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Ukuqonda Umahluko Osisiseko Phakathi Kwenkqubo Yasekuhlaleni Neyamacandelo

Iinkqubo zikarhulumente zikho kwimigangatho emininzi yokunceda iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zoluntu lwaseMerika. Ukusuka kumanyathelo amancinane athetha ngenkxalabo yobume bengingqi ukuya kukonakalisa imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente echaphazela izigidi zabemi, ezi nkqubo zibumba isiseko seenkonzo zikawonke-wonke kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente zoluntu nolwamasebe asekuhlaleni zicetyelwe ukusingatha iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zoluntu, kodwa zisebenza phantsi kwesiseko esenziwe phantsi kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezichaphazela indlela abahlawulwa ngayo, ezilawulwa, nezifikelelwa ngayo ngabantu abakhonza kubo.

Ukuqonda oku kungafaniyo asikokuqhelisela nje kwemfundo, iziphumo zokwenene zeli hlabathi kubahlali abafuna uncedo, imibutho efuna izibonelelo, imimiselo yokuhamba ngamashishini, kunye nabenzi bemithetho yokuyila ungenelelo olusebenzayo. Nokuba ngaba ungummi ozama ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zezonyango, inkokeli engafumani ngeniso efuna amathuba emali, okanye umntu nje onomdla kwindlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, ukwazi umahluko phakathi kweenkqubo zoluntu kunye norhulumente, kungakunceda ukuba ulungelelanise kakuhle umgangatho ontsonkothile woovimba babantu kwaye wenze izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga nokuba ungalufumana phi uncedo.

Esi sikhokelo sibanzi saphula umahluko ongundoqo phakathi kweenkqubo zasekuhlaleni nezorhulumente, sihlola ububanzi bazo, iindlela zemali, ulawulo, iimfuno ezifanelekileyo, kunye neezicelo zehlabathi lokwenene. Ekupheleni, uza kuba nolwazi olucacileyo ngendlela ezi miphakamiso mibini karhulumente esebenza ngayo `zizodwa kwaye zidibene zinceda uluntu lonke.

Ufikelelo lweSizwe

Iinkqubo zomanyano: unxweme- ukuya-iCoast Fireficage

Iinkqubo zomanyano zisebenza kulo lonke ilizwe, zinika inkxaso kwilizwe lonke kwimiba efana nezonyango, imfundo, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo. Ezi nkqubo zenzelwe ukuba zibe negunya elikhulu lokucombulula iingxaki ezichaphazela amaMerika kungakhathaliseki ukuba ahlala phi. Urhulumente wesizwe umisela imigangatho esisiseko, imigaqo esisiseko, kunye neenkqubo zemali ezisebenzisa i-athom efanayo/okanye neyahlukene ekhethekileyo efana nayo, `aa ngokohlula onke amazwe angamashumi amahlanu, amaphondo, nezizwe.

Umlinganiselo womhlaba wonke weenkqubo zikarhulumente uthetha ukuba bangaphatha imiba emikhulu yesikali egqitha imida yombuso kunye neyasekuhlaleni. Iinkqubo ezifana uKhuseleko lokhuseleko olukhoyo , Medicare[, kwaye uncedo lwabafundi olungaphezulu [[FLT] olukhuselekileyo] lwe-nethingithi elandela amaMelika apho bahamba khona kwilizwe. [[FLT] Umvuzo zokhuseleko lwezentlalo-ntle eFlorida ufumana intlawulo olunye olusekelwe kwi-'Aregon. Umfundi ofanele iPel Grant angasebenzisa uncedo olukwindawo elungeleyo, hayi nje kwilizwe labo abahlala kulo.

Ukungaguquguquki kwemeko-bume kunika ukhuseleko namathuba abalulekileyo kubemi abahambayo. Iintsapho zomkhosi ezifuduka rhoqo, abasebenzi abafuduka befuna amathuba emisebenzi, nabantu ababaleka ugonyamelo lwasekhaya okanye iintlekele zemvelo banokufumana iingenelo kumazwe abo amatsha ngaphandle kokuqalwa. Ukufumaneka kweenkqubo zikarhulumente kubaluleke kakhulu kuncedo lwazo kumaziko asekuhlaleni.

Iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni: Ziyasetyenziswa kwiimfuno zoLuntu

Iinkqubo zommandla zilinganiselwe kwizixeko ezithile, imimandla, ibhekisa kwimfuno ezicacileyo zoluntu ezisenokungabhekiseli ngokufanelekileyo kwinyathelo elibanzi lorhulumente. Ezi nkqubo zingasabela ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, ngokwenkcubeko, kunye nokuvela kweengxaki ezisuka kwindawo yazo. Uluntu lwaselunxwemeni lungamisela iinkqubo zokuxhobisa inkanyamba, ngelinye ixesha ingingqi yasemaphandleni inokujolisa kwinkxaso yezolimo kunye nokungena ebanzi kwe-Balban.

Ukujoliswe ekujolisweni kweenkqubo zasekuhlaleni kuvumela ukuba kubekho utshintsho kunye novavanyo olunokuba nzima ukulwenziwa kumgangatho wengingqi. Izixeko zingaqhuba iindlela ezintsha zokungena ekhaya, zivavanye ezinye iimodeli zemfundo, okanye zenze iinkonzo ezizodwa zokuxhasa abantu abathile abakwimida yazo. Iinkqubo eziphumelelayo zasekuhlaleni zidla ngokuba yimizekelo eyazisa urhulumente norhulumente, zidala uphando olusezantsi lombhobho.

Ngoko, umlinganiselo olinganiselweyo wendawo uthetha ukuba iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni azinakufumaneka kubemi abangaphandle kwesixeko okanye imida yengingqi. Umntu ohlala kwindawo engadityaniswanga angalufanelekela ucwangciso loncedo lwesixeko, kwaye ukushenxa nomgama omfutshane kungathetha ukuphulukana nonikezelo lweenkonzo. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho utshintsho olusekelwe kwindawo abantu abaphila kuyo, nangona intsebenziswano yengingqi kunye neenkqubo zengingqi zengingqi zinganceda ibhulorho kwezinye zezi ziqwenga.

Umgama: Indlela Owehla Ngayo Ummandla Nemida Yasekuhlaleni

Iinkqubo ezininzi zikhona kwindawo enemijuxuzo apho inkxaso-mali nemigaqo-nkqubo yengingqi idityaniswa nolawulo kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni. , umzekelo, ngumanyano lwesizwe apho urhulumente umisela imigangatho encinane kodwa urhulumente unobubhetyebhetye obukhulu ekuboneni amanqanaba okufumana intlukwano, iinkonzo ezigubungelelweyo, kunye neendlela zokunika. Kumazwe, amasebe empilo asekuhlaleni kunye neekliniki-kliniki zoluntu zisebenza njengezona kanye iingo zonikezelo lwenkonzo.

Ngokufanayo, imiqobo karhulumente inika inkxaso-mali kumaphondo nakwimimandla ebanzi ukwenzela ukuphuhliswa kwebutho labantu, iinkonzo zempilo yengqondo, okanye ukuthintelwa kokusebenzisa kakubi iziyobisi, kodwa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bagqiba ngendlela yokunikezela ezo zinto zisekelