho omkhulu wosukelo, kuquka imibutho ekhoyo, iinkampani zorhwebo, amaqumrhu abasebenzi, amaqela okuphatha abantu, kunye noorhulumente bamanye amazwe. Banika abenzi bomthetho ulwazi, ubuchule, kunye neminikelo yephulo. Ebudeni bexesha lophakathi, umsebenzi okhuthazayo udla ngokukhula njengoko amaqela ezama ukuphembelela amalungu amatsha asandul' ukunyulwa nokulungisa imiqathango yemithetho. Abaxhasi abaphumelelayo banceda ekwenzeni izicelo zolwimi lwezomthetho, ukuchaza amaqabane omanyano, kwaye bakhuthaza uluntu ngemibutho yezixhobo zekhompyutha.

Indima Yeekomiti Zezobupolitika

IiKomiti ze-Political Action (PACs) ziphakamisa kwaye zichithe imali ukuxhasa abatshate abavumelana nezilangazelelo zabo. Phakathi phakathi kwexesha lonyulo, i-PACs igalela amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi kumaphulo, kwizibhengezo, kunye nokuphuma kwemali. Emva konyulo, la maqela alindele ukufikelela kubenzi bomthetho nokuqwalasela okufanelekileyo kwemigaqo yabo. Unxulumano phakathi kwemirhumo yemirhumo kunye neziphumo zemithetho lungumbandela wengxoxo eqhubekayo, kodwa uphando lubonisa ukuba abanikeli banempembelelo engenakulinganiswa nakufumana iindleko kwaye ziziphi na izinto ezityeshelwayo.

Ulawulo olujikelezayo

Abamisi-mthetho abaninzi kunye nabasebenzi abaphezulu bahamba phakathi kwenkonzo karhulumente kunye nemisebenzi ehlahlelayo. Olu cango lujikelezayo luthetha ukuba abo babesakuba ngamalungu eKhonklane kunye neenkonzo zabo bazisa ulwazi olunzulu ngenkqubo yowiso-mthetho kumsebenzi wabo wokutsala. Bayazi ukuba ziziphi iikomiti ezifanele zijoliswe kuzo, ziziphi iikomiti ezinokunyanzeleka, nendlela yokuqhuba imiqobo yenkcubeko. Ucango olujikelezayo luphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokuba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho inceda umdla kawonke okanye izilangazelelo zabangaphakathi abanxibelelaneyo kakuhle.

Izinto Ezinokusetyenziswa Kubantu Abasebenza Ezongeni

Unyulo lweMidters lungaphezulu kune-parendium kumongameli ohleliyo. Lithuba elingqalileyo lokuba abavoti babumbe indlela yokwenza umthetho wesizwe. Ukuqonda inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunceda abemi bavavanye abathathi-nxaxheba bavavanye iiplatfomu zabo, baze babaphendule emva konyulo.

Abalawuli kufuneka banikele ingqalelo ukuba yeliphi icandelo elilawula igumbi ngalinye, eziphi izabelo zekomiti, kwaye apho abaza kubhaptizwa bamele bame kwimibandela emikhulu. Kufuneka bakhangele iimpawu zikarhulumente owahluleleneyo ezinokukhokelela kwiqhina lentambo okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, ulawulo olumanyanisayo olunceda ukutshintsha kwenkqubo ngokukhawuleza. Ngokulandela izenzo zamalungu amatsha anyuliweyo ebudeni benyanga zawo zokuqala eofisini, banika iwindow kwindawo yokuqala yeqela elikhulu.

Ekugqibeleni, abavoti banokuba nenxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo, ngokuya kwiiholo zedolophu, nangokuxhasa imibutho elandela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Inkqubo yokwenza imithetho isenokubonakala ikude kwaye intsonkothile, kodwa isabela kwingcinezelo evela kubemi abanolwazi nababotshelelweyo. Unyulo lwaphakathi kwemini lithuba elithe rhoqo nelinamandla lokusebenzisa loo ngcinezelo.

Isiphelo

Unyulo lweMidters olusisiseko lubumba indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho eUnited States. Ngokumisa ukwenziwa kweqela leeKhomishini, ukuphembelela ukhokelo lweekomiti, kunye nokuvelisa amalungu amatsha aneziqalelo ezintsha, phakathi kwemihlathi imisela ucwangciso lwemithetho kwiminyaka emibini elandelayo. Inkqubo yokuguqula umthetho ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi, ngamnye umgangatho kwimpembelelo yezopolitiko, ukuqhuba impembelelo yeprocestiki, kunye noxinzelelo lwangaphandle. Abalawuli abaqonda ezi mpembelelo baxhotyiswe kakuhle ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kunyulo olunentsingiselo nokuxhasa imigaqo exhasayo. Unyulo olulandelayo phakathi kwesigaba siya kuvavanya kwakhona indlela ezilungele ngayo iimfaneleko, ukuphendula, ukuphendula nokulawula okusebenzayo.