Utshintsho lomthetho alukho nje lutshintsho oluthe ngqo olungokomthetho; lungabenzi bolawulo abanamandla abahlaziya ulawulo lwezenzo zolawulo kulo lonke icandelo loluntu. Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho igqithisa umthetho omtsha okanye ilungisa okhoyo, iziphumo zamaza zinwebela nzulu kwinkqubo yokwenziwa komthetho, ubuchule bokulungelelanisa, kunye nemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yamaqumrhu kunye nezinto ezilawulwayo. Kubafundisi, abenzi bemithetho, kunye nabafundi bolawulo, ukuqonda olu nxulumano lunamandla kubalulekile ukuyiqonda indlela ibutho eliya kuguqulela ngayo kwiinkqubo zezobupolitika kwimithetho esebenzayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindlela ezininzi zokuguqula utshintsho kwimithetho yokulawula, ukusuka ekuguqukeni kweziko lwesiseko kwizinto eziphambili ukuya ekukhutshweni kwemingeni kwemiqatha, kunye nokurhoxilonga okuqhubekayo kwemithetho yoomthetho nemithetho ehlaziweyo ngexesha elidluleyo.

Inkqubo yokulawula yoMthetho

Embilinini wayo, umthetho unika igunya elisemthethweni lolawulo. Ngaphandle kogunyaziso olusemthethweni, abameli bebeya kuswela amandla okudala imithetho, ukunyanzelisa imilinganiselo, okanye ukumisela izigwebo. Olu lwalamano lwesiseko luthetha ukuba inguqulelo nganye yemithetho-siseko, okanye ukubuyiselwa, okanye ukubuyiselwa, okanye ukulawulwa ngokungqalileyo kwemithetho esemthethweni. Kuchaphazela isakhiwo kunye nomgangatho wokulawula. Umzekelo, xa i-U.S. ngqungquthela idlulise iDevelote moya Acts/Izigracrains yowe-19909, ichaza ukuba negunya eliphawulekayo le-Clonetic Protection Agemental Intelligatection (EPA) lokulawula ukukhutshwa komoya, ikhokelela ekukhuthazweni kwemithetho emitsha yezoshishino, izithuthi zezithuthi zezithuthi zezithuthi, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemithetho yesizwe.

Oku kwenza inkqubo entsonkothileyo, apho utshintsho kwilungu elinye lungavelisa iziphumo ezingalindelwanga. Kubafundi bolawulo lukawonke-wonke, ukuqaphela le mekobume kunceda ukutshintsha kwemithetho ngokukhawuleza xa eminye imimiselo ihleli, nesizathu sokuba iinguqu ezithile zemithetho ziphumele usukelo lwazo olusebenzayo kunezinye.

Iintlobo zeNguqulo zoMthetho

Asizizo zonke iinguqu zowiso-mthetho ezinobunzima obufanayo. Ukwahlulwa kohlobo lwezenzo zowiso-mthetho kubalulekile ekuqondeni iziphumo zazo ezikhethekileyo kwimimiselo yowiso-mthetho.

Ummandla wolawulo omtsha ngokupheleleyo

Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho imisela ummiselo omtsha ngokupheleleyo, idla ngokudala ulawulo olutsha ngokupheleleyo. Imizekelo iquka ukusekwa kwe-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) phantsi kweDodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation kunye noMthetho weConsumer Protection Act yoMphathiso wonyaka ka-2010. Lo mthetho mtsha wafuna ukuba isebe liqale ekukhutshweni: abaqeshi, ukuyila iinkqubo zomthetho, nokukhupha imimiselo yeemveliso zemali ezingekho mthetho ngaphambili ezifana nokuhlawula imali kunye nokuhlawula imali. Umthwalo wolawulo kumaziko okhuseleko ngexesha lotshintsho uninzi, ufuna ukwakhiwa ngokukhawuleza nophuhlisolwazi kwiindawo ezinezinto.

IziHlayiso Eziguqula Iimfuno Zolawulo Ezikhoyo

Umthetho oxhaphakileyo wokulungisa i-Foood Safety Modertization Act (FSMA) ngokuphawulekayo yatshintsha iFederal Food, Drug, kunye neCosmetictic Act, isusa iziphumo zeFood ne Drug Administration (FRAN) ekuphenduleni ukuchaphazeleka kokuchaphazeleka kokuzikhusela. Lo mthetho utshintsha iFDA unyanzelele ukuvelisa imithetho emitsha yokulawula ukunqanda, ukuphucula imigaqo yokuhlola, kwaye wenze inkqubo yokuguqula i-modelwa kwesithathu. Isiphumo somgangatho wenkqubo (FRAP) sikhutha ukusabela ekutyeni kokutya, abakhiqiniswe ekuvelisweni kwezixhobo zokutya, kwanabangenisi-mali, kwanabasebenzi bezorhwebo basemzini, bonke abadambise ukuvumelana nokusebenza kokusingqongileyo.

Imimiselo Esusa okanye Eyenze Ibe Lula

Ezinye iinguqu zomthetho zibandakanya imiqathango ehlaziyiweyo ekhoyo. Iinkqubo zokulawula zingaqhutywa zimigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula, ubungqina bokuba umthetho awusebenzi okanye awusebenzi, okanye umnqweno wokunciphisa iindleko zokuthobela. Umzekelo, ukudlula kwe-Tax Cuts neMisebenzi yowama-2017 kwakuquka imimiselo ehlaziyiweyo ekwakheniswe amalungu eAffordibrable Care Act, i-act yomthetho, ngokunempumelelo ukususa imfuneko yokulawula iinshorensi ekudala iimarikethi ze-inshorensi. Amaziko abaphathi-ooomasipala aye kufuneka alungise izinto eziphambili, asuse amaxwebhu okhokelo, kunye nezinto zenyani ezikhoyo kwicandelo eligunyazwe elidla ngokudala imingeni yokusebenza kwemiqathango yomthetho, njengoko abameli kufuneka bayenze iinkqubo zolawulo lomthetho xa belawula ii-modensitiveriverivery

Uphando Lomzekelo Kutshintsho Lomthetho

Uhlolisiso lwemizekelo ecacileyo lubonisa indlela abatshintsha ngayo oorhulumente abalawula ngayo. Nalu uphando lwemizekelo emithathu olubonisa ububanzi bempembelelo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo: UMthetho womoya ococekileyo kunye nomthetho we-EPA

ICeac Air Act iye yalungiswa kaninzi ukususela ekungeneni kwayo kokuqala ngo 1970, imposiso nganye ebangela utshintsho olubalulekileyo kumthetho we-EPA. Ulungiso lonyaka we-1990 lwazisa iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwintengiso njengecap- kunye nokuhamba-hamba kwe-sulfur dioxide ekhupha i-culf dioxide, eyafuna i-EPA ukuba iphuhlise indlela entsha yokulungisa indlela entsha yokuhamba. Oku kuguqula indima ye-EPA esekelwe kwimiqathango yokulungisa i-oyile-miyalelo yesithethe kunokulawula imigangatho. Umbutho wazorhwebo kufuneka ulwenze inkqubo yokulungisa nokunika ingxelo yemfuno, kunye nokwenza iplani elungele ukulawulwa kwemithetho enokuthi ikwazi ukuphatha amawaka eemini yorhwebo. Oku kuguqula indima ye-EPA isekelwe kumphathi-ethekin, ifuna ubuchule obutsha kunye nobuchule obusetyenziswa kunye ne-obumba-omgraccompmpmption kunye ne-oth symplist symplierning.

Kutshanje, iingxoxo zowiso-mthetho ngemozulu zikhokelele kwingcinezelo ehlaziyiweyo ye-EPA ukulawula iigesi ze-greenhouse phantsi koMthetho we-Ceat Air. Ngeli xesha isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo . Amassususetts v. I-EPA [2007] inyanzelisa isebe ukuba lisebenze, imigudu yowiso-mthetho yokulawula imo yemo yezulu ngokulandelelana kwelizwe lishenxise ummandla we-grafiki. Ukungaphumeleli kwe-cap-trade kwi-pallss kunyanzelele ukuba i-EPA ixhomekeke kwigunya elikhoyo, iziphumo zeSicwangciso Solawulo esicocekile phantsi kolawulo lwe-Obama kunye nokubuyiselwa kwalo phantsi kolawulo lwe-Trump.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali: UMthetho weDodd-Frank kunye neCFPB

Akukho ngxelo ithe yayimifuziselo yokuguqulwa kwemithetho yokusebenza kwemithetho yeencwadi zomthetho, kwaye yamisela uMthetho we-Dodd-Frank. Waqinisekiswa ngokuphendula kwingxaki yemali yowama-2008, Dodd-Frank wadala i-Mali yeSingqino sokuSebeka kwe-Entengiselwano (FSOC) kunye ne-Constellation Provice Providument Bureagement (CFPB), kwaye wabeka umthetho weVolckerrential Reary wokunciphisa ukurhweba ngeebhanki. Amaziko alawulayo asebenza ngokusebenzisa uDodd-Fank' Fin'enzelo kufuneka aqhube ulwe lwemiqathango yemithetho emitsha. Umzekelo, amagunya abaphathi bemali akhokelela kwindalo ye-Active-Reachrence, afuna ababoleki bemali nakwiindlela zokuqinisekisa iimali ezinkonziwayo zemali ezigunyaziwe nangangangangangasayinwe. Umthetho wakwane ukwenziwa kwakhona ngoko ubuchule obungabondgnezo.

Inkqubo yokuzalisekisa yayinemingeni: iimpikiswano eziphakathi komthetho kaVolcker, imingeni esemthethweni kumthetho-siseko we-CFPB, kunye noshishino oluphikisayo kwiimfuno zogcino-lwazi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, utshintsho lowiso-mthetho "njengokukhula kwezoqoqosho, uKhuselo loMkhosi, kunye noMthetho wokuKhuselo ka-201818/Umqulu emva kwemiqathango ye-Dodd-FFB, ufuna ukuba i-CFPB kunye namanye amaziko alungelelanise imithetho yawo. Oku kusemva-kubonakalisa ukunikezelwa kwemithetho phakathi komthetho nomthetho, apho imikhosi eguqulayo imigaqo yokuhlaziya iinkqubo, ulawulo, kunye nolawulo.

Impilo Nokhuseleko: Uthintelo Lokutshaya Kwentsapho NoMthetho Wokulawula Icuba

Ngo-2009, uMthendeleko weNtsapho wokuKhuthazwa kokuFuma iNdlu yeNdlu yeNtsapho noLawulo lweFDA wanika iFDA igunya lokulawula imveliso yecuba okokuqala. Olu tshintsho lowiso-mthetho lwanyanzela iFDA ukuba ibumbe icandelo elitsha, iZiko leZibonelelo zeTobacco, kunye nokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokumisela imigaqo yemiqathango yemveliso, imiqathango, kunye nohlolo lwemastaretry. Isebe lokulawula kwafuneka ukuba likhuphe umthetho okokugqibela ojonga i-ecuba, ii-xivi, ii-xivi, ii-s, kunye nezinye izinto eziphantsi kolawulo olubanzi olukhoyo, kunye nokuditya okunga kunyakaza ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha kwemiqatha, ukurhoxa elikusetyenziswa kwakhona, kunye noqeqesho oluphumayo, kunye noqeqesho oluthe kingcali oluthe kwenziwa ngaphandle komthetho.

Iseti yeengxelo zokutyiwa: Indlela Ukulungelelanisa Umgaqo-siseko

Impembelelo asiyondlela enye. Imithetho idla ngokubalaselisa amasuntswana, izinto ezingaqhelekanga, okanye iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga kumthetho ongaphantsi, iqhubela abenzi bomthetho ukuba baphinde batyelele kwaye baququzele imithetho.

Ukungaphumeleli kolawulo njengeeNtonga zoMthetho

Xa imithetho ingqineka ingasebenzi okanye ivelisa iziphumo ezigqwethekileyo, iziko lendlu yowiso-mthetho lingangena ukuze lilungise indlela. Umzekelo, ukuchitheka kwe-oyile enzulu emanzini e-oyile e-oyile ngo-2010 kubhentsa ubuthathaka kwiNkonzo yolawulo lweziXhobo zoLawulo lwebhombu yolawulo lwe-Ingineral yolawulo lonxweme. Ekuphenduleni, iKhomishini yadlulisela i-Outer Contental Shelf Safectal Act, ekwayalela kwakhona imigaqo yokhuseleko kwaye inyanzelela ukulungiselela iimfuno zokhuseleko ezingqongqo. Ngokufanayo, ingxaki yemali yowama 2008 yatyhila imiqobo kwimisi-ntengiso, ikhokelela ekunyulweni komthetho ephakathi kwezixhobo ezikwiqondo elisemgangathweni kwiDodd-Frank. Ezi mizekelo zibonisa ukuba iinguquko zomthetho zingenza into ephambili, ukulungisa imigaqo yenkqubo engenakuphumelela.

Imithetho ephumelelayo ekhuthaza uTshintsho oluBanzi

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa imimiselo iphumeza iziphumo ezintle, ingenza uqhubeko lotshintsho olubanzi lwemithetho. Impumelelo yomthetho we-Acid Rain Program ye-EPA e-Acid eLayin phantsi koMthetho woMthetho we-1990 ococekileyo we-Eatmor Demeticment Isichithi sokukhupha i-sulfur dioxide ngokucotha nge-40% ngaphantsi ko 1990, ngexabiso eliphantsi kwexabiso elilindelekileyo kuqikelelo lwemiqathango yemiqathango yecuba, kwaye ngexabiso eliphantsi kuneenjongo yomthetho yezomthetho yelifashoni kamva yelifa lenkqu, ekhuthaza imigudu yokwandisa igunya lotshintsho lwemozulu kunye nezinye iimveliso ezincinane.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nolawulo Lwezibonelelo Zokuvisisanisa Notshintsho Olusemthethweni

Utshintsho lomthetho ludala uninzi lweengxaki ezisebenzayo nezicwangcisiweyo kumaqumrhu olawulo. Olu celomngeni lungathintela ukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo luze luphelise ukuthembana kwabantu ukuba akulawuleki.

Iinqobo zolawulo nobuchule bokwakha

Mhlawumbi eyona nto inzima ngokukhawuleza kukunqongophala kwezibonelelo. Imiqathango emitsha yowiso-mthetho isoloko iza ngaphandle kwezicelo ezingqinelanayo, ishiya abameli becuba bezama ukubuyisela iinjongo ezikhoyo okanye bafuna uqingqo-mali loxakeko longxamiseko. Umzekelo, iCFPB, yahlawulwa okokuqala ngeFederal Reserve, kodwa uqingqo-mali yayo yaba yibhola ekhatywayo yezopolitilitiko, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekungaqinisekini nokungaqiniseki kunye nezithuba ezikhoyo. Icandelo lomthetho wecuba elinomthetho lizinzisa ngokunjalo lizama ukudibanisa iimfuno zemali ezinikezelweyo.

Ukutolika Ulwimi Oluneengcungela Okanye Olungquzulanayo

Ulwimi olusemthethweni alufane luchaneke. Umthetho ungasuka kuxokelelwano lwezopolitiko, ukuququzelelwa kwemveliso, okanye izithuba ezingacwangciswanga. Amagosa alawulayo kufuneka aluchaze olu lwimi ngezantsi. Umzekelo, i-SEC efuna ukuba i-SED-Frank-Frank Act ifumane imithetho “yobunzululwazi bezinto ezingqukuva” kodwa ishiye ingcaciso“ eyimfuneko kwimveliso” yemveliso engacacanga. Umthetho ophumayo wacetywa enkundleni, kwaye i-SEC ekugqibeleni yahlaziywa i-me ngendlela yayo. Ngokufanayo, i-Afford Cance Act yagunyaza ngamnye waxhaswa njengerhafu, kodwa ibinzana elithi“ enkulu” lifuna amaxwebhu e-IR ukukhupha ulwalathiso oluninzi ukuze kucaciswe imiphelo neziso. Aveliso esoloko ecacisa imithetho, i-ququququququety, kwaye i-dration, i-Qugnognog.

Uphando Lwasekuhlaleni Nengcinezelo Yezobupolitika

Amaqumrhu alawulayo asebenza kwimekobume yezobupolitika. Iinguqu ezingokwemithetho eziphikiswayo zitsala ingqalelo kawonke-wonke kunye nezopolitiko. Ii-ove Commission zingajamelana nengcinezelo evela kumaqela abantu abaza kuvelela, kwiikomiti zolawulo zolawulo, kunye neWhite House ukukhulula okanye ukulibazisela ukumisela ulawulo. Ulawulo lolawulo lwezikhokelo, umzekelo, lunyanzelisa amaqumrhu ukuba atshintshe okanye athathele indawo imithetho ye-Obama-era, ekhokelela ekuvuthweni kolawulo olumiselwe ngokusemthethweni. Olu xinzelelo lwezopolitiko lungacinezelela ukukhuthaza ubuchule kunye nokuziphatha okuhle, njengoko abasebenzi bezomsebenzi kufuneka bajonge izinto eziphambili. Uhlolisiso lukawonke lukhulu xa ulawulo lwezomthetho luchaphazela impilo kawonke, ukhuseleko, okanye uqoqosho lwezoqoqosho, njengoko kubonwa kwingxoxo yemibathanga yobuzwe, amanzi nemithetho yemali.

Ukulungelelaniswa kweenkqubo ezininzi

Utshintsho oluninzi lwemithetho lufuna umanyano phakathi kwamasebe amaninzi. UmThetho we-Dodd-Frank wagunyazisa ukuba i-SEC, i-CFTC, i-Federal Reserve, i-OC, kunye neFDIC ngokudityaniswa iphuhlisa uMthetho weVolcker/a iminyaka emininzi inkqubo ephawulwe kukungavumelani kwiinkcazelo kunye nokungahlawuli. UMthetho we-Fooood Safety Modertization ufuna i-FDA ukuncedisana ne-USDA kunye namaqumrhu ombuso ekuvezeni imilinganiselo yokhuseleko. Umanyano lobuchule bobuchule bokusebenza kunye nemisebenzi yezomthetho bungadityaniselwano.

Icala lexesha elizayo: Ujikelezo oludityanisiweyo kumthetho-wokulawula

Njengoko ulawulo lusiba luntsonkothile, ulwalamano phakathi kotshintsho lomthetho kunye nomthetho luyaqhubeka luguquka. Izinto eziliqela zifanele ziqwalaselwe.

Unyuko lomthetho omiselwe abathunywa kunye nesenzo solawulo

Imithetho inika igunya lokumisela amaqumrhu ulawulo ngokwandayo, kodwa amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho ahlala ejongene nolawulo, ingakumbi kumacandelo obugcisa okanye atshintshiswe ngokukhawuleza. Lo “mthetho ogunyazisiweyo” uthetha ukuba utshintsho oluninzi lolawulo lwenzeka ngoku ngolungiselelo lwezibonelelo kunokuba lulungiswe ngqo. I-Administrative Proceduration Act ilawula le nkqubo, kodwa amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho ahlala ejonge ulawulo ngemithetho yeBhunga, evumela ukuba ingayifuni imithetho emitsha. Ulawulo lwezikongameli begunya le mithetho yokulawula ukujolisa imigaqo, kunye nokujolisa ukulungiswa kolawulo lweBhide, kubonisa indlela amandla okulawula alawulayo alawula ngayo inkqubo e-Rhulumente nangaphandle komthetho omtsha. Ukuqonda oku kubaluleke ngayo kubafundi benkqubo yolawulo lukawonke wonke wonke wonke wonke wonke umntu, njengoko kutshintsha isigqibo sokusetyenziswa kwesigqibo sokulawula kubaphathi begqeqeqesho.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokusungulwa komgaqo-nkqubo

Umthetho omtsha wenziwe ukuze kuhlaziywe inkqubela yezobugcisa. UMthetho weMagital Markets kunye noMthetho weeNkonzo zamanani we-EU yimizekelo yokusabela komthetho kumandla amakhulu emigangatho yamanani. Le mithetho ifuna ukuba abameli abalawulayo bavelise izixhobo ezintsha zokuhlola i-algorithm, ukujonga ukhuphiswano lwemarike, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukufumaneka kolwazi lwezobugcisa. Ngokufanayo, imithetho ye-U.S. umgangatho wezolawulo lwezolawulo (umz., iKhalifoni yeConfusion Complicy Act) inyanzelela abalawuli ukuba benze izicwangciso zokulawula amalungelo abantu, ubuchule bokuhlola abathengi, ubuchule bogcino-data. Njengoko ubuchule bokungeyo.

Impembelelo yokulawula yomda onqamlezileyo

Utshintsho lomthetho kulawulo olunye lungachaphazela umgaqo-siseko wolawulo jikelele. I-GDPR imisela umgangatho wemeko yomhlaba wonke wokukhusela ugcino-lwazi, kunye neenkampani ezininzi ezingeyo-EU ezamkela imigaqo yazo kumsebenzi wazo ozweni lonke. Ngokufanayo, imimiselo yemali idla ngokuphembelela imigangatho yebhanki yehlabathi lonke ngeKomiti yeBasel. Le mida yokwahlula imida yomthetho-siseko idibanisa ukuntsonkotha, njengoko abalawuli kufuneka bavumelanise imithetho okanye ungquzulwano lokuqhuba imigaqo egosayo phakathi koorhulumente be-Rhulumenter. Intsingiselo ebhekisa phambili kwimithetho ye-ogractial wistoritorism wial widial widel. Ngokunjalo, imigaqo yelizwe isebenza kwimisebenzi engaphandle kwemidalo yayo.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi kotshintsho lomthetho kunye nolawulo lomthetho lunamandla, lunento yokwenza nolawulo, kwaye lunesiphumo esinzulu. Ukusukela ekudalweni kwamaqumrhu amatsha ukuya ekuphuculweni kwemithetho ekhoyo, onke amaqela owiso-mthetho aqalisa inkqubo elawulayo elawula indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo namashishini, abemi, kunye nemekobume. Abafundisi kunye nabafundi abahlola le nkqubo, isitshixo sikukuba ulawulo asiyonkqubo ecacileyo yemithetho kodwa sisixokelelwano esiphilayo esisabelayo kwezobupolitika, kwezentlalo, kunye nezoqoqosho. Ngokuhlolisisa iimvavanyo zemeko ezifana ne-Cec Eac - Act, Dodd-Frest, kunye noLawulo lomthetho wolawulo lwecubatho, nokuqonda iingxaki zolawulo, ukutolika, ukutolika, kunye nokwenza ulawulo, sizuza uxabiso olucacileyo ngezobugcisa kunye nezobunzululwazi. Njengoko i-gnognvogn amanani amanani aqala ukutshintsha amanani amanani alungele ukuqhelanisa naku.

[[UMTL] Izibonelelo zesakhelo zofundo oluthe lwaphela:[[UMTL]