Indima Yezaphuli - mthetho Kwinkqubo Yedemokhrasi

Umsebenzi wonyulo lwangaphakathi lweqela elimisela ukuba ngoobani abaza kumela iqela kunyulo jikelele. Injongo yabo ephambili kukuqinisekisa ukuba umtyunjwa ubonisa iinketho zesikhundla nefayile yeqela okanye, kwiinkqubo ezivulekileyo, unyulo olubanzi. Ngokuhluza iziqhubi ezininzi zibe ngumgcini-zikhuseli omnye, amagumbi okunceda ekuthinteleni ucalucalulo nokunika abavoti ukhetho olucacileyo kwiphulo lokuwa. Kanti impembelelo yabo ingaphaya kokhetho lomtya wokufumana ingeniso. Ii-Primshapes ziyakwazi ukuphinda zinyuse amaqonga eqela, ukuqhuba okanye ukukhuthaza isiseko somjikelezo wonke umjikelezo. Kumazwe apho umgangatho onyulwayo, badla ngokuba ngumgangatho wolawulo lweziko lwe-demokhrasi, kunye nendima yezopolitiko.

Indaleko Yembali Yokhetho Oluphambili

Ingcamango yonyulo lokuqala yavela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20 njengenxalenye yentshukumo eqhubekekayo eUnited States, eyayifuna ukunqanda amandla eentloko zeqela nokubuyisela ulawulo kubavoti abaqhelekileyo. Phambi koko, abavumi babekhethelwe kwiindibano ezivaliweyo okanye iinkanunu ezilawulwa liqela elincinane. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, inkqubo yokuqala yasasazeka kwezinye iidemokhrasi, nangona isoloko idityaniswe ngokweentlobo ezilungeleneyo. IFransi yamkelelwa ukuvuleka kwezakhiwo zovotisi bayo yomongameli jikelele ngo-2010, ngelixa amaqela eJamani kunye noManyange eUnited Kingdom aye avavanya ngemi yeqela elincinane okanye “iqela elinye leqela lesizwe”. Indaleko ibonisa ukufunwa nokuthathelwa phambili kokukhanya nokuthabatha inxaxheba, njengempembelelo yezenzo zezobupolitika emhlabeni wonke oonobumba-mente.

Iindidi Zee-Prinaries Neempawu Zazo

Iifomati eziphambili ezahlukeneyo zivelisa iingcebiso ezahlukileyo kubazo, kumatheko nakumavoti. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kubalulekile ekuhlolisiseni imiphumo yazo yezobupolitika.

Vula Iindawo

Kwizikhundla ezivulekileyo, nabani na obhalisiweyo angathabatha inxaxheba nakweliphi na iqela eliyintloko, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lilungu elinjani. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba ebanzi kwaye ingenza ukuba kuvotelwe, apho abaxhasi beqela elithile ngokufanelekileyo bevotelwa kwelinye iqela ngokuyintloko ukuhlaselana nobuthathaka. Ukuvula i-Primento kuqhelekile kumazwe ase-U.S. njengoWisconsin kunye noMichigan, kwaye baye basetyenziswa kwi-Frentshi e-Princial Princilementumers. Ngoxa benyusa ukhetho lomnye umvoti, bakwalula ukulawula i-votim.

Ii-Primetric eziValiweyo

Amabala avaliweyo athintela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kubavoti ababhaliswe njengamalungu alo qela. Le nkqubo igcina ingqibelelo yeqela kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ngabaxhasi ababodwa kuphela abakhetha i-interminee. Noko ke, ingasusa abavoti abazimeleyo kwaye inciphise zonke iinguquko. Iiprimends zixhaphakile kumazwe amaninzi ase-U.S., njengaseNew York nase Florida, kwaye ziqhelekile kumaqela amaninzi aseYurophu asebenzisa iibhola zangaphakathi. Urhwebo-amprifizi ziqhele ukuvelisa abavoti abagqithisileyo abagqithisileyo, ekubeni abavoti-phambili besoloko besenza abavoti abaninzi kakhulu kunabavoti abaqhelekileyo.

Ii-Primes eziValekileyo

Amasuntswana azivalelweyo avumela amalungu eqela elibhalisiweyo kunye nabavoti abangafakwanga kwimiflato ukuba babe nenxaxheba, kodwa hayi amalungu amanye amaqela. Le ndlela exubileyo izama ukulungelelanisa ulwahlulo nolawulo lweqela. Isetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe ase-U. ifana neNorth Carolina nakwimeko ezithile zaseYurophu. Iinkqubo ezivaliweyo zingandisa inxaxheba phakathi kwabazimeleyo ngoxa zisanqanda ukungenelelana kweqela elinqamlezileyo.

Ii-Printarian ezikwiNqanawa ePhezulu- 2

Ezinye izikhululo zisebenzisa inkqubo engundoqo “ephezulu-2”, apho bonke abatshayeli bavela kwiqela elinye kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela, kunye nabavoti ababini abaphezulu abathwele phambili kunyulo oluqhelekileyo. Le nkqubo, esetyenziswa kwiphondo laseKhalifoniya naseWashington, yenzelwe ukunciphisa ukuhla kwe-Rocentia kwaye ikhuthaza abathathi-nxaxheba abalungelelanisi abaphakathi. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ukuba inokubakhokelela kumaqela amabini ajongene nonyulo oluqhelekileyo, ukukhulula abaxhasi bezinye izikolo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Iicawa Ehlabathini Lonke

Xa sihlolisisa amazwe athile, sifumanisa indlela iinkqubo eziphambili eziziqhelanisa ngayo nezithethe zezobupolitika zasekuhlaleni nezakhiwo.

I-United States

Inkqubo engundoqo ye-U.S. yeyona intsonkothileyo nenempembelelo ehlabathini. I-Premiliaries ibanjwa kwilizwe ngalinye nakummandla ngamnye, iziphumo zemeko nganye zibekwe ngokwayo malunga nemithetho evulekileyo, evaliweyo, okanye edityanisiweyo. I-Iowa caucuuses kunye ne New Hampshire zibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yeendawo zayo zakudala zekhalenda, ngokufuthi ulwando lwebala phambi kwevotimenti eninzi. Iziphumo ze-U.S. iziphumo ze-Primeters zineziphumo eziphinda-phindiweyo: ziyakwazi ukuphakamisa abangenisi-phambili, amaqongala eqela, amaplatle, kwaye ziyakwazi ukufumanisa izicwangciso zezobupolitika zesizwe. Unyaka ka-2016, umzekelo, uDona uCurmp ummandla omkhulu osungulwe yi-oksteroote, ephinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda kwi-2024, apho i-10 ye-10, apho i-10 ye-10 ye-Genearlitives ngxelo eninzi kakhulu kunabay.[2]

I-France

Inkqubo ephambili yeFransi iyinto entsha kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngo-20, iQela lobuSoshiyali lafumana izikhundla ezivulekileyo zokukhetha umongameli okwesihlandlo sokuqala, livumela nawuphi na umvoti ukuba athabathe inxaxheba ukuba asayine isiseko somthetho-siseko samaxabiso asekhohlo. UGququzelelo lokuqala uFrançois Hollande, oye waqhubeka ephumelela ukumiselwa kwe-burhulumente. Umphakathi we-Réblicains walandela isutiso e-kunyaka ka-2016 kunye nomntu ovuliweyo okhethwe nguFrançocleonton. Kodwa le nkqubo iphinde yavelisa iziphumo ezingalindelekilenga: ulo lwabonwa njengokulahlwa kwamanani okusungulwayo, kodwa kamva iphulukile phakathi kobuqhophololo. Iqela lemikhosi yamaFrentshinga eliphambili liphawuleka kakhulu ngokuzinziswa kwabantu ababhiyo kwiRiphabliki yonyaka ophezulu. Kodwa ikhuthaza ukutsala i-tolikini, nangona i-2022.[5]

I-Jamani

Ukufikelela kweJamani ekukhetheni i-octal kukuthoba idemokrasi kwaye iphakathi. I-Christian Democratic Union (CDU) kunye neSocial Democratic Party (SPD) ngokwesithethe zikhetha abaza kujongwa ngeengqungquthela zeqela lengingqi okanye zivote. Noko ke, ekuphenduleni ukuncipha kwamalungu eqela kunye nomnqweno wokufumana igunya eliphezulu lolawulo lwedemokhrasi, amanye amaqela aye asungula iinkqubo eziphambili. Iqela eliGreenwe lisebenzise ii-colot metriats ukugqiba ubunkokeli kunye nabaqhubi abaphambili, ngelixa elisekhohlo le Die Line, ngezihlandlo ezithile liqhuba unyulo oluthe ngqo. I-AD synvotem-mes ithetha ukuba abathathi beqela be-Advorackerder bakhethe kumgangatho wesithili, benika amasebe asekuhlaleni asekuhlaleni athenwayo.[10] njengoko kuthenjiswe athene.[3]

I-United Kingdom

I-UK ayinayo inkqubo esisiseko ngokwengqiqo yamaMerika, kodwa amaqela amakhulu aye asebenzisa iinkqubo zokukhetha ezivulekileyo. Iqela leLabour Party, phantsi kobunkokeli bukaJeremy Corbyn, lamkela “ilungu elinye-elinye” kunyulo lobukhokeli, livumela onke amalungu ukuba afake iibhola eziphambili. Amaqumrhu asebenzisa iiposi zokukhetha amalungu eqela ukukhetha ukhokelo ukukhetha umholi wawo, njengoko kubonwa kukhuphiswano lwama-20222 olwavelisa i-Liz. Ukukhetha kwe-Plamente, unxulumano oluqhelekileyo lwengingqi lusoloko lubamba ivota phakathi kwamalungu, maxa ebandakanye nezikhululo zeqela. Njengakwamanye amazwe, olu mfazwe lungavelisa ukumangalisa: Cornbyby', njengoko kuqwalasa ukhuphiswano lwezizo lwezo lwezopolitiki. UKPreans, umbalton athelela i-emouniactive.[0]

I-India

Inkqubo esisiseko ye-Indiya iseyinsana, kodwa iBharatiya Janata Party elawulayo (BP) kunye ne-Indiya National Congress ziye zazama unyulo lwangaphakathi. Inkqubo yokuqala yeIndiya yokukhetha isalathisi esitsha ithetha ukuba ukhetho lomnyange lulawulwa ngabalawuli beqela kunye nocalucalucalulo lwezigaba. Ngo-2014, i-BJP yaqhuba inkqubo efana neyobulungiseleli bayo, igqibele ekukhetheni kweNarendra Modi ngebhodi yepati yepalamente kunokuba isongelwe yimbumba ephambili. Ukususela ngoko, amaqela athile esizwe aye avumela amalungu ukuba avote abangeni abangeni bengi bengi. [FLD: 0] Ixesha lokusebenza kwayo i-Indiya liphawulwe ukuba athe achukuswe ngenxa yokoyika ukulawulwa yi-pristate, ngoko ahlulwayo.

Impembelelo yezaphuli-mthetho kwiMidlalo neMidlalo

Oomatiloshe badla ngokunyanzela amaqela ukuba afikelele kwiingcamango ezigqithisileyo kuba abavoti abathabatha inxaxheba bathelekelele kakhulu kwezobupolitika kwaye baqhutywa yimiqathango kunabo bavoti abaqhelekileyo. Kwizihlomelo ezivaliweyo, lo mphumela unyusiwe, njengoko kungamalungu athwalwa ngamakhadi kuphela. Oku ngamandla, oku, okukwaziwa “njengokhuphiswano oluqalayo,” kunokukhokelela ekukhetheni abaphulaphuli abakhululekileyo okanye abanolwazi oluqhelekileyo, ababenza babe buthathaka kunyulo jikelele. Ukuhlisa oku, amanye amaqela aye amkela“ phezulu-2” okanye “i-pringing" (njengokweKhalifoni) abanyanzeleka ukuba babhenele kubaphula abaphula abaphulayo abaninzi besuka ekuqaleni. Kwakhona i-Primorimosss ichaphazela amalungiselelo okuqala: abavotiwokuqala ngaphambi kokuba baphumelele kwisiseko sonyulo, ukunyuselwa, ukusetyenziswa kwemigqaliselwa.

Ukubonelela

Unyulo lokuqala luza kutsala abavoti abambalwa kakhulu kukhetho oluqhelekileyo. EUnited States, kunyulwa unyulo oluphambili malunga nomyinge wama-20-30% wabavoti abafanelekileyo, kunye nomva weminyaka ekwi-Primmicaries ngokufuthi betyhala ngaphantsi kwe-15%. Ukurhoxa kuthetha ukuba amaprimenti anokuphenjelelwa liqela elincinane, eliqhutywa ngamandla, eliphakamisayo, eliphakamisa imibuzo ephezulu, elinobuchule obuphezulu, elinobuchule obuphezulu bokuvotayo, elinokwanelwa nokunyuswa kwe-RGBSD, eli-R44 zigidi, elibonisa ukuba livule, livule, likhuphe abahlali-be lisebenza nabe lisebenza kwi-intanethi, elisebenzisa ezinye iqela le-UK, elinothelekele ukungenelela nokungena nxaxheba, nangona lisekho, elincinane, elibonisa ukuba livule, livule abahlali-be lisebenza kwimisebenzi yokuvolathisa.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo Esisiseko

Phezu kwalo nje idinga labo lolawulo - melo, abaphathi bajamelana neengxabano ezininzi ezingapheliyo.

  • [[NTL: 0] Low Voter Turnout: Njengoko kuphawulwe, inxaxheba esezantsi kwiprimes ingalulaza ukufaneleka kwazo kwaye ivumele amaqela amancinane ukuba alawule. Oku kuxakekile ngokukodwa kwimixokelelwano evaliweyo apho umkhethi kuphela akhetha umgcini-ofisi ogqibekileyo.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Ingeniso yemali: ingebiza imali, kunye nabaqhubi abachitha imali eninzi kwizibhengezo, ukuvota, kunye nokuphuma ngaphandle kwemigudu. Abavumi okanye abo baxhaswe zi-PAC eziphezulu basoloko benoncedo olubalulekileyo, befaka inkqubo kwimidlalo yemali. U.S. iNkundla ePhakamileyo iCIitens United isigqibo sibangele ukuba le meko ingabikho.
  • Iziphumo ezicacileyo: Amadabi angundoqo angashiya amaqela ephukile, abaxhasi abaza kubhaptizwa bengavumi ukubuyisela intloko kunyulo oluqhelekileyo. Olu lwahlulo lwangaphakathi lungafa kukhuphiswano olusondeleyo. Umzekelo, iDemocratic condulerial phakathi kuka-pollal Clinton noBern Sanders yadala ungquzulwano oluhlala luhleliyo phakathi kweqela.
  • Ukukhupha okungaqhelekanga: Kwizinto ezivulekileyo, abavoti beqela eliphikisanayo banga “funda” oyena ungundoqo wokudibanisa umntu obuthathaka. Ngexa uphando lubonisa oku kunqabile, okunokwenzeka kukuziphatha komntu oza kungena exesheni kunye nokuphelisa ukuthembana.
  • Icala lokuvota: Kumazwe anjenge United States, umsebenzi wemithetho eqengqelekayo karhulumente udala udideko nokungagqibeki. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa iposi- kwibhola, amanye afuna ukuvota, kwaye imihla iyahluka ngokubanzi, ichaphazela abanokuba nenxaxheba.

Ikamva Letyala Kwezobupolitika Ehlabathini Lonke

Njengoko ezopolitiko zitshintsha, iinkqubo eziphambili zidla ngokutshintsha zize zixhathise ubugcisa, amanani abantu neenkqubo zezoshishino.

Izikhuseli zobugcisa

Iblockchain esekelwe kwi-intanethi yokuvota, ii-apples ezikhuselekileyo, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezixhobo ze-electronic kunganciphisa imiqobo yokubandakanyeka nokunyuswa komjelo. I-Estonia sele isebenzisa ukuvota ngemivo yamanani ukwenzela unyulo ngokubanzi, kwaye amanye amazwe ase-United States avumela ukubhaliswa kwe-intanethi. Noko ke, izisongelo zekhompyutha kunye nolwahlulo lwamanani zihlala zibalulekile. Izithintelo ziyakufuna ukulungelelanisa ufikelelo nokuthembeka.

Ukutshintsha Ukuziphatha Kwesinyithi Somoya

Unyuko lwabavoti abazimeleyo ._abo bangathathi naliphi na iqela `licel' umngeni wemodeli evaliweyo. E-United States, abazimeleyo ngoku benza malunga namashumi amane anesihlanu eepesenti zabanyuli. Amaphondo amaninzi aye ashukunyiselwa kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo okanye ezivulekileyo ukubamba abavoti. Ngokufanayo, abavoti abaselula basengozini yokudibanisa abathathi-nxaxheba, bakhetha imicimbi esekelwe kwimibandela kunqulo lwama-Rhulumani. Ukuba le ngxaki iyaqhubeka, amaqela asenokunyanzeleka ukuba avule amaziko abo aphezulu ukuze ahlale efanelekile.

Imfuneko yokubonisa ngaphaya

Ngenxa yehlazo kunye nokubanjwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba abagqalwa njengababalulekileyo, abavoti bafuna iinkqubo zokukhetha ezicace ngakumbi. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwiinguqu ezinjengeengxoxo ezikhoyo, ukukhutshwa kwemirhumo, kunye nokungamela okuzimeleyo kwee-colot eziphambili. Amanye amaqela aye amkela “iqela elinophawu oluphezulu” elidibanisa i-intanethi kunye novota kunye nokhuthuzo olusuka kwi-ligaleti.

Utshintsho Olusemnyango

Iinjongo zokuguqula iinkqubo ezingundoqo ziquka ukuseka imigangatho efanayo yelizwe lonke, ukwamkela ukuvota okumiselwe ngokwezigaba ukukhuthaza ukwakhiwa komanyano, kunye nokuba ne-primerive kamva kumjikelo wonyulo ukunciphisa impembelelo yamaphondo okuqala. Kulo United Kingdom, i-Guardian umGuquzeleli weqela lesizwe ubize inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo enciphisa amandla omphathi weqela. EJamani, kukho ingxubusho engokusungula izibophelelo zemibutho enkulu ngawo onke amaqela ngokomthetho. Le njongo yokuvelisa amasuntswana, amasuntswana, amancinane amasuntlukwano, kwaye asebenza kakhulu.

Isiphelo: Iintloni Njengesipili Sempilo Yedemokhrasi

Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho aziyonkqubo zobugcisa nje yokukhetha abathathi-nxaxheba; zibonakalisa imilinganiselo kunye nocelomngeni lwedemokhrasi. Xa amagumbi avulekileyo, ekhuphisanayo, kwaye esetyenziswa kakuhle, angavuselela inxaxheba kwezobupolitika kunye nokunyanzela amaqela ukuba aphulaphule imikhosi yawo. Xa ivaliwe, ukuguquka okusezantsi, okanye ukulawulwa yimidlalo yemali, angakhupha imimandla ephakamileyo kunye nokuchitha indalo efuna ukuqondwa koonyuselo olukhoyo. Njengoko abemi behlabathi besithi, utyekelo lwedemokhrasi oluthe ngqo olukwizinketho, luza kuqhubeka, luqhutywa yimikhosi efanayo: ubunzululwazi bobugcisa, ukungalingani, nokulangazelela ukubonakala kobunyani. Ukuqonda indlela ezibuzwe zezopolitiki ezikhoyo kuyimfuneko ngayo ukuba nabani na ofuna ukuqonda unyulo lwexesha elizayo. Njengokuba abahlali besithi bamele iinkqubo eziphambili, abamele iinkqubo zedemokhrasi eziphambili, baya kuhlala bekho kwimeko eziphambili zexesha elizayo.