Unyulo lokuqala lumi njengenye yezona ntsika zisisiseko zedemokhrasi yaseMelika, isebenza njengesango elibalulekileyo apho abathathi-nxaxheba bezobupolitika kufuneka badlule khona ngaphambi kokukhuphisana nonyulo jikelele. Olu khuphiswano lonyulo lumela ngaphezulu kakhulu kuneevoti zokuqala ezilula . Ziquka umgaqo wedemokhrasi olawulayo ohlala nabantu, zivumela abemi abaqhelekileyo ukuba baphembelele ngokuthe ngqo abaza kumela izilangazelelo zabo kulo lonke umgangatho karhulumente. Ukusuka kwiibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni ukuya kumgangatho wonyulo lwaseUnited States, umgangatho wonyulo ubumbano-ntle, ubumbanobumbano oluphambili oluthi lugqibe ukuba ngaliphi ithuba lokukhokela uluntu, amazwe, nohlanga.

Ukuqonda indlela okubaluleke ngayo ukusebenza konyulo oluphambili kummi ngamnye othe wafuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Olu nyulo aluqiniseki nje kuphela ukuba ngoobani abathathi-nxaxheba abavela kumacandelo aqhelekileyo onyulo kodwa lukwaphembelela amaqonga amaqela, izinto eziphambili zenkqubo, kunye nolwalathiso olupheleleyo lwentetho yezobupolitika eMelika. Ngokuhlolisisa imbali, iimakhani, kunye nempembelelo yonyulo oluphambili, singayiqonda kakuhle indima yabo ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni urhulumente osabela nongummeli obonisa ukuthanda kwabantu.

Indaleko Yembali Eyenziwe Ngezona Zimvo Ziphambili EMerika

Inkqubo yonyulo ephambili njengoko siyazi namhlanje yeyesi sithethe esitsha kwimbali yezobupolitika zaseMerika. Kwinkulungwane ye-19, amaqela ezobupolitika akhetha abatshayeli bawo kwinkqubo yecaucus elawulwa ngabalawuli beqela kunye nabangenisi bezobupolitika ababenempembelelo enkulu emva kweminyango evaliweyo. Le nkqubo idla ngokuphumela ekubeni abathathi-nxaxheba ababenoxanduva oluphezulu kwimatshini zeqela kunakuvota abaqhelekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kukonakala okusasazekileyo nokungavumelani phakathi kwamagosa anyuliweyo nabemi ababezibiza ngokuba ngabameli babo.

IXesha leNkqubela-phambili lasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 lazisa utshintsho olukhukulisiweyo olujoliswe ekunciphiseni urhwaphilizo kunye nokwandisa inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi. UWisconsin waba ngumbuso wokuqala ukuba amkele inkqubo engundoqo ecacileyo ngo1901, ukuba nguvulindlela imodeli eyakunwenwa ngokuthe ngcembe kulo lonke uhlanga. Abaguquli baphikisa ngelithi ukuvumela amalungu eqela akwisikhundla esiphezulu nakwesokukhetha abathathi nxaxheba, ukwandisa uxanduva, kwaye ukuqinisekisa ukuba abazamkeli babenelwa kakhulu kwiimfuno neemfuno zabemi abaqhelekileyo kunokuba babe ngamaqela aphezulu.

Ngeminyaka yee-1970, inkqubo esisiseko yaba yeyona ndlela iphambili yokukhetha abathathi-nxaxheba kwii-ofisi ezinkulu kulo lonke elase-United States. Utshintsho lweDemocratic Party olulandela indibano yowe-1968 ethanda ingxabano, apho uMongameli oyiKhosi uHubert Humphrey wabophelela unyuso nangona engaphumelelanga kwisiqalo esinye, ukhawulezise olu tshintsho. Olu tshintsho lwagunyazisa ukuba abameli bendibano yesizwe bakhethwe kwii-printarium okanye bavule ii-kauculuse, ngokusisiseko ukuthoba inkqubo yombutho kunye nokumisela imizekelo ephambili ekwaya kulandelwa ngamaqela amabini.

Namhlanje, unyulo oluphambili lubanjwa kuwo onke amazwana angama-50, nangona imithetho ekhethekileyo, ixesha, kunye neefomati zomahluko ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kurhulumente. Le nkqubo yokulungisa ibonakalisa isakhiwo sorhulumente waseMelika, apho amazwe agcina inkululeko engundoqo ekunikezeleni unyulo. Indaleko yamaprimenti iyaqhubeka, ngengxoxo eqhubekayo malunga nokusesikweni kwenkqubo yangoku, impembelelo yamaphondo aqala ukuveza iziphumo zonyulo, kunye nendima yemibutho elungisa iziphumo zokhetho.

Injongo Esisiseko Nendima Yokhetho Oluphambili

Embindini wabo, unyulo oluphambili lusebenza njengendlela apho amaqela ezobupolitika ancina khona umhlaba wabaqhubi abakhuphiswano kwisikhundla esithile. Kunokuba iinkokeli zeqela zikhethe abachongi kumagumbi azele ngumsi, amaprimenti anika abavoti amandla okwenza ezi zigqibo zibalulekileyo ngebhokisi yebhola. Le nkqubo yokhetho lwedemokhrasi iqinisekisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bakhe imidibaniso ebanzi yokuxhasa amalungu eqela, kwezinye iimeko, abavoti abazimeleyo, phambi kokuba baqhubele phambili kunyulo jikelele.

Unyulo lokuqala lunika amalungu eqela iqonga ukuchaza izinto ezikhethekayo ngokuphathelele izinto eziza kuqala kwinkqubo, izimbo zokhokelo, kunye nolwalathiso olupheleleyo abafuna ukuba iqela labo liluthathe. Xa abavoti bekhetha phakathi kwabo kwisiqalo esiphambili, abakhethi nje igama kwisixhobo sokuvota , babhala ingxelo malunga nemibandela ebaluleke kakhulu kubo, iimfaneleko abazixabisayo kwiinkokeli, kunye nenkqubo abanayo kwingingqi yabo okanye kwilizwe. Oku kunceda amaqela ezobupolitika aqonde izinto eziza kuqala kwisiseko sawo kwaye alungise amaqonga awo ngokokuthelela.

Inkqubo engundoqo ikwakhuthaza okusesikweni nokucace kukhetho lomkhwelisi ngokumisela imithetho ecacileyo kunye nenkqubo abatshakazi abamele bayilandele. Ngokungafaniyo nenkqubo endala yecaucus, apho ulwabo lwangasemva kunye noqhagamshelwano lobuqu lusoloko luzinzile, amagumbi okuvelisa imigangatho yokudlala apho abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bakhuphisane ngemirhumo kawonke-wonke, iingxoxo, kunye nezingca ezicwangcisiweyo ezicwangcisiweyo. Oku kunceda ukwakha intembelo yoluntu kwinkqubo yonyulo kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba abatshayileyo babonise amandla abo banokunxibelelana novoti-Roce kwaye baphucule umbono onyazisayo.

Ngaphezu koko, amagumbi akhuthaza abo batshatelweyo ukuba bathethe ngenkxalabo yamalungu eqela kunye nabantu abaphangaleleyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yephulo. Amaphulo kufuneka abandakanyeke kubavoti ngqo, bangene kwiiholo zedolophu, babe nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo, baze baphendule imibuzo ephathelele isikhundla sabo kwimibandela enzima. Oku kubandakanya ukubhalisa okuqhubekayo kunceda abavoti benze izigqibo ezinolwazi kwaye kunika abaza kuphendula kwiingxelo zabo nakumadinga abo baza kuphendula kudala ngaphambi kokuba unyulo ngokubanzi luqalise.

Indlela Abanempembelelo Ngayo Ngokungqalileyo Ngayo Abalawuli Bezobupolitika

Impembelelo yonyulo oluphambili kukhokelo lwezobupolitika idlulela ngaphaya kokugqiba nje ukuba ngawaphi amagama akhoyo kumavoti jikelele. Ngenkqubo yokuqala, abavoti baqhelisela ulawulo olungqalileyo kwisidima, iingcamango, kunye nobuntu babathathi-nxaxheba abaza kukhuphisana ekugqibeleni ngesikhundla. Eli gunya lokubumba iqula limela enye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo abemi abaqhelekileyo abanokuphembelela ngazo urhulumente baze baqinisekise ukuba abameli babo babonakalise ngokwenene imilinganiselo nezinto zabo eziza kuqala.

Unyulo lokuqala lunceda abathathi-nxaxheba baphawule ngenkxaso ephangaleleyo phakathi kweqela labo, lusebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo lwamandla omntu oza kubhaptizwa okwakha imiqolo, ukunyusa izimali, ukulungiselela amatsha - ntliziyo, nokunxibelelana ngokunempumelelo nee-contitutions ezahlukeneyo. Abasebenzi abaphume kakuhle kwiprimes babonisa ukuba banobuchule bezobupolitika, ukubhenela kobuqu, kunye neendawo ezifunekayo ukuze bamanyanise amalungu eqenjini kwaye baphumelele kunyulo jikelele. Le nkqubo yokubhenela inceda amaqela aphephe abafuni bafazi abanokuba ngabanomdla ngokwawo kwiqela kodwa baswele inkxaso engakumbi efunekayo ukuze baphumelele kwimilo yokrulaniso.

Ukhuphiswano lonyulo oluphambili luvumela udidi olwahlukeneyo lwabathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bangene kwibala lemidlalo yezopolitiko, bandise umelo nokuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezininzi zivakala ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhupha unyuso. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zokumisa okanye iibhosi zeqela, amagumbi okuvelisa amathuba abantu bangaphandle bezobupolitika, abafazi, amaqela amancinane, nabathathi-nxaxheba abasuka kwiimvelaphi ezingezozasithethe ukuvavanya abezobupolitika nokuzisa iingcamango ezintsha etafileni. Le nkululeko ikhokelele kwiiyantlukwano ezinkulu kwinkokeli yezobupolitika eMelika kwaye iye yanceda ekuphuncnuleni imiqobo eyakha yasusa onke amaqela ekungeneni kwinkqubelalelo yezopolitiki.

Unyulo lokuqala lungasebenza njengengqwalasela kwezobupolitika ezizimeleyo, ezigcina zinetyala kubantu bazo nakumalungu eqela. Xa amagunya enyuliweyo ejamelene nocelomngeni oluphambili, kufuneka akhusele iingxelo zawo, achaze amavoti awo, kwaye abonise ukuba ahlala ethembekile kwimigaqo nakwizinto eziphambili zabaxhasi bawo. Eli lungiselelo lokuphendula linceda ekuthinteleni ukungakhathali nokuqinisekisa ukuba abameli bahlala besabela kwiimfuno ezithe jikeleleyo nakwinkxalabo yabantu abakhonzayo.

Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yokuqala iphembelela iindawo zenkqubo kunye nezicwangciso zephulo abathe abathathi-nxaxheba bazenza ngexesha lonyulo jikelele. Abaphumeleleyo kwizindlu zangasese basoloko bekwenza oko ngokuqinisa isiseko seqela labo nangokuthatha iindawo ezicacileyo kwimibandela ebandakanya abaxhasi abaphambili. Ezi ndawo, ziphuhliswa kwaye zicocwe ngexesha lephulo lokuqala, zilungisa uludwe lwenkqubo abathe abaza kungena nalo kunyulo jikelele kwaye, ukuba baphumelele, eofisini. Ngale ndlela, abavoti-voti basebenzisa impembelelo ebalulekileyo kumgaqo karhulumente, nokokuba bamele kuphela unyulo olusezantsi lomvoti-voli wonke.

Ukuqonda Iindidi Ezahlukileyo Zokhetho Oluphambili

Inkqubo engundoqo yaseMelika yahluke kakhulu, isebenzisa iifomati ezahlukeneyo ezibonisa iintanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo malunga nokuba ngubani ofanele athathe inxaxheba kukhetho lwamangenelo nendlela abaphumelele ngayo. Ukuqonda ezintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeprimerim kuyimfuneko kubavoti abafuna ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwaye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda ukuba inkqubo yokudibanisa imbonakalo injani neziphumo ezikhethiweyo.

UKhetho lweFonti

Amabala avalelweyo amela eyona ndlela ingqongqo yonyulo oluphambili, elinganisela ukuba nenxaxheba kubavoti abaye babhaliswa ngokusemthethweni njengamalungu eqela elithile lezobupolitika. Kumaphondo angenawo amagumbi aphezulu, kuphela amaDemocrate angavota kwiiDemocracy, kwaye amaRiphabliki abhalisiweyo kuphela angavota kwii-primeriers. Abavoti abazimeleyo namalungu amanye amaqela abandakanywayo kule mbambano ngaphandle kokuba batshintshe ukubhalisa kwabo phambi kommiselo, ohluka ngokwemeko yesizwe.

Abaxhasi be-primmist abavaliweyo baphikisa ngelithi le nkqubo ikhusela ukuthembeka kweqela ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ngamalungu eqela azinikeleyo kuphela anenkcazelo ekukhetheni abathathi-nxaxheba. Bathi ukuvumela abangengomalungu ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kunokwenza ukuvota okucwangcisiweyo, apho abaxhasi beqela elithile kwiqela eliphambili lokuncedisa ukuncedisa umlandeli obuthathaka. Abaxhasi abavalelweyo nabo bakhuthaza ukuba baqinise uphawu lweqela kwaye bakhuthaze abavoti ukuba benze ukuzinikela okusemthethweni kwiqela lezobupolitika, okunokuthi kuqinise imibutho yeqela kwaye kuxhase ukuxhasa i-sycholation.

Abahlalutyi bezindlu eziphezulu ezivaliweyo, noko ke, baphikisa ngelithi le nkqubo ichitha abavoti abazimeleyo kwaye inciphisa inxaxheba jikelele kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Kumazwe aneeprimerim ezivaliweyo, abavoti − abamele icandelo elikhulayo lonyulo--_abangenalizwi ekugqibeni ukuba ngoobani abaza kuvela kunyulwa ngokubanzi. Oku kususwa kweyona ngxaki engakumbi kwiindawo ezilawulwa liqela, apho udidi oluzimisela ngokunempumelelo ukuphumelela uphumelele konyulo jikelele, ushiya abavoti abazimeleyo bengenalo namazwi avakalayo kubamele.

Vula Ukhetho Oluphambili

Abalawuli abavulekileyo bathatha indlela ebanzi, bavumela nabani na obhalisiweyo ukuba athabathe inxaxheba kwilungu lokuqala lokhetho lwabo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba badlelane naliphi na iqela. Kumaphondo avulekileyo, abavoti bangagqiba ngomhla wonyulo abafuna ukuvota kulo, nangona benokuvota kuphela kunyulo lokuqala lweqela elinye. Le nkqubo ayifuni ukuba umvoti avakalise ekuhleni idityani kweqela elithile okanye abhalise neqela elithile ngaphambili.

Abaxhasi bezindlu ezivulekileyo baphikisa ngelithi le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukubandakanyeka okubanzi kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba bonke abavoti, kuquka abazimelayo, banelizwi ekukhetheni abathathi-nxaxheba. Baphikisa ngelithi ukuvula kwezipringi kuvelisa abathathi-nxaxheba abanokubhenela kwicandelo elibanzi labavoti, hayi nje leqela labaxhasi abanyanisekileyo. Oku kungakhokelela kulawulo oluninzi lwedemokhrasi kwaye kunciphise ulawulo lwendawo olusoloko luphumela ekubeni abatshatiswayo babhenele kuphela kwisiseko seqela labo ukuba baphumelele ekufumaneni ubuzwilam.

Abachasi bezindlu ezivulekileyo baphakamisa inkxalabo ngokuvota okuqulethweyo kunye nokunokwenzeka "kweqela lokuhlasela," apho abaxhasi beqela elinye kwivoti yeqela eliphambili ukuphembelela iziphumo. Bakwaphikisa ngokuthi ukuvula amaqumrhu awileyo kubangela ukuba amaqela angengawo abumbe, nto leyo enokuba nesiphumo kumalungu angameleli ngokwenene amaxabiso nemigaqo engundoqo yeqela. Ngaphandle kwale ngxaki, amazwe amaninzi aye amkela iinkqubo eziphambili ezivulekileyo, afumana ukuba iingenelo zokuthatha inxaxheba engakumbi zingaphezulu kwezandi ezinokuvela.

Isalathisi esitsha

Uninzi lwamazwe luye lwamkela iinkqubo ezingqukuva eziye zawela phakathi kwemibhobho evaliweyo nevulwe ngokupheleleyo. Ii-semi-criptors ezivalelwe ngokupheleleyo zivumela amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo kunye nabavoti abazimeleyo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba, kodwa bawakhuphele ngaphandle amalungu amanye amaqela. Umzekelo, kwidemocratic ephambili, ebhaliswe ngokusemthethweni, nakumaqela azimeleyo, anokuvota, kodwa amaRiphabliki abhaliswe ngokusemthethweni akanako. Le nkqubo izama ukulungelelanisa umnqweno wokulawula iqela ngaphandle kwemithetho-mvume yokudibanisa iivoti ezizimeleyo kwinkqubo.

Amatyala avumela abavoti abazimeleyo ukuba bakhethe ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ephambili kwiqela labo. Amanye avumela abavoti ukuba batshintshe ukubhalisa kweqela labo ngomhla wonyulo, ngokunempumelelo bavelise inkqubo evulekileyo ngexa begcina imfuneko esesikweni yokubhaliswa kweqela. Ezi nkqubo ze-projekthi zibonisa imigudu eqhubekayo yokufumana umlinganiselo olungeleleneyo phakathi kweqela elizimeleyo ne-demokhrasi.

UKhetho lweQhuba

Ubhaqo-bhanya-bhanya lwenqanawa olunobungozi, olubizwa ngokuba yimiba emibini engqukuva, lusetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba umvotelwa ophumeleleyo ufumana inkxaso enkulu kunokuba afumane nje ubuninzi. Kwimeko ehambayo, ukuba akukho mvotelwa ofumana ngaphezu kwama-50 ekhulwini evoti yokuqala, abangenisi-voti babini abaphezulu kwinkqubela phambili yonyulo olubalekayo olubanjwe kwiiveki eziliqela kamva. Le ngqungquthela yesibini imisa ukurhoxiswa kweqela kwimivo yokhetho jikelele.

Iinguqu ezihamba phambili ziqheleke kakhulu kumaphondo aseMazantsi kwaye zenzelwe ukukhusela abatshatisi ekuphumeleleni ukurhoxa kwevoti ngepesenti encinci kuphela yevoti emasimini aphithizelayo. Ngokufuna uninzi, isixokelelwano sokukhupha isantya siqinisekisa ukuba ekugqibeleni umtyunjwa ubonise inkxaso ebanzi phakathi kweqela. Kodwa, ukuphuma konyulo kungabiza imali eninzi, ukuvota ixesha, kwaye kusoloko kubandezeleka ukusuka kurhoxiso olusezantsi kunokuqala lwendawo ephambili, kukhokelela amanye amazwe ukuba aphinde acinge kwakhona umsebenzi wawo.

Ii-Printarian ezikwiNqanawa ePhezulu- 2

Inani elikhulayo lamazwe lizame iinkqubo eziphambili ezizii-bini eziphezulu, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-nopartisan okanye i-primiaries yasehlathini, ezimela ukuhamba okusisiseko kwizithethe ezisekelwe kwizithethe zamaqela. Kwinkqubo ezimbini eziphezulu, bonke abatshayeli bavela kwisixhobo esiphambili esinye esiphambili kungakhathaliseki ukuba badibene namaqela, kwaye bonke abavoti bangathatha inxaxheba kungakhathaliseki ukuba babhaliswe ngaliphi iqela. Abavoti babini abafumana ivotelwa phambili kunyulo jikelele, nokokuba bangamalungu eqela elinye.

IKhalifoniya neWashington zamkele iinkqubo eziphambili ezizii-bini eziphezulu kwi-odokisi ezininzi zikarhulumente nezorhulumente, ziphikisa ngelithi le ndlela inciphisa ulawulo lwamazwe kwaye ikhuthaza abatshayeli ukuba babhenele kwivoti ebanzi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi umphezulu-iyunithi ozimeleyo unika amalungelo alinganayo abavoti abazimeleyo okuthabatha inxaxheba kwaye banokuvelisa awona afanelekileyo, amaqela athe athenjiswa. Abagxeki, noko, baphikisa ngelithi ezi nkqubo zinokuba neziphumo kunyulo ngokubanzi apho abavoti abanalo lwangempela phakathi kwemibono eyahlukeneyo, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezilawulwa liqela elinye apho abathathi bangene kwiqela elinye abathathi baqhubele phambili kunyulo-wonke.

Ukusebenza ngemisebe exhotyisiweyo

Ezinye izikhululo ziqalile ukuzalisekisa uvota okucetyiswayo (okukwabizwa ngokuba yi-runoff evota ekhawulezileyo) kunyulo oluphambili, evumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abathathi-nxaxheba ngomyalelo wokhetho kunokuba bakhethe omnye kuphela. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti ze-ice, umvoti othe nolona khetho lumbalwa luphelisiwe, kwaye ivoti yesibini yabaxhasi bayo ikhutshelwa. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de omnye umvotisi ufikelele uninzi.

Uvota olukhutshiwe luphelisa imfuneko yonyulo olwahlukileyo lodwa loxa kuqinisekiswe ukuba abaphumeleleyo banenkxaso enkulu. Kukwavumela abavoti ukuba baxhase abanyuliweyo ngaphandle kokoyika "ukuvota" kwabo, ekubeni ibhola yabo ingadlulisela kukhetho lwabo lwesibini ukuba ukhetho lwabo lokuqala luye lwacinywa. I-Alaska neMaine zamkela uvotelo olukwindawo ephantsi konyulo, kwaye amadolobha amaninzi asebenzisa inkqubo yepropati yasekuhlaleni. Njengoko le ndlela izuza itranslate, ingabuyisela indlela engundoqo yokukhetha nendlela abazakhenkela ngayo.

Inkqubo Ephambili Yomongameli: Inkqubo Ekhethekileyo

Udidi lomongameli lumele unyulo olubalulekileyo olunemithetho ekhethekileyo, izithethe, kunye nokubaluleka. Ngokungafaniyo nezindlu eziphambili zezinye iiofisi, amagumbi angomongameli akathathi ngqo abangeni-nxaxheba kodwa endaweni yoko khetha abathunywa abaza kuya kwindibano yesizwe yeqela baze bavote kwindibano yeqela. Le nkqubo ingangqamanga idibanisa ukuntsonkotha kwinkqubo yokukhetha umongameli kwaye inika imibutho yeqela impembelelo ethile phezu kwesiphumo sokugqibela, kwanjengokuba abavotisi abaphambili baya kuya kulawulo olunamandla.

Ikhalenda eyintloko ye-presidenti ithe yaba ngumxholo wengxoxo enkulu nokhuphiswano phakathi kwamazwe. Iowa neNew Hampshire ngokwesithethe babamba i-caucus yokuqala kunye ne-intloko, ngokulandelelana, benika la mazwe mancinane impembelelo engatshintshiyo kwinkqubo yokukhupha i-athom. Abasebenzi abaqhuba kakuhle kule milo yangaphambili bafumana inkqubela, ingqalelo ye-media, kunye nokuxhasa inzuzo enokubaqhubela ekoyiseni kumaphondo amva. Ngokuphikisana noko, abaqhubi belizwe eIowa noNew Hampre basoloko bezama ukuhlala bephila, nokokuba nokhuthazo olubanzi kumazwe ahlukeneyo.

Ukufakwa phambili kwekhalenda yokuqala, kunye namajelo amaninzi ashukumisa ukhuphiswano lwawo ngaphambi konyaka wonyulo, adala ixesha elicinezelweyo apho umtyunjwa asoloko emiselwa ngokunempumelelo kwiiveki zokhuphiswano lokuqala. Le santya sikhawulezayo sinokunceda abathathi-nxaxheba ngokuqwalaselwa ngamandla, ngokusekwa kwemibutho yeengxowa-mali, kunye namaphulo alungelelanisiweyo, ngexa ewenza kube nzima kubantu abambalwa abaziziyo ukwakha inkxaso ngokuthe ngcembe. Zombini ezi zinkokeli zizama ukuphendula ngezi meko ngeenguqu ezahlukeneyo, kuquka nokudalwa kweentsuku eziphambili kunye nezigwebo zolawulo ezicwangcii zezindlu zamazwe ezicwangciiiiiiiiiiiiiii.

Ulwabelo lwezibonelelo zomongameli okhoyo lwahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamaqela eDemocratic kunye namaphondo ahlukeneyo. Abanye bathi abathunywa bafumana intsalela ngokuhambelana ngokwepesenti yevoti nganye efunyenweyo, ngelixa abanye besebenzisa iinkqubo zokufumana impumelelo apho umvoti onenkoliso yabameli bamkela bonke abathunywa belizwe. IDemocratic Party iquka "iintloko-ntlaredies" .", iinkokeli ezidityanisiweyo namagosa anyuliweyo angaxhasa nawuphi na umvotisi nokuba yiziphumo eziphambili, kwaye zisebenzisa iindlela apho umvoti oza noninzi wabavoti beboti bamkela khona bonke abathunywa belizwe.

Indima Yokhetho Oluphambili Ekukhuthazeni Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwedemokhrasi

Kulunyulo lokuqala olubalulekileyo olukhuthaza ukuganana kwezentlalo nolawulo-moya kubomi bezobupolitika baseMerika. Ngokunika abemi amathuba okuthabatha inxaxheba ekukhetheni abatsha abatsha, amagumbi aphambili anceda ekulondolozeni intsebenziswano ekuqonda ukubaluleka kokuvota nokuvakalelwa kukuba kunxulumene nenkqubo yezobupolitika. Oku kuthenjiswa okuqhubekayo kubalulekile kwimpilo yamaziko edemokhrasi kwaye kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usasabela ekufuneni kwabantu.

Ukhuphiswano lonyulo oluphambili ludla ngokuvelisa ingxubusho ebalulekileyo yamajelo eendaba, iingxoxo zikawonke-wonke, kunye neengcambu zokucwangcisa ezifundisa abavoti ngemibandela ebalulekileyo kunye neendawo zabaza kubhaptizwa. Ngexesha lamaphulo aphambili, abaza kuchaza indlela abaza kuphendula ngayo imingeni ejongene noluntu okanye uhlanga. Oku kunceda abavoti ukuba benze izigqibo ezinolwazi baze bavelise iindlela zokuphendula eziya kuqhubeka ngaphaya kosuku lonyulo.

Kukwakho namathuba okuba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika ngaphandle kokuvota. Abami bangasebenza ngokuzithandela kumaphulo okuvota. Banokuya kwiintlanganiso neeholo zendibano, banikele kwintlanganiso neeholo zedolophu, badla ngokunikela ngeengxubusho zezopolitiko nabamelwane babo kunye nabantu abahlala kunye. Oku kuthabatha inxaxheba okubanzi komeleza ibutho labantu, kwakha ikomkhulu lezentlalo, kwaye kudala intsebenziswano yabemi abathenjiswe inxaxheba kwezobupolitika phakathi konyulo. Ubuchule kunye nonxulumano oluphuhliswayo ngeliphulo eliphambili ludla ngokukhokelela ekubeni babandakanyeke kwizivumelwano zezentlalo-ntle neinkokeli zentlalo.

KumaMerika amaninzi, unyulo oluphambili lubonisa ukuchanabeka kwawo kokuqala kwinkqubo yezopolitiko kunye nethuba labo lokuqala lokuba nenxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo zedemokhrasi. Abavoti abaselula, abemi abatsha, kunye nabantu ababengatshatanga ngaphambili badla ngokubandakanyeka kwezobupolitika ngamaphulo aphambili abawaxhokonxayo okanye amaphulo anzulu. Ngokunikela iingongoma ezifikelelekayo kwinxaxheba kwezobupolitika, amagumbi okulawula anceda ukwakha idemokhrasi ezahlukahlukeneyo apho kuviwa nokumelwe khona amaqela.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo Ephambili Yokhetho

Ngaphandle kwendima yabo ebalulekileyo kulawulo-mpukane lwaseMelika, unyulo oluphambili lujongene nogxeko olubalulekileyo nocelomngeni oluphakamisa imibuzo echaphazela ukusebenza nokulunga. Olunye lwezona zinto zixhalabisayo ezizingisileyo kukujika okusezantsi, ingakumbi kwi-priminaries ofisi zikarhulumente nezengingqi. Olu khetho lukhulu lutsala abavoti abambalwa kakhulu kukhetho jikelele, ithetha ukuba abancinane, ngokufuthi abangakhokelwayo abaphumele ngokuphumelelayo ekuboneni ukuba ngoobani abachongi abazayo. Oku kungena nxaxheba kunokubangela ukuba bangabheki ababhenele ababhenele kwiqela eliceli abagcileyo kodwa bazama ukunxibelelana nokhetho oluphakathi kukhetho oluqhelekileyo.

Ixesha kunye nokunyuselwa konyulo oluphambili, ngokukodwa kukhuphiswano lomongameli, kudala ukungalingani okunceda amanye amazwe kunye nabavoti phezu kwabanye. Amazwana aqalayo anjenge-Iowa kunye neNew Hampshire asebenzisa impembelelo engatshintshiyo kwinkqubo yokukhupha inzala, ngelixesha abavoti abasemagunyeni kunye namaqumrhu kamva bafumanisa ukuba olu gqatso sele lugqitywe ngexesha abanamathuba okuvota. Le nkqubo ingakuthintela ukuthatha inxaxheba kwaye ivelise ingqiqo yokuba abanye bavote ingumbano noxanduva ngaphezu kwabanye, icuthe umgaqo wedemokhrasi wokulingana kwezobupolitika.

Indleko yokuqhuba kunyulo lokuqala inyuke ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, idala imiqobo yokungena kwabo bathathi-nxaxheba nabanokufikelela kwabo baphambili abanikela ngemali. Abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bachithe iinyanga okanye kwaneminyaka benyusa imali, imibutho yokwakha, kwaye bafumane igama phambi kokuba bakhuphisane ngokunempumelelo kwizinto ezitsha. Le ngxakiselwano inyanzelisayo ingabakhupha abafaneleki abaswele ubutyebi okanye unxibelelwano kubantu abakhulu abanikelayo, benciphisa imbono ezahlukeneyo namava akwimincinti yokhuphiswano.

Unyulo lokuqala lungafak' isandla ekuthotyeni kwezobupolitika ngabaphulaphuli abanomvuzo ababhenela kwinkoliso yabavoti ababotshwe ngokweengcamango kunokuba kwakhiwe iminqongo ebanzi. Kwizibonelelo ezivaliweyo, abathathi-nxaxheba badla ngokufumana izikhundla ezingaphezulu ukuze bafumane inkxaso ephuma kumaqumrhu alwayo, ngoko ke bazama ukulinganisela isigidimi sabo kubaphulaphuli-zi-nyulo ngokubanzi. Oku kungenza ukuba amagosa anokukhetha ngakumbi kwisiseko seqela labo kunakwintsebenziswano ebanzi, enza ukulalanisa nokusebenzisana kwe-bipartarian kungabi nzima.

Ukuntsonkotha nokwahluka-hluka kwemithetho ephambili yonyulo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kudala isiphithiphithi phakathi kwabavoti kwaye kungacinezela ukuba nenxaxheba. Abavoti kufuneka bahambe ngemiqathango eyahlukeneyo yokubhalisa, iimfuno zobuchule, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota kuxhomekeka kwindawo abahlala kuyo nakweyiphi eyona nto iphambili abafuna ukuba nenxaxheba kuyo. Oku kuntsonkothile kubangela ucelomngeni ngokukodwa kubemi abahambayo, abatsha abatsha abavoti, nabo banamava alinganiselweyo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko, bangayisusa iinkalo eziphawulekayo zabemi ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwentsingiselo.

Impembelelo Yonyulo Oluphambili Kwiintlobo Zeqela

Unyulo lokuqala lunempembelelo ebalulekileyo kumaqonga eqela kunye nenkqubo ephambili ngokunyanzela abatshayeli ukuba bacombulule imibandela efuna amalungu eqela kunye nabavoti abaphambili. Ngethuba lamaphulo aphambili, abatshabhisi kufuneka bachaze iindawo eziziinkqubo eziziinkcukacha zenkqubo, baphendule kwiipesenti ezisuka kumaqela abantu abanomdla, kwaye babe nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo apho bachaza indlela abanokulawula ngayo. Le nkqubo inceda ukuphuhlisa ucwangciso lwenkqubo apho amaqela athwele kunyulo jikelele, kwaye ekugqibeleni, kurhulumente.

Imisebenzi yokhuphiswano yonyulo oluphambili idla ngokunyanzela abatsha abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bafumane izikhundla ezibonisa ezona zinto ziphambili zamalungu athenjiweyo. KwiDemocratic Primmies, abatshateli bagxininisa imibandela enjengokufikelela kwempilo, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokulunga kobulungisa kwezentlalo, ngeli xesha abathathi-nxaxheba baseRiphablikini bejolise kwimiqathango yokunciphisa irhafu, ulungiso-mthetho, ukunyanzeliswa kwabantu abangena emakhaya, kunye nemilinganiselo yesithethe. Ezi ziziphasi zibonakalisa izinto eziphambili zeqela ngalinye eziphambili kwaye ziluncedo ekuchazeni imida yemiqathango yentetho yezobupolitika yaseMelika.

Unyulo lokuqala lusebenza njengezizathu zokuvavanya iingcamango ezintsha zomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nophuhliso lolawulo. Abafuni ukuzahlula kukhuphiswano basoloko becebisa inyathelo eliphambili okanye izisombululo ezintsha zeengxaki zokuma ixesha elide. Xa ezi ngcamango zivakala ngabavoti abaphambili, banokufumana ulwamkelo phakathi kweqela kwaye baphembelele incoko ebanzi yenkqubo. Kwanabo bangawisi mpumelelo yokufumana ubuchule bokwahlula amaqonga ngokuveza iingcamango ezithi abanye abavoti bamkele okanye ngokubonakalisa inkxaso yemiqathango ethile.

Impembelelo yonyulo oluphambili kumgaqo-nkqubo idlulela ngaphaya kwamaphulo okubumba indlela yexesha elide yamaqela ezobupolitika. Xa abathathi-nxaxheba abaneembono ezithile ziphumelela rhoqo kwiprojekthi, amaqela alungisa amaqonga awo nezinto eziphambili ukuze abonise ezi mpumelelo. Oku kunamandla kuye kwafak ’ isandla kwindaleko yamahlelo amabini amakhulu amashumi eminyaka akutshanje, kunye neRiphabliki yeQela leRiphabliki lihamba kakuhle kwaye iDemocratic Party ithatha izikhundla ezithe zane nenkqubela kwimibandela emininzi.

Ukhetho oluphambili kunye nokuGcwaliswa kweSikhuseli

Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni iziphumo eziphambili zonyulo ngokuphembelela abathathi-nxaxheba abafumana ingqalelo, indlela ababoniswa ngayo, naziphi iimbambano ezilawula intetho yamaphulo. Ulwalamano phakathi kwamaprimend namajelo eendaba luntsonkothile yaye lusazisa: amaqumrhu okukhuphisana avelisa intshumayelo yeendaba, ngoxa ingqalelo yejelo-ndaba inceda ukufumanisa ukuba ngabaphi abatshatisi abagqalwa befanele ukungqinwa benkxaso yabo.

"Ugqatso lwamahashe" uhlobo lwengxelo ephambili, olujolise kumanani okuvota, ukuqokelela iziqu, kunye neqhinga lephulo, kugxekwe kakhulu ngokulula inkqubo yedemokhrasi. Olu hlobo lwengxelo lungadala iziprofeto zokuzizalisa apho abatshayeli abafumana ingqalelo elungileyo ye-media bafumana inkxaso kwimiba yophatho, evelisa umjikelo othe waninzi, odala umjikelezo oluncedo phambi kwemijelo kwaye uwenza kube nzima kubathathi-nxaxheba abambalwa abaziwayo ukuba baphumele ngaphandle. Noko ke, imibutho yezixhobo zoqhagamshelwano iphikisa ukuba abavoti banomdla kwimibathwali bemilo yokhuphicotho nanokuthi ukuncedisa ukuva inkxaso koluvo olufanelekileyo kwimilo lwemilo-meenda-meter, obangela ukuvalwa kwemizwa kwemizwano-ovelvel.

Izixhobo zokunxibelelana eziphambili zezentlalo-ntle ziye zaguqula amaphulo aphambili ngokuvumela abatshayeli ukuba banxibelelane ngqo nabavoti ngaphandle kokuhlulwa ngabagcini-sango besithethe. Abathathi-nxaxheba bangasebenzisa amaqonga afana ne-Twitter, Facebook, kunye ne-Instagram ukwabelana ngesigidimi sazo, ukuphendula abachasi, kunye nokukhuthaza abaxhasi. Olu nxibelelwano luthe ngqo luye lwanikezela ngentetho yezopolitiko ngeendlela ezithile, ukuvumela abantu abangaphandle ukuba bakhe inkxaso ngaphandle kokuxhomekela kwinkcaso yesithethe okanye kwimibutho. Noko ke, zixhobo zoluntu zikwanegalelo ekusasazeka kwenkohliso, ukunwenwa kwemimandla ekwindawo ebandayo, kwaye zivelisa imingeni emitsha yokuzama ukwahlula imbali kwintsomi.

Iingxoxo ziye zaba ziziganeko eziphambili kumaphulo aphambili, zinika abo bacela ukufikelela kumathuba okufikelela kubantu abaninzi nokubonakalisa ulwazi lwabo, isimo, kunye nobuchule bonxibelelwano. Iingxoxo eziphambili zingaphembelela ngokuphawulekayo iimbono zabavoti kunye noqhubeko lwephulo, ngezenzo ezinamandla ezikhuthaza amathemba abathathi-nxaxheba nakubonakalisa amahlwempu anokupheliswa. Ulungiselelo, imithetho, kunye nobungcathu bengxoxo ziye zaba ngamalungu avavanywa kakhulu, kunye namaqela athetha phezu kwayo yonke into ukusuka ekuqulukweni kwepodium ukuya ekuthetheni ixesha.

Ikamva Lonyulo Oluphambili: Utshintsho Nezintshawu

Njengoko inkxalabo ngenkqubo yonyulo ephambili ikhula, abaguquli baye bacebisa iinguqu ezininzi ezijolise ekuthabatheni inxaxheba, ukunciphisa ipetroli kunye nokuqinisekisa iziphumo ezithe tye. Ezi zindululo zibonisa uhlolo olwahlukeneyo lweengxaki kwinkqubo yangoku kunye nemibono eyahlukeneyo ngendlela ukhetho lwedemokhrasi olumele lusebenze ngayo kwinkulungwane yama-21.

Esinye isindululo sotshintsho esiphambili sibandakanya ukuyila usuku oluphambili apho onke amazwe ebeya kugcina khona amaziko awo aphezulu ngexesha elinye. Abameli baphikisa ngelithi oku kungaphelisa impembelelo engathethekiyo yamazwe aqalayo, baqinisekise ukuba bonke abavoti banento efanayo kwinkqubo yokukhupha, kwaye banciphise ubude nexabiso lamaphulo aphambili. Abagxeki, noko ke, baphikisa ngelithi urhulumente wesizwe ophambili unokuba luncedo ngokuqwalaselwa kakhulu kwamagama aphezulu kunye nobuncwane bemali ngelixa ekwenza kube nzima ukuba abambalwa abaziwayo bafumane inkxaso ngokuthe ngcembe ngemisebenzi enzima kumazwe angaphambili.

Enye indlela yokuguqula ibandakanya ukutshintsha indlela ye-primrives karhulumente ukwenzela ukuba kuxoxwe ngeendawo ezahlukeneyo kwimijikelezo yonyulo. Le nkqubo izakuqinisekisa ukuba akukho meko okanye mmandla ohlala ungenawo umnye ofumana iingenelo zokuvota kwangoko, ngeli lixa ukulondoloza iingenelo zenkqubo engundoqo evumela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bakhe inkqubela kunye nabavoti ukuba bafunde kwimilo yangaphambili. Umahluko oninzi wesi sicelo uxoxwe, kuquka ujikelezo lwengidibeko kunye nokhetho oluzenzekelayo lwekhalenda yokuqala.

Ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kovotelo oluceliweyo kunyulo oluphambili kufumene inkxaso kubaguquleli abakujonga njengendlela yokuqinisekisa inkxaso yoninzi lwemibhobho ngeli xesha besusa imfuneko yonyulo olubiza imali eninzi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukuvota okumiselwe ngokwezikhundla kukhuthaza amaphulo angakumbi asekuhlaleni, ekubeni abavumi benomdla wokubhenela abaxhasi babo njengabanokufumana inkxaso yesibini. Njengoko amagunya amaninzi evavanywa ngale nkqubo, impembelelo yawo kunyulo oluphambili nokhetho lwabantwana oluphambili iya kubalula.

Bambi abaququzeleli baxhasa ukupheliswa kwemibutho yabaququzeleli bebodwa engekho kwicala lamalungu enkonzo apho bonke abatshatisi bevela kwibhola enye kwaye bonke abavoti bangathatha inxaxheba ngokulinganayo. Ezi zindululo zidla ngokudibanisa ii-partisplain ezingezo khaditarian primerimes ezinezibheno eziphezulu okanye iinkqubo zokuphuhlisa eziphezulu ezimbini. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba okungeyo iparatisnalis primericaries kuzakunciphisa ukwenziwa kwendawo engaphandle, ukuthatha inxaxheba, kwaye kuvelise iziphumo ezithelekisa, abathathi-antranti abakwizimntlukwano. Kodwa, amaqela ezobupolitika athe jikelele aphikisana nezi nguqulelo, aphikisa ukuba amaqela ajonge inyathelo lawo ekukhetheni ii-'amnee provices zomthetho kwaye anciphisa ukuphendula ngokuqhuba inxaxheba kwiqela elinexabiso elingenaxabiso.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bunika amathuba amatsha okuba nenxaxheba ekuvoteni okuphambili nge-intanethi, ngokuvota, ngezicelo zokuvota ezihambayo, nangamathuba amade okuvota. Ngoxa ezi zinto zintsha zinokwenza ukuvota kube lula nokufikeleleka, zikwanyusa inkxalabo ngokhuseleko, ukuzifihla, kunye nokungaphumelela kobugcisa okanye ukuhlasela ngekhompyutha. Njengoko abalawuli bonyulo nabenzi beenkqubo benkqubo bezonyulo behlola ezi zinto, kufuneka balungelelanise iingenelo ezingakumbi zokufumaneka nxamnye nemfuneko yokugcina kunqabiseko, nokuthembeka, kunye neenkqubo zonyulo oluthembekileyo.

Unyulo Oluphambili kwi State kunye nomgangatho wobulali

Ngeli xesha oomongameli befumana eyona ngqwalasela iphambili kumajelo eendaba, unyulo oluphambili lweeofisi zikarhulumente kunye nee-ofisi zasekuhlaleni lusoloko lunempembelelo ecacileyo kubomi babemi bemihla ngemihla. Abamisi-mthetho, abalawuli, oosodolophu, ookhomishinari bephondo, namalungu ebhodi yesikolo benza izigqibo malunga nemfundo, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, izibonelelo, irhafu, neminye imibandela emininzi echaphazela abantu ngokuthe ngqo. Unyulo lokuqala lwale ofisi lugqiba ukuba ngabaphi abaza kubavumi abaza kuba beza kuba nethuba lokusebenza kwezi ndawo zibalulekileyo.

Urhulumente kunye noonontlalo-ntle basekuhlaleni bafumana ingqwalasela encinane kakhulu kusasazo lwe-amajelo eendaba kunye nevoti kunaleyo ikhoyo kumongameli okanye kwi-comnionstration, okuphumela kwinani eliphantsi kakhulu lokujika. Kwamanye amazwe, unyulo oluphambili lweeofisi zasekuhlaleni lutsala kuphela icandelo elinye le-dvosi elifanelekileyo, ithetha ukuba amasuntswana amancinane abantu ayakwazi ukugqiba ngokunempumelelo ukuba ngubani oya kulawula. Oku kuthabatha inxaxheba kuvelisa amathuba amaqela alungelelanisiweyo abantu abanomdla, abaxhasi beqela, kunye nabaquququzeleli abaphambili ekusebenziseni impembelelo engenakulinganiswa neziphumo.

Ixesha lephondo kunye nezindlu zasekuhlaleni liyahluka-hluka, kunye nezinye ezibanjwe kunye nomongameli ophezulu, ezinye ezicwangciswe ngexesha leminyaka yonyulo jikelele kodwa ezahlukeneyo kukhuphiswano lwamazwe, kwaye ezinye zigcinwe kwiminyaka engaqhelekanga xa kungekho lunyulo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo. Olu tshintsho luchaphazela ukujika kunye nokuqanjwa konyulo oluphambili, kunye neprimenti ezigcinwe ecaleni kokhuphiswano oluphezulu lwe-profile yesizwe olusoloko lutsala abavoti abaninzi kunalabo babanjwe ngokwahlukeneyo. Abanye abaxhasi bomanyano lwemihla yonyulo oludibanisa iintlanganiso zonyulo ukuze bandise ukuthabatha nokuhlisa indleko yokuhambisa unyulo oluninzi.

Unyulo lokuqala lwee-ofisi zikarhulumente nezengingqi ludla ngokuba neziphumo ezininzi zabathathi-nxaxheba abaneembono ezifanayo ezikhuphisanayo ngokuyintloko ngesizinzi seempawu zobuntu, uqhagamshelwano lwasekuhlaleni, kunye nezicelo ezithile zenkqubo kunokuba zibe neengxubevange ezibanzi zomquba. Olu khuphiswano lungakhuphisana kakhulu kwaye lube lwasekuhlaleni kakhulu, kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba kwimicimbi yomgangatho wobume, iinkonzo zoomatshini, kunye namandla abo okunika iziphumo kuluntu. Olu hlomelo lungenza urhulumente kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni lufikeleleke ngakumbi ekuvotisweni kunye nokusabela kakhulu kwiimfuno ze-profile.

Indima Yemali Kwizinto Eziphambili Ezakhethwayo

Imali yenkamfa yephulo iye yaba yenye yeenkalo ezithandabuzekayo zonyulo oluphambili, nexabiso lokuqhuba amaphulo okhuphiswano linyuka ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka banyuse imali eninzi ukuze bahlawulele ukubhengeza, abasebenzi, ukuvotelwa, ukukhenketha, nezinye iindleko ezingenakubalwa ezinxulumene namaphulo angoku. Le ngxowa yemali ingunobalulekayo abanokubalekela eofisini, indlela abasebenzisa ngayo ixesha labo, nendlela abaza kuthethwa ngayo kwezobupolitika.

Unyulo lokuqala ludla ngokufuna abanyulwa ukuba baqalise ukuqokelela iinyanga okanye kwanaminyaka phambi kokuvota, besenza "imali engundoqo" ebangela ukuba ibala linciphe ngokunempumelelo phambi kokuba abavoti bafake amavoti abo okuqala. Abangenako ukunyusa imali eyaneleyo yokusetyenziswa isoloko iphuma phambi kokuba amaprojekthi aqalise, ukukhankanya ithuba lokuqwalasela ubunyani babo. Le miqathango inamandla ehambisana nobutyebi bobuqu, unikezelo kulowo uphambili wabanikeli bemibutho neentsalelo, ngelixa besenza imiqobo yokusebenza kwamaklanti kunye nabo bangakhange bamisele imibutho yezo yezopolitiki.

Unyuko lwe-PAC enkulu namaqela angaphandle asebenzisa imali ayenze yanzima ngakumbi indima yemali kunyuso oluphambili. Le mibutho inganyusa ize ichithe imali engapheliyo ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa abahlohli, ngokufuthi ngaphandle komanyano oluthe ngqo okanye ulawulo. Ngelixesha lenkcitho inceda abathathi-nxaxheba abancinci abaziwayo ukuba bakhuphisana nabachasi abaphezulu, iyakwazi ukuvelisa izibhengezo ezingalunganga kunye nempembelelo yangaphandle egqwetha amaphulo amakhulu kwaye inciphise amandla abo abazamkeli ukulawula imiyalezo yabo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali encinane esetyenziswa ngeplatifomu kwi-intanethi kuvele njengobunzima obunokumelana nempembelelo yabanikeli abangundoqo namaqela angaphandle. Abathathi-nxaxheba abanokuqokelela amanani amakhulu abanikeli abancinane ababonakalisa inkxaso yengca kwaye banciphise ukuxhomekeka kwabo kubanikeli abazizityebi. Le mizekelo yemali yemali incede abanye abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bakhuphisane ngokunempumelelo kwizindlu zangamaqela nangona bengenankxaso kwimibutho yesithethe, enokuba ikwazi ukunikezela inkqubo yemali yephulo kwaye benze nokhetho oluphambili lufikeleleke ngakumbi kubantu abazamkelayo.

Imfundo yolwimi kunye nolwazi kukhetho oluphambili

Ukwenza izigqibo eziphambili kunyulo oluphambili kufuna abavoti ukuba baphande abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi, baqonde iindawo zabo kwimibandela eyahlukeneyo, baze bavavanye iimfaneleko zabo nobuntu babo. Le nkqubo yokuqokelela ulwazi ingaba lucelomngeni, ingakumbi kumagumbi aphezulu abonisa abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi okanye intlanga yee-ofisi ezifumana inkcazo ye-athority elinganiselweyo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba abavoti banolwazi oluchanileyo, olubanzi ngabatsha abatsha abatshayo kufuneka benziwe ngokwedemokhrasi ngokwedemokhrasi kwinkqubo yokungatshatiswa.

Isikhokelo sogcino-lwazi esipapashwa yimibutho yamajelo eendaba, amaqela eengingqi, kunye nemibutho engathathi cartivations zinika abaxhasi abaxabisekileyo abaphambili abavoti. Ezi zikhokelo ziquka ii-marics zemibuzo, ulwazi lobomi, imvume, kunye nothelekiso lwezikhundla kwimiba ebalulekileyo. Ii-Online zenza isikhokelo sovoti sifikeleleke ngakumbi kwaye siphengululwe, zivumela abavoti ukuba bafumane ngokukhawuleza ulwazi malunga nabavoti beeofisi ezithile. Noko ke, ukwanda kwemithombo yolwazi kubangela iingxaki, njengokuba abavoti-yo kufuneka bahlule phakathi kwenjongo, oovimba abangenayo kunye nezinto zokurtimentarian okanye izixhobo zokulahlekisa okanye izixhobo zokulahlekisa.

Iingxoxo zesixhobo kunye nee-assembly zinika amathuba abavoti akufuneka babone abatshati-nxaxheba besebenzisana, bephendula imibuzo, kwaye becacisa iindawo zabo ngexesha lokwenene. Ezi ziganeko zinokuba luncedo ngokukhethekileyo kunyulo lokuqala apho abathathi-nxaxheba beqela elinye benokuba neentanda-bulumko ezifanayo kodwa bahluke kwiinkcukacha ezithile zenkqubo okanye iindlela zokulawula. Iintlangano ezixhasa iingxoxo eziphambili kufuneka zenze izigqibo ezinzima malunga nokuba ngabaphi abatshati-nxaxheba mabaquke, indlela yokuyila ulungiselelo, kwaye ziziphi imibandela ekugxininisa ngayo, zonke ezinokuthi zibe nempembelelo ephawulekayo kwiingcamango zabavoti.

Iindlela zokusebenza kwezentlalo-ntle kunye nonxibelelwano lwezicwangciso zekhompyutha ziye zaguqula indlela abavoti abafunda ngayo ngabathathi-nxaxheba, ngoku baninzi abafumana ulwazi lwezopolitiko ngokuyintloko kwi-intanethi. Ngoxa amaqonga amanani enika ulwazi olungenako ukubonwa kwaye evumela unxibelelwano olungqalileyo phakathi kwabatshati kunye nabavoti, akwazisa iingxaki ezinxulumene nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, amasuntswana ahluza amasuntswana, nobunzima bokuqinisekisa ukuchana kwenkcazelo. Ukufundisa abavoti ngendlela ecacileyo yokuhlolisisa inkcazelo yezopolitiki kwi-intanethi kuye kwaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemfundo yezentlalo-ntle.

Ukudibana Kwamalungelo Okhetho Oluphambili Nawokuvelisa Izixhobo Zomculo

Unyulo lokuqala luphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngamalungelo ovoti kunye nokufikelela kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ngeli xesha ilungelo lokuvota kunyulwa jikelele kukhuselwe ngokwemithetho-siseko, ubume obusemthethweni bonyulo oluphambili buntsokothile kakhulu. Iinkundla zisoloko zilamkela ilungelo lamaqela ezobupolitika lokumisela imithetho yawo yokuzibophelela ngeli xesha zivuma ukuba ama-primenti amiselwe ngunyulo olulawulwa ngurhulumente ngenxa yokhuseleko olusemthethweni. Olu xinzelelo phakathi kweqela lizimeleyo kunye namalungelo ovotiyo luyaqhubeka luvelisa iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni neengxoxo zemithetho.

Iimfuno zokubhaliswa konyulo oluphambili zonyulo lwahluka kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi kwaye zingenza imiqobo yokuthabatha inxaxheba. Iimeko ezivaliweyo zidla ngokufuna ukuba abavoti babhalise ngeveki zetheko okanye iinyanga eziphambili ngaphambi kokuba kungenelwe abavoti abasemva kwexesha. Le miqathango inokuba yingxaki enkulu kubavoti abaselula, abahlali abatsha, nabo babandakanyeke kwezobupolitika ngexesha lephulo lokuqala. Amanye amazwe aye athetha ngale ngxaki ngokuvumela ukubhaliswa kombutho omnye okanye ukwamkela iinkqubo eziphambili ezingafuni nxaxheba kwiqela.

Imithetho yokwahlula, ukuvota, ukubeka indawo yokufikelela, neminye imiba yolawulo oluphambili ichaphazela unyulo oluphambili kanye njengokuba yenza unyulo jikelele. Imithetho yokuvota ebekelwe umda ingathintela ukurhoxiswa kwe-prime, ingakumbi phakathi kwabavoti abambalwa, abantu abaselula, kunye nabemi abangenayo abanokujamelana nocelomngeni olukhulu ekudibaniseni iimfuno zokuzichaza okanye ekufikeleleni iindawo zokuvota. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba unyulo lokuqala luyafikeleleka kubo bonke abavoti abafanelekileyo kufuneka ukuze bagcine ukufaneleka kwedemokhrasi kwinkqubo yokukhetha.

Umbuzo wokuba ngaba ngabavoti abazimeleyo bafanele babe nelungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwiqela labalawuli bahlala benengxabano. Abameli bezaphuli-mthetho baphikisa ngelithi kwidemokhrasi, bonke abemi kufuneka babe nethuba lokuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo olugqiba ukuba ngoobaphi abatshayeli abaza kuvela kunyulwa ngokubanzi, ingakumbi kumagunya apho iqela elinye lilawula kwaye elona linegunya eliphambili lokuphumelela. Abachasi baphikisa ukuba amaqela ezobupolitika anelungelo lomgaqo-siseko ukumisela ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zawo zokungaquququzeli amalungu eqela kwaye avumela abangengawo amalungu okuvota kwinkululeko yokuvota kwimicimbi yecawa.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngeenjongo Zokhetho

I-United States ikhetheke kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwayo okuyintloko konyulo ukukhetha abaza kufikelela kwisikhundla. Uninzi lwezilawuli zolawulo-moya luxhomekeke kwimibutho yamaqela, iindibano, okanye kwezinye iinkqubo zangaphakathi zokukhetha, namalungu aqhelekileyo eqela angenawo amda okanye angenawo amazwi angqalileyo kwezi zigqibo. Ukuqonda indlela amanye amazwe afikelela ngayo kukhetho lomvo oza kuthabatha inxaxheba enika umongo obalulekileyo wokuvavanya inkqubo ephambili yeMelika nokuqwalasela iinguqu ezinokwenzeka.

Kulawulo-melo lwepalamente emininzi, amaqela ezobupolitika akhetha abathathi-nxaxheba kwiinkqubo zangaphakathi ezibandakanya amalungu eqela kodwa zilawulwa ngokubanzi yinkokeli yeqela. Le nkqubo inika amaqela ulawulo oluphezulu kwii-minenenes zawo kwaye isenokukhuthaza uqeqesho lweqela kunye neeplatfomu zemigaqo engqinelanayo. Noko ke, ikwanikela amandla ezandleni zabalawuli beqela kwaye inika amathuba ambalwa ukuba abemi abaqhelekileyo babe nenxaxheba kukhetho lwabo. Amanye amazwe aye azama ngenkqubo ephambili yokwandiswa kwedemokhrasi xa egcina iqela lilawula inkqubo yokungathathi nxaxheba.

Inkqubo esisiseko yaseMerika ibonakalisa ngokucacileyo imilinganiselo ecacileyo ye-Melika yobuntlukwano bobuqu, idemokhrasi engqalileyo, kunye nokungaqiniseki kwegunya elisembindini. Ukugxininiswa kokuvumela abavoti abaqhelekileyo ukuba bakhethe abathathi-nxaxheba kunye nezithethe zezobupolitika ezimandundu zeMelika ezibeka phambili ulawulo lomntu oluqhelekileyo kunye nemiqathango yamandla aphezulu. Noko ke, le nkqubo ikwanegalelo kwimibutho ebuthathaka, ingqeqesho encinane yamaqela, kunye namaphulo aphambili aphambili kunamanye amademo-democracracy.

Uhlalutyo lwendlela yezizwe ngezizwe yokukhetha abatshati-nxaxheba lutyhila zombini iinzuzo kunye nokungancediki kwenkqubo ephambili yaseMelika. Ngoxa amagumbi aphezulu enika amathuba amakhulu okuba nenxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kwaye abaza kuphendula kubavoti, kwakhona anegalelo kumaphulo abiza imali eninzi, ukwenziwa kommandla othe tyaba, kunye nemibutho yamaqela ebuthathaka. Njengoko amaMerika eqwalasela utshintsho kwinkqubo yokuqala, ingqiqo evela kwezinye iinkqubo zolawulo-melo zingazisa iingxoxo ngendlela yokulungelelanisa ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kunye nokuphendula kwiqela.

Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo: Indlela Yokuba Nenxaxheba Ngokunempumelelo Kukhetho Oluphambili

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kunyulo lokuqala kufuneka uqonde imithetho neenkqubo ezithile kwilizwe lakho, uphande abaza kuthabatha kunye neembambano, kwaye wenze ilizwi lakho liviwe ngovoti nezinye iintlobo zombutho woluntu. Nokuba ungowokuqala okanye ungumvoti-nxaxheba onamava kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, ukuzinika ixesha lokulungiselela unyulo lokuqala kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuba inxaxheba yakho inenjongo kwaye inempembelelo.

Inyathelo lokuqala ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kunyulo lokuqala kukugqiba ukuba uyafaneleka kwaye uyayiqonda imithetho ekwimeko yakho. Khangela ukuba imeko yakho ivaliwe, ivulekile, okanye izivaliwe, kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko, bhalisa neqela lezobupolitika phambi kommiselo wonyaka. Imiqathango yobhaliso yomthetho wobhaliso iyahluka ngokorhulumente kwaye ingaba ziiveki okanye iinyanga phambi konyulo lokuqala, ngoko kubalulekile ukuceba kusengaphambili. Amazwe amaninzi anika ubhaliso lwe-intanethi, ekwenza kube lula ukubhalisa okanye ukuphucula ubhaliso lwakho ekhaya.

Kubalulekile ukuphanda kunye nokuma kwabo ekwenzeni izigqibo zolwazi kunyulo lokuqala. Qala ngokuchaza ukuba zeziphi ii-ofisi eziza kuvela kwisixhobo sakho sokuqala sokuvota, ze wenze uphando ngabaza kubhalisayo bendawo nganye. Jonga iiwebhsayithi zomvoti, izikhokelo, inkcazo, kunye neengxoxo ezirekhodiweyo ezinika ulwazi malunga neemvelaphi zabahlohli, amava, kunye nezikhundla zemigaqo. Phatha ingqalelo ekunconyeni imibutho nabantu obathembayo, kodwa yenza nophando lwakho ukuqinisekisa ukuba abatshayo bavumelana nemilinganiselo nezinto zakho eziza kuqala.

Ukuya kwizikhululo, kwiiholo zedolophu, nakwiziganeko zephulo kunika amathuba okubona abatsha abakwizikhundla zolawulo, ukubuza imibuzo, nokufumana ingqiqo ngophawu lwabo kunye nendlela yonxibelelwano. Ezi ziganeko zinokuba luncedo ngokukodwa kunyulo lokuqala apho unokuba ukhetha phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abaliqela abaneemeko ezifanayo zemigaqo. Abathathi-nxaxheba abakwintlanganiso okanye abazivayo bethetha banokukunceda uvavanye iimpawu zabo zokhokelo, ubunyani, kunye nokukwazi ukunxibelelana nabo.

Qwalasela ukuvuma ngokuzithandela kwiphulo okanye ukubandakanyeka kwezinye iindlela ngaphandle kokuvota. Amaphulo aphambili axhomekeke kakhulu kumatsha - ntliziyo ukunkqonkqoza ezindlwini, ukufowunela, ukuvota, nokusasaza ilizwi ngabatsha - bhanki. Ukuzibonelela akuncedisi nje kuphela abatshate oza kubhaptizwa kodwa kukwakudibanisa nabemi abanolwazi olufana nolo, kwaye kuphucula ukuqonda kwakho inkqubo yezobupolitika. Kwaneminikelo emincinane yexesha okanye imali ingenza umahluko kwimilo ephambili yokhuphiswano.

Yenza icebo lokuvota nokulandela ukuphumeza unyulo ngomhla wonyulo okanye ngexesha lovota kwangethuba. Yazi indawo ohlala kuyo, iiyure ozivulileyo, kwaye ziziphi ezinye izinto ozifunayo. Ukuba uvota ngeposi, cela ivoti yakho kwangoko kwaye uyibuyise ngexesha elininzi ngaphambi kommiselo. Unyulo oluphambili lugqitywa ngemida emincinane, ngoko nayiphi na imibandela ekhoyo. Ngokuthabatha imibandela engundoqo, usebenzisa ilungelo lakho ledemokhrasi ekuncedeni iinkokeli eziza kumela uluntu lwakho nokulungisa ikamva lelizwe nohlanga lwakho.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Ngeenjongo Zokhetho

Unyulo lokuqala luhlala luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika, lunika abemi impembelelo engqalileyo kukhetho lwabo abaza kubhaptizwa nokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkokeli zezobupolitika kufuneka zifumane inkxaso yabavoti kunokuba zibe ngabalawuli beqela. Nangona kukho inkxalabo esemthethweni ngokunyuswa okusezantsi, ukuhlaliswa, kunye nempembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika, amaprimenti amela inkqubela ephawulekayo kwiinkqubo zokuvala eziye zawandulela. Ngokuvumela abemi abaqhelekileyo ukuba babe nenxaxheba ekukhetheni abavoti, abalawuli be-demokhrasi baquka umgaqo wedemokhrasi onokuthi ekugqibeleni uhlale nabantu.

Ikamva lonyulo lokuqala liza kubandakanya uvavanyo oluqhubekayo ngeefomati ezahlukeneyo, imithetho, kunye nobugcisa obujolise ekunyuseni inxaxheba, ukucutha ukwenziwa kwemimandla engaphandle komhlaba, nokuqinisekisa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Utshintsho olufana nokuvota okucetyiweyo, okungeyoparatisman primiaries, kunye notshintsho kwikhalenda ephambili lungaphinda luqale ukuba luphinde lujonge indlela abasebenzi ngayo ngoxa begcina iimpawu zabo zedemokhrasi eziyimfuneko. Njengoko ezi nguqu zixutyushwa kwaye ziphunyezwa, kubaluleke ukuba bagcine umgaqo ongundoqo wokuthatha inxaxheba kwivoti yemithetho yovoti ngoxa bethetha ngokusemthethweni ngeengxaki zenkqubo yangoku.

Ekugqibeleni, ukuphumelela konyulo oluphambili kuxhomekeke ekuthabatheni inxaxheba nasekuthembiseni abami. Xa abavoti bezinika ixesha labo abaphandi, baba nenxaxheba kwiprojekthi, baze babandakanyeke kumagosa akhethiweyo, le nkqubo isebenza ukuvelisa urhulumente ophendulayo, ongummeli. Xa inxaxheba iphantsi kwaye abavoti bengangeneleli, i-primenti ingalawulwa zizinto ezimxinwa kwaye bangaphumeleli abathathi-nxaxheba ababonakalisa ezona zinto ziphambili zikawonke wonke. Ummi ngamnye othatha inxaxheba kunyulo oluphambili uqinisa idemokhrasi kwaye unceda urhulumente ahlale ehleli, engoorhulumenteni, kunye nabantu.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngonyulo oluphambili nendlela yokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, oovimba bakhona kwimibutho enjenge Fairvote, abameleli bokhetho, kunye [ ne-Vote. org i-website, enika ulwazi olucacileyo olumalunga nobhaliso kunye nonyulo. Ingqungquthela yeRomati yesizwe yeLeglaturess inikela iinkcukacha ezibanzi malunga nemithetho engundoqo kunye neenkqubo ezingundoqo ukudlula zonke ezithethayo. Ngokufunda ngendlela umsebenzi ophambili nokwenza unyulo, sinokuba luncedo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abemi baqhubekele ukulungiselela injongo yabemi bayo ebalulekileyo kwinjongo yolawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo lwesizwe kunye nolwanobumba-ntlanganiso.