IBill of Rights, eyagunyaziswa ngowe-1791, ime njengesikhumbuzo sokungaqiniseki kooTata ngokuFunyaniswa kwegunya elisembindini. Izindululo zayo zokuqala ezilishumi zenzelwe ukukhusela abantu ekuphathweni ngurhulumente, iqinisekisa inkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, kunye nokushicilela, ecaleni kokhuseleko olusemthethweni lwabamangalelwa. Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu lenkulungwane, ezi zikhuselo zaziqondwa kakhulu ngelensi ye-fazi. Ulwandiso lwamalungelo aguqukileyo oluquka iimbacu, ingakumbi iimbacu, iimbacu, ingakumbi abafuni bebhadothi kunye neendawo zokhuseleko, zihlala ngokupheleleyo kulwimi lwe-1459, ezivulelwe ngokusemthethweni ngo1868. Ulungiso lwe-Gawula-mthetho lweshumi elineshumi elinesine aluzigwebo oluthelweyo inkqubo elungele ukusetyenziswa "ukuzinzisa." Lusebenza kumntu ophakathi kolawulo lwesizwe esimanyeneyo.

Umgangatho womntu womGaqo-siseko: Indlela yokungena kukhuseleko lwe-Asylmu

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yasoloko ikholelwa ukuba iBhili yamaLungelo kunye neziHlaliso zeMfazwe yamakhaya zikhusela bonke abantu abakhoyo ngokoqobo eUnited States, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakwindawo ephezulu yokufuduka. Lo mgaqo, obizwa ngokuba ngumGaqo-siseko, yinto evumela iimbacu ukuba zisabe intshutshiso efanayo njengabemi. Ngaphandle kokuchazwa kwesi siseko, iinkqubo zokukhusela bezingayi kufumana i-ankile yomgaqo-siseko, zishiye ikhuselwa kwigosa lemithetho negunya lempatho.

IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesine noMthetho weSimi seNkosi

Ityala lokuqala nelibalulekileyo elimisela le mfundiso YYYY'I-Wov. Hopkins (1886). Kule meko, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yabetha umthetho weSan Francisco owasetyenziswa ngokuchasene nabasebenzi bemithetho elinganayo yaseTshayina. INkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lweSiphendu seshumi elinesine seSiphendulo asibophelelekanga kukhuseleko lwabemi. Ngokuthethyo, kubo bonke abantu, ngokubhekiselele "balawuli, umbala, okanye ubuzwe," kwaye "ukukhusela okulinganayo kwemithetho kusisiqinisekiso sokukhusela imithetho elinganayo." esimiselwe ukuba abantu abangamele bangenazibonelo-mali bafumane ngaphaya kwegunyazwe. [iimeko ezingomthetho ezingondleko zinokuvunywa ngokungekho mthethweyo.]

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukuchaza Izinto Ezibangela Intshutshiso

ISiphendu soQothulo soMphetho-mvalko sisekelwe ngqo kwingcaciso engokomthetho yeNkqutyana yeembacu, iSiphendulo soMbutho Wokuqala, ukhuseleko lwabantu abangakwazi okanye abangazimisele ukubuyela kwilizwe labo ngenxa yentshutshiso, ukuthetha, ukushicilela, ukuhlanganisa kunye nokucela izicelo zenkonzo esemthethweni yezobuzwe, ingcaciso yezonqulo, ubuzwe, ubulungu beqela elithile lentlalo, okanye uluvo lwezobupolitika.. ISinyuso sokuLamkelo sokuqala sazisa ukuchasa ezi zinto. Ngoko ke, umgcini-khusi-mthetho umele abonise ukuba iimbono zabo zezobupolitika zivakaliswe okanye zivakaliswe okanye zivakaliswe ngokusesikweni ngumtshutshisii-zokwenyaniso. Ngokunjalo, ngokusekelwe ekukhonzweni kwentshutshisweni konqulo lonqulo, kufuneka abonise ukuba abonise ukusongelo oluphakathi, okanye azive ukuba asongelo olulujonge kwilizwe labo balujoyike kulo. Ngokokuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa sesizwe, avume ukuba avume, avume ukuba avume, anyaniswe ngokufanelekileyo, avume ukuba avume

IsiHlaliso Sesihlanu: Ukuziphatha Okuhle Ekuhlaziyweni

I-Bas Process Claus yeNkqutyana yokuHlaziya kweNhlanu yeMimiselo yeMpanzi yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNtloko yeNtlobano yeNkqutyana yeNtloko yesihlanu yeyokukhuselwa ngokusoloko icelwa ukuba ikhuselwe kakhulu emgceni. Iyalela ukuba akukho mntu oya "kukhuselwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo" ingqeqesho yokuzimela, ngoxa indalo, inokuba neziphumo zokungalawulekiyo zinokubangelwa kukungalawuleki kwenkululeko, kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ukuvalelwa okungagqibeli. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ikholelwa ekubeni inyani inyani.

Isiseko solu khuselo yimeko ye Zadvydas v. Davis (2001]. Kulo mthetho, iNkundla yathetha ngokuvalelwa kwabantu abangengomashishini ababeyalelwe ukususwa kodwa bengenakugxothwa (ngokokuba ilizwe labo lalingayi kulwamkela). Urhulumente waphikisana ukuba linamandla okuthintela aba bantu ngokungenasiphelo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ayivumanga, ichaza ukuvalelwa kwe-Immigration ne- Nationality Act ukuze ivumele ukuvalelwa kuphela ixesha elifanelekileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iNkuthethwa ngetyala kuthethwa ngomgciso phantsi koMgqomo-mva-mva-mva, imele ukuba ibonelele imvume yokufumana imvume yokufumana imvume yokungena mvume, isebenzisa imvume yokuvala imvume yokungena kumthetho (ede 5, i-ekho imvume yokuqinisekisa imvume yokulungisa, ityala, i-ekho imvume yokufumana imvume yokufumana imvume yokufumana imvume yokufumana imvume yetyala.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo somgaqo-siseko eyakhelwe

Ngoxa iBhili yamaLungelo inika umgangatho womgaqo-siseko, ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo olusemthethweni lweimbacu nabafuni bokhuseleko ludityanisiwe ngomthetho. Le mithetho itolikwa ngokwesipili somGaqo-siseko, kwaye iinkundla zisoloko zibetha okanye zimisela imigaqo yesebe echasene neNkqubo elindelekileyo okanye iSiqinisekiso soKhuselo seSihlanu neSine.

UMthetho Weembacu Wowe - 1980

Ngaphambi kowe-1980, inkqubo yababaleki base-US yayingumthetho owenziwe nge-hoc, ngokufuthi owenzelwe iimeko ezithile zezobupolitika ezifana neNkqutyana ye-Hungary okanye ukuwa kwe-Saigon. UMthetho Weempungezo wowe-1980 wawuyindawo eguquliweyo yomthetho. Yamisela ukuvunywa kweembacu zale nkonzo kwaye yadala inkqubo yokhuseleko yabantu abasele bekwi-US okanye kwizibuko lokungena. ISivume samkela iNkcawa yeZiko-Rhulumente ye-Ofu ye-Uni ye-Rhoverse, esekelwe kuloyiko olusekelwe kakuhle lwentshutshiso olunxulumene nenye yeendawo ezintlanu ezintlanu ezikhuselekileyo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, lo mthetho wazisa umgaqo wokhuseleko [[FLT:] owenziweyomthetho womthetho wehlabathi lonke. [i-Umthetho we-Umthetho we-US] ufumana umthetho, uthintelo siseko somntu, uvala uluvo lwamahlaniso lwe-ntle, uphinda-ntle lomntu, uphinde uphinde uluphindo lomntu ukuba

UMthetho woKhwebo noLolongo loBuzwe kunye neNkqubo ye-Asylum

ICandelo 208 loMthetho woNxulumano noMgaqo weSizwe (INA) ulawula iinkqubo zokhuseleko. Ibeka umthwalo wobungqina kumntu ocelayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba bahlangabezana nenkcazelo yembacu. IBhili yamaLungelo iphembelela indlela ezi zicelo ezikhutshwa ngayo ngokwemfuneko yokusesikweni okungundoqo. Umzekelo, umphathi wesebe okanye ijaji yezentlalo-ntle kufuneka anike umfaki-sicelo ithuba elinentsingiselo lokuchaza oko bakuthethayo.

INA iquka iintsimbi kwindawo yokhuseleko ekumele kusetyenziswe ngenyameko ukuze kuphetshwe ulwaphulo kwinkqubo efunekayo. Le mivalo iquka:

  • Unyaka omnye-Unyaka Ofileyo: Amacebiso kufuneka afakelwe ukhuseleko kunyaka omnye emva kokufika kwawo okugqibele e-US. Ezimkhethe zikho kwiimeko ezitshintshiweyo, kodwa olu xesha lungaba ngumqobo obalulekileyo. Iinkundla zibambene nokuba ukusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo kwesi siqobo kuchasene na nenkqubo efunekayo kwiimeko ezithile.
  • Ityala elinzulu ngokwendawo: Umfaki-sicelo ugwetyelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu "ngokubanzi" ukhuselwe kwindawo yokhuseleko. Ingcaciso yoko kubumba ulwaphulo-mthetho olunjalo ngumthombo osoloko ukhona, ofuna umlinganiselo wokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke nxamnye nomngcipheko wentshutshiso.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuthatha indawo: Ukuba umfaki-sicelo sele efumene ukhuseleko kwilizwe lesithathu, badla ngokungamkeleki kwindawo yokhuseleko ye-US. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo isebenza njengomnatha wokhuseleko, hayi i-forum yokulungiselela ukuqokelela.

Ukudibanisa ezi ndawo zomthetho kunye nesiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko senkqubo efunekayo kwenza imekobume entsonkothileyo engokomthetho apho amalungelo omntu ngamnye amele alinganiswe ngokuchasene nolongamo lwesizwe.

Iingxubusho zexesha elizayo, iiNtlekele zezeeJaji, kunye nokuTshantshwa koMgaqo-nkqubo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uxinezeleko phakathi kwemigudu yesebe elilawulayo yolawulo lokufuduka kunye nokhuseleko olunikezelwayo kubemi abangengobantu abahlala emfazweni luye lwaba libala elisembindini. Iinkundla zoMasipala ziye zavela njengendlela yokuhlola inyathelo lolawulo oluphezulu, zicaphula rhoqo iBhili yamaLungelo xa zithintela imigaqo efuna ukufikelela kwindawo yokuzikhusela.

Ukungazinzi, Ukhuseleko Lwesizwe Nemida Yenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Emva kohlaselo lwe-11 lukaSeptemba, ukuvalelwa kweminye imiqathango engekho mthethweni kwasetyenziswa ngamandla kwinkqubo yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Urhulumente waphikisa ukuba igunya liphangalele ukunqanda abantu, kuquka abafuni bokhuseleko, ngexesha lokungqinelana kwemiqathango yabo. Noko ke, iSindululo sesihlanu soLawulo-Mdathi simisela imida. Umgangatho wokuvalelwa kwentolongo kufuneka uqulunqe, kwaye uvalelwe ixesha elide ngaphandle kokuvalelwa unyuse inkxalabo enzulu ekufuneka ikho. Iinkundla ziye zagqiba ukuba ngoxa urhulumente enemdla ofanelekileyo wokuqinisekisa ukubonakala nokukhusela uluntu, kufuneka kubekho "ulwalamano olusengqiqweni" phakathi kosukelo oluchaziweyo kunye nendlela yokuvalelwa. Abafuni be-Asyllum kufuneka banikwe ithuba lokukhuphisana nabo kwaye babonise ukuba akukho ngozi ekubhabhexelweni kwabo.

Ukuzimisela nokuKhuthazwa kwe-ID yokwenene

Ukungaqiniseki kungunobangela obalulekileyo kumatyala amaninzi okhuseleko. UMthetho we-ID wokwenene ka-2005 wayitshintsha ngokuphawulekayo indlela abagwebi abafudukayo abalugqala ngayo ukunyaniseka. Umthetho uvumela abagwebi ukuba basekele ukuthembeka okungachananga okufunyanwa "kwimeko," okuthetha ukungangqinelani okuncinane ekungqineni, ukuba kufunyenwe, kungaphelisa intelekelelo esemthethweni. Oku kubeka uxinzelelo olukhulu kubafuni bekhusi bekhusi, besenokuba noxa benobunzima, bexanduva ngeentsuku, okanye bafaka ubungqina ngokutolika. Ngoxa i-ID yokwenene ingumthetho, isicelo sayo sinyanzelwa nguMphengululi wesihlanu woMphengululi. Ijaji engenako yokufumana isiqinisekiso esingenamkhethelo. Isiseko sokuhlazisa isibheno kufuneka siqokoze siqiniseke kwaye sifanele sisebenze.

