Ukwazisa: Uxinezeleko Phakathi Kwamandla Asentsimini Namalungelo Empahla

Imithetho yezemali yamakhaya ewiswayo inika abameli abanyanzelisayo ukuba bafumane imali, iimoto, umhlaba, kunye nezinye izinto ezirhanelwa ukuba zinxulumene nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokungafaniyo nokuphulukana netyala, okuthi kwenzeka emva kokulahlwa kwetyala, abemi bahlulele impahla ngokwayo kunokuba bahlulwe ngumnini wayo, bevumela urhulumente ukuba athabathe izinto nokuba umnini-mthetho akabekwanga cala. Lo mthetho ukhethekileyo ukudala uphakamisa imibuzo ngemfuno yemithetho-mgaqo-siseko ngaphambi kokuba impahla ithatyathwe.

UHlomelo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lukhusela abantu ekuphandeni nasekuxhuzuleni okungekho ngqiqweni, okudla ngokufuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukufumana isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka phambi kokungena kwimpahla yabucala. Noko ke, imithetho yokulahlekelwa yimfuno-mali yabemi iye yaveliswa ngeendlela ezigqitha izikhuseli zesithethe. Ukuqonda indlela ezithi zichazwe ngayo iziqinisekiso ku-"okanye nemithetho ethintelweyo"ukungasetyenziswa kwempahla, ugqirha, kunye naye nabani na oxhalatyiswayo ngokulungele ukulwano ukulwa kolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela esemthethweni yokufumana inkxaso kwimpahla yelizwe, ukuhlola amalungiselelo karhulumente, umgangatho womgangatho obalulekileyo, iimpikiswano, kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yokuguqula. Ngesiphelo, abafundi bazakuba nomfanekiso ocacileyo xa isiqinisekiso siyimfuneko, xa singekho, kwaye oko kuthetha ntoni kwabo basenokujongana nokuqweqwediswa kwempahla.

Imvelaphi Yembali NeyomGaqo-siseko

ISine Amendment ithi “ilungelo labantu lokukhusela abantu kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, ngokuchasene nophando olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula, aliyi kuphulwa, kwaye akukho ngxelo yeWarrant iya kukhutshwa, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekileyo." Kwimithetho yesithethe yolwaphulo-mthetho, oku kuthetha ukuba amapolisa afuna imvume yokuphengulula ikhaya okanye afumane ubungqina. Kodwa ukulahlekelwa kwemibutho kuya kusebenza kwingqungquthela eyahlukileyo esemthethweni `[[FLT:] [FLT]].

Abahlalutyi bathi lo mahluko awufanele uphelise intelekelelo yomthetho. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iqaphele ukuba ukuphazanyiswa kusenokuba “kukukuko okungekho mthethweni” kwindalo nokuba abanini-mpahla bafanele ukukhuselwa ngokwesiko. Noko ke, iNkundla ikwathi imfuneko yokuba iMvumelo yeSine yoMbetho ayisebenzi ngokuzenzekelayo kuko konke ukuxhuzula kwempahla. Endaweni yoko, umgangatho uxhomekeke ekubeni ukuphamba kuthathiwe “ukufuna” isiqinisekiso, okanye“ ukufuna imfuneko nje yempahla esele ijongwe ngokucacileyo okanye ngokubhekiselele kwiimeko ezicacileyo.

Ukuqhelisa, imithetho emininzi yokunganikezeli ivumela ukuxhuzula okusekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo sodwa, ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sokugweba ngaphambi kokuba kufike. Umniniyo ngoko uthwala umthwalo wokucel ’ umngeni ukulahlekelwa emva kwenyani, inkqubo enokuthatha ixesha elide nexabiso elininzi.

Iimfuno Ezisisisongelo Kumthetho Woburhulumente

Ukungahlawulwa kwemali yesizwe kulawulwa ngokuyintloko nguMthetho we-Asset Forfeiture Reformation (CAFRA) ka-200, othe waqukwa ngowe-18 U.S.C. sa 981 kunye nemimiselo enxulumene nayo. Phantsi kwe-CAFRA, urhulumente unokuthabatha izinto zolawulo ukuba ixabiso lingaphantsi kwe-R340 000 kwaye akukho namnye ozifaka phantsi kwetyala.

I-CAFRA iyawuyeka ngokucacileyo ifuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukufumana isiqinisekiso phambi kokubamba impahla. Endaweni yoko, ummiselo uvumela ukuphangwa ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuba impahla iphantsi kokulahlekelwa. Unobangela onokwenzeka ungasekelwe kuhlalutyo, iincam zokwazisa, okanye ubungqina obuqokelelweyo ngexesha lophengululo. Kwimeko ezininzi, abaphathi bathatha izinto ngaphandle kogunyaziso lomthetho, kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo yokulawulwa eqala emva kokuphazanyiswa.

Noko ke, uHlomelo lwesine luseyasebenza. Ukuba ukuxhuzula kubandakanya ukungena kwikhaya okanye ukuqhuba iphulo, imvume isoloko ifuneka. Umzekelo, ukuba amapolisa afuna ukuthabatha imali kwikhaya elikhuselekileyo ngexesha lokuphengulula, afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphanda esikwagunyazisa ukuphangwa kwezinto ezikholelwa ukuba zibubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukuphulukana nemali. Kodwa ukuba imali ifunyenwe ngexesha lokumisa okusemthethweni okanye ngokwembono ecacileyo, imvume eyahlukeneyo isenokungafunwa.

ISebe le-Asset Forfeiture Policy Manual linikela ukhokelo, ukuphawula ukuba ukuxhuzula kufanele kwenziwe “ngendlela ehambelana noMphetho-wesine. Noko ke, ukunqongophala komthetho ocacileyo kubangele ukugxekwa kokuba indawo ingathathwa lula kakhulu, ngokungalawuli okuncinane kwejaji xa kufihlwa.

Umahluko womgangatho weRhulumente: Umsebenzi wesibhaka-bhaka wokufikelela

Kuba amazwe anemithetho yawo yokungasiphumeleli, iimfuno zemvume zahluka kakhulu kulo lonke ilizwe. Amanye amazwe aye amisela ukhuseleko olunamandla olufuna imvume okanye umyalelo wenkundla phambi kokuxhuzula. Eminye igcina imithetho yezolawulo evumela ukuxhuzula okuncinane kwangaphambi kokuqalisa komjelo.

ISizwe EsineeMfuno Ezingqongqo

IKhalifoniya iphakathi kokhuselo olukhulu. Phantsi komthetho wokulahlekelwa kweKhalifoniya (Health & Safety Code 7649 et seq.), ukunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka ufumane ugqibo lwetyala elinokwenzeka phambi kokubamba impahla, ngaphandle kweemeko zongxamiseko. Ngokufanayo, North Carolina kunye neNew Mexico idlulise utshintsho olufuna ukunyanzeleka kwesaphuli-mthetho phambi kokuba uninzi lulahleke lunga yenzeka

Noko ke, la maxwebhu athi ukufuna imvume okanye ukunyanzeliswa kukhusela abanini beempahla abamsulwa kuze kunciphise intshukumisa yokunyanzelisa amapolisa ukuze afumane ingeniso.

Ingxelo yeNkcubeko

Kwesinye isiphelo solwahlulo, ithetho njenge Texas neGeorgia ngokwembali ivumela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba kuphange impahla ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, kusekelwe kuphela kwisizathu esinokwenzeka esenzeka ngexesha lophendlo. ETexas, iKhowudi yeCriminal Procedure Isahluko 59 ivumela ukuphangwa kwe-ankile “ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso” ukuba umphathi unelungelo lokubangela. Abanini-mthetho bafumana isaziso kwaye bangakucel ’ umngeni ukulahlekelwa yiyo enkundleni, kodwa umthwalo usoloko uguqukela kubo ukungqinela ukungqinelana ukuba impahla ayisetyenziswanga kulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ohio inikeza omnye umzekelo. Phantsi kwe-Ohio Revised Code 2981.03, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungathatha impahla “ngokuboniswa kwesizathu esinokwenzeka” ukuba impahla ifanelwe kukulahlekelwa. Ngelixesha imvume ifunekayo yokuthimba impahla emntwini okanye kwisakhiwo ukuba imvume yokukhangela izakufuneka, ukuxhuzula okuninzi ngokunjalo njengemali evela kwi-injini."occur ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sangaphambili semvume.

Le misebenzi ithetha ukuba amalungelo omnini wendlu axhomekeke kakhulu kwindawo athwalwa kuyo. Abahambi abathwele imali benqumla iintambo zikarhulumente basenokujongana nemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yesizwe.

Ulawulo: Inkqubo Engenaziphazamiso

Inkoliso yeendawo zikarhulumente kunye noninzi lulawulwa ngokusemthethweni wolawulo. Phantsi komthetho worhulumente, ukuba akukho mntu ufak ’ ityala ngeentsuku ezingama-30 emva kwesaziso, impahla ilahlekile ngaphandle kokuqukunjelwa yinkqubo yejaji. Akukho mgwebi ukhe ahlole isizathu esinokwenzeka sokuzinza. Le nkqubo, maxa wambi ebizwa “ngokungagqibeki,” iye yagxekwa kakhulu kuba abanini-mpahla basenokungafumani isaziso esaneleyo, kwaye ukunqongophala kolawulo kunyusa inkxalabo efanelekileyo.

I- ye-American Liberties Union (ACLU) ibhalise amatyala apho abantu baphulukana namawaka eerandi ngenxa nje yokuba bengazi ukuba banokuvavanya njani ukulahlekelwa okanye bengenamxhasi. Ukungabikho kwemfuneko yemvume kuphazamisa kakhulu kwezi meko, njengoko indawo ithathwa ngaphandle komgwebi ophonononga ubungqina.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha ngenye yezi zinto zixhalabisayo kwi- United States v. uJames Daniel Good Memoral [1993], ibambe ukuba urhulumente kufuneka anikeze isaziso kunye nethuba lokuchonga phambi kokubamba izinto zokwenene. Kodwa imali nezithuthi, ukuchotshelwa kwangaphambi kokufika kwetyala kunqabile. Inkundla ayiyimiselanga ngokupheleleyo ukuba imvume ifuneke kuyo yonke inkxwaleko yamakhaya.

Umthwalo Wobungqina Nempembelelo Yawo Kubanikazi Bezinto

Kwanaxa imvume ingafuneki, urhulumente kufuneka abonise isizathu esilindelekileyo sokuphazanyiswa. Kwizenzo zokungaqiniseki, umthwalo utshintshela kumnini womhlaba ukungqina iimpahla zinganxulumenenga nolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kukushiya okuphawulekayo kumgaqo wesigebenga “ongenatyala de ungqineke unetyala.”

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba amapolisa athabatha ii-R1 000 kumqhubi ngexesha lokumisa kwezithuthi ngenxa yokukrokra ukuba ziphuma kwiziyobisi, umnini makaqalise ityala kwaye kamva abonise ukuba imali ivela kumthombo osemthethweni. Ngaphandle kwemvume, ukuxhuzula kokuqala kungasekelwa kubungqina obulinganiselweyo, njengendlela yokuzibamba, iingxelo ezingaguquguqukiyo, okanye ubukho bezilumkiso zenja ezisebenzisa iziyobisi. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba izilumkiso zenja zinokuba azinakuthenjwa, ukanti zisenokuxhasa unobangela.

IZiko leJaji libhale amatyala amaninzi abantu abamsulwa abaphulukana nogcino lwabo lobomi. State v. $43,574.00 [U-Arizona], ibhinqa elithile labanjwa imali yalo emva kokumisa kwezithuthi, nangona lalinemali ebonisa ukuba likhuphe imali kwi-akhawunti yebhanki. Kwathatha iinyanga eziliqela ukubuyisa imali.

Ityala Elinokubonwa Neengxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni

Amatyala amaninzi enkundleni aye aguqula impikiswano ngemfuno yemvume yabemi. United States v. Malunga ne-$2,700 e-U.S. Mali (ye9 ye-Cir. 2012), inkundla yakwala ukuphazanyiswa kukarhulumente ngenxa yokuba amapolisa ayengenagunyaza kwaye ukuxhuzula kwaphula iSinyusi sesine. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba nangona ukulahlekelwa kwe-R34, akufuneki mvume ngako, ukuphazanyiswa okuphantsi kokuthamba kumele kube sengqiqweni.

Elinye icala eliphawula iziganeko zeziganeko zendalo liyi- Leonard v. Texas (2017), apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yala ukuva ucelomngeni kwimithetho yeTexas yokungaqiniseki, ishiya imilinganiselo ebuthathaka karhulumente yokuxhasa imvume ingekafinyeki. Ngokuchaseneyo, uJaji Thomas waphikisa ukuba iNkundla ifanele iphinde ijonge enoba i-Asture Forfeiture Reformation Act ikhusela ngokufanelekileyo amalungelo empahla.

Mhlawumbi owona mzekelo waziwayo ngu Kelo v. Isixeko saseNew London (2005], esibandakanya ummandla obalulekileyo kunokulahlekelwa, kodwa sakhulisa ukuphaphela koluntu igunya likarhulumente kwimpahla yabucala. Ukulahlekelwa ngumphakathi ukususela ngoko kuye kwaba ngumba ophambili, namabali aphezulu angenatyala abaninizo ezoshishino abaphulukana nezenzo zabo.

[[NTL:0] Horne v. Isebe lezolimo (2015), iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba urhulumente akanakuthatha impahla ngaphandle kwembuyiselo. Ngoxa elo tyala liphathelwe igadala elinamendu, ingcinga yalo ikhe yachazwa kwimingeni yokungaqiniseki ukuba abanini bempahla bafanele bakhuselwe bhetele, kuquka nemvume.

Imigudu Yotshintsho Neenguqu Ezicetywe Kuyo

Ngenxa yokugxekwa okusasazekileyo, abafaki-mthetho kumgangatho worhulumente nowaserhulumenteni baye bavelisa utshintsho olujolise ekomelezeni iimfuno zogunyaziso kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Izicelo eziphambili zotshintsho ziquka:

UTshintsho Lomanyano: UMthetho weFAIR

[[NTLT:0] Umthetho wobuNtloko noTyelelo (FAIR) , owenziwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiKhomishini, uyakufuna ukunyanzeliswa kwetyala phambi kokuba urhulumente ahlulele urhulumente akwenzeke. Oko kungayiphelisa ngokunempumelelo imfuneko yemvume yangaphambi kwemeko yabemi, kuba ukuxhatshazwa kunokwenzeka kuphela emva kokuqiniseka. Noko ke, intengiso ayidlulanga. Esinye isicelo, u-Asterective Mis Seizrect[, iyakufuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuze ufumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisiqinisekiso esicacileyo nesinesizathu esipheleleyo.

Utshintsho Oluye Lwafunyanwa Ngurhulumente

Amaphondo aliqela sele ephumeze utshintsho. Ngokomzekelo, i-New Mexico, idlulise “Umthetho weForfeturity” ngo- 2015, ifuna ukunyanzeliswa kwetyala phambi kokuba impahla ilahlekelwe. Oku kunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba ubeke umntu esichengeni okanye ubuyisele impahla, kwaye iphelisa inkqubo yokuthatyathwa kwemali ngaphandle kwemvume. Imithetho efanayo iye yanikezelwa eNebraska, eMontana, nase California.

Amanye amaphondo akhethe ukuthatha amanyathelo acacileyo. Ngo-2020, uVirginia wawisa umthetho ofuna ukuba abameli bomthetho bachaze yonke into elahlekileyo baze bafumane umyalelo wenkundla phambi kokuba bathabathe impahla exabisa ngaphezu kwama-500. Ngoku umtshutshisi ufuna ukuba aqalise inyathelo lenkundla phambi kokuba iimpahla zibhaqwe, kunokuba avumele amapolisa ukuba abambe kuqala aze abuze imibuzo kamva.

Izenzo Zokugweba Nezolawulo

ISebe leJaji lase-U.S. likhuphe utshintsho lwenkqubo, olufana nolonyaka ka-2015 lokwamkelwa korhulumente. Phantsi kwenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba “kukusetyenziswa”, amapolisa asekuhlaleni angawuyeka umthetho karhulumente ngokuba athathe impahla aze abelane ngengeniso. Inkqubo ka-2015 ibeke umda kulo msebenzi, nangona watshintshwa ngokuyinxenye ngo-2017. Ukhokelo lwama-2022 DOJ luqinisekisa ukubaluleka kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kodwa luye luye lunqande ukudanisa ukufuna isiqinisekiso sokuxhuzula bonke abantu.

Ukunyamekela Abanikazi Bezinto

Xa kuqwalaselwa ukuntsonkotha nokungaguquguquki kweemfuno ezigunyaziswayo, abanini-mpahla kufuneka bathathe amanyathelo aqhubekekayo ukukhusela izinto zabo. Ukuba umiswe ngabanyanzeli bomthetho kwaye impahla yakho isemngciphekweni, khumbula oku kulandelayo:

  • Musa ukuvuma ukuphengulula kwemoto yakho okanye impahla yakho ngaphandle kokuba umphathi unesiqinisekiso okanye unobangela olindelekileyo ucacile. Ngaphandle kwemvume, imvume yakho ibanika lonke igunya abalifunayo lokuthabatha impahla.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ucela ukuba ukhululekile ukushiya . Ukuba akunjalo, ungquzulwano lusisifo sokuxhuzula, kwaye unelungelo lokwazi isiseko salo.
  • Sukuphatha iimali ezinkulu zemali [ ngaphandle koxwebhu. Ukuba kufuneka uhambe nemali, gcina iirekhodi zebhanki, ii-lisithi, okanye amaxwebhu eshishini abonisa imvelaphi yemali.
  • Ukuba impahla ibanjiwe, ngoko nangoko bhala iimeko: amagama abaphathi, iinombolo zebheji, iziko, nayiphi na into ethathiweyo. Cela irisithi kunye nekopi yesaziso sokuxhuzula.
  • Ukudibana negqwetha elinobuchule bokulahlekelwa kwempahla. Abaninzi abalahlekelwayo bayalahleka kuba abaniniyo abayazi imihla egqityiweyo. Ulawulo lwamaqumrhu lunika iintsuku ezingama-30 kuphela ukunikezela iintengo.
  • Ifayile yetyala [ ukukhuphisana nokungafezeki. Kwimimandla emininzi, ukubeka ifomu kunyanzelisa urhulumente ukuba aqalise inyathelo lomthetho, elisenokufuna ukuba babonise isizathu esilindelekileyo kumgwebi/isizathu esibangela uhlolo olufana nesiqinisekiso.

Abanini bezinto zempahla banokuxhasa utshintsho olungokwenkqubo. Ukuqhagamshelana nabamisi-mthetho besizwe ukuze baxhase iimfuno ezifunekayo zokuwa kwesifo sokuwa kuyindlela ecacileyo yokuphembelela umthetho.

Ikamva Leemfuneko Ezingummangaliso Ekungceni

Uxanduva olusebenzayo phakathi kokulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho namalungelo awomeleleyo empahla alukapheliswa. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ayikhange igqibe kwelokuba umthetho usoloko ufuneka ukuze ulwelwe. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zifikelele kwizigqibo ezingqubanayo. Njengoko abantu beqonda ngakumbi ukuxhatshazwa, kukho uxinzelelo olukhulayo lokuvumela ukuphulukana nemithetho yeSine soMyezo-Mthethweno.

Ubugcisa bukwadlala indima. Iikhamera zomzimba kunye nee-sclashcam zinika ityala elingakumbi kwiziganeko zokuxhuzula, kodwa azinakukwazi ukubuyisela uhlolo lwangaphambili lwejaji. Abanye abaxhasi botshintsho bacebisa ukuba konke ukuxhuzula ngaphezu komthamo othile wedola kufuneka kufune isiqinisekiso, esifana nokuphendla imvume. Abanye bacebisa ukuba ityala lifanele lihlolwe ngomantyi ongathanga nxaxheba kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 zokuxhuzula, ukunyathela umthetho omiselwe ngokufanelekileyo . McLaughlin .[FLT]

Ekugqibeleni, umbandela wokugunyaziswa kweemfuno zemithetho yempahla yasekuhlaleni echaphazelekayo kukungagunya nokusesikweni. Njengoko iZiko leJaji liphawula, “Imithetho evumela ukuba impahla ithatyathwe ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ngokusisiseko ayilunganga.” Iinguquko eziqinisa ulawulo lwezomthetho phambi kokuba impahla ibanjiswe zinike eyona ndlela icacileyo yokukhusela amalungelo abantu abanobugocigorha ngeli lo gama isavumela ukugcinwa komthetho.

Isiphelo

Imfuno ezinxinwayo kwimpahla zasekuhlaleni ezifunekayo kwimithetho yokungawi kakuhle zihlala zingummandla okhuphiswano lwezigwebo zaseMerika. Ngoxa uHlaliso lweSine lumisela isiseko nxamnye nokuxhuzula okungaqiqiyo, ukusetyenziswa kwaloo mlinganiselo kumongo wokungaqiniseki kuyahluka kakhulu. Kumgangatho wengingqi karhulumente, akukho myalelo wemithetho ecacileyo ecacileyo ekhoyo; kunokwenzeka ukuba kubangele kuphela ukuthamba, ngohlalutyo lweza emva kokufumana i-preprigate kusoloko kulinganiselwe. Imithetho karhulumente ilandelela kwiimfuno ezingqongqo zokuvumela ukuxhuzula.

Kubanini-mpahla, ukungabikho kwemvume efunekayo kungaguqulela kumthwalo onzima: imfuneko yokulwa enkundleni ukubuyisa iimpahla ezithathiweyo ngaphandle komgwebi otyikityiweyo. Imigudu yotshintsho iyaqhubeka ityhalela phambili iimfuno zokuqinisekiswa, ukuchongwa kwangaphambi kokuba kufikelelwe, okanye imiyalelo enyanzelekileyo, kodwa inkqubela ayilungelelani.

Ukuqonda indlela ezifunekayo zemvume ezibhekiswa ngayo `nalapho zingekho khona' linyathelo lokuqala ekukhuseleni impahla yakho nasekukhuthazeni inkqubo elungeleleneyo. Nokuba ngotshintsho lomthetho okanye ukuqapha okungatshintshiyo, injongo ihlala ifana: iqinisekisa ukuba amandla okuthimba akagqumi ilungelo lokufumana.