Isenzo segunya nokumiswa kwesigwebo

Isebe elilawulayo linesigxina esibanzi ekunikeni imithetho yokufuduka, kodwa xa iinkqubo zichasa ngokunempumelelo abafuni bekhusi ilungelo labo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo, iinkundla ziyangenelela. Iinkqubo ezimbini eziphambili zakutshanje zibalaselisa oku kunamandla:

  • [[NTLT: 0] Imithetho yokuziphatha yokhuseleko lwama-Migrant (MPP): eyaziwa njenge "Nqaba eMexico" inkqubo, MPP yabuyisela abafuni bezokhuseleko abangengomaMexican eMexico ukuba balinde ukuchotshelwa kwenkundla yase-US. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba iMPPP yaphula ulungiso lweNtlanganiso lweNkangeleko ngokukhupha umpumlo kugonyamelo olugqithisileyo, ukungafumani kungenelelo olugqithisileyo, kwaye bengafuni ithuba elibalulekileyo lokunikela izimvo zabo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yavumela ulawulo lweBhiden ukuba luphelise inkqubo, ngeenkunye ezisezantsi ezifumene ubungozi obufanelekileyo kwimiliselo yayo.
  • Isihloko 42 Explosions: Icela umthetho wempilo kawonke-wonke ka 1944, iCDC yayalela ukugxothwa kwabafuduki ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19 ngaphandle kokubavumela ukuba bafune indawo yokufihla intloko. Ngelixesha isakhelo singumlinganiselo wezempilo, abagxeki baphikisa ukuba yayikukupheliswa kweINA kunye noMthetho we-Rhoverse. Ukukhutshelwa kwemithetho ebhaliweyo yasekunene kwe-crebral ekholicsbon ukuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu yesiseko somgaqo-siseko ngekhono karhulumente wokuvala i-station amalungelo e-station ngaphandle kokugwetyelwa kwempilo ecacileyo. Isiphelo sempilo kawonke i-Exampt'ienza ifikelele kwinkqubo, kodwa ukukhuselwa kwe-graccoat yokhuseleko lwe-Sccuwation.

Ukukhuselwa Kukufana NoClaus Nokuvalwa Kohambo

Icandelo lokuKhusela elilinganayo loMqathango weSicwangciso se-F5 Claus (uMdathiso-Mdathi) uthintela ucalucalulo ngesizinzi sohlanga, unqulo, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe ekusebenzeni kolawulo lwamazwe. Lo mgaqo wawusesona siphambili socelomngeni olusemthethweni lokuhamba kweTrump. [[FLL:0]] Trump v. Hawaii [2088]), iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ixhasa uMongameli woPronto-Proclam, nto leyo eyayithintele ukungena kumazwe amaninzi angamaSilamsi. INkundla yasebenzisa uvavanyo olufanelekileyo, ifumana isibhengezo sisekelwe kwimibandela esemthethweni yesizwe kunokuba ikhethelwe. Noko ke, ukuchasana nokugweba okuninzi kwemithetho yezobulungisa, njengamaqela amaninzi ephikisayo, ifunde intembethotho yemi yemiba yezo yembali, kunye nengxelo yembali egunyazwe phantsi komthetho ogunyazwe eligunyaziweyo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Njengokhuselo Oluphilayo

IBhili yamaLungelo yayisisixhobo senkululeko yesizwe esitsha. Ngolwimi lweSihlaziyo seshumi elinesine, iye yajika yaba likhaka lokukhusela abantu abasebungozini behlabathi. Amalungelo okuthetha, ukunqula, ukukhululeka ekuvalweni ngokungekho mthethweni, nokufumana ukuviwa okusesikweni akuyongcamango ezithethwini zeembacu kunye nabafuni beekhusi. Ziintambo ezisemthethweni ezigqibayo enoba umntu ufumana ukhuseleko okanye ubuyiselwa engozini. UmGaqo-siseko awuqinisekisi ukuba zonke iintambo zokhuseleko ezifanelekileyo ziya kunikwa, kodwa uqinisekisa ukuba umntu ngamnye uya kuphathwa njenge "son" enelungelo lokukhuselwa komthetho. Uxanduva oluqhubekayo phakathi kolawulo lwesizwe, ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko, kwaye amalungelo omntu ngamnye yi-injini ye-justin Repudekie. Umbhalo obalulekileyo wesivumelo lwentliziyo, uxwebhu lwenkululeko ehlala kwisivumelwano sokhuseleko lokhuseleko lomthetho nelkhowaseUnited States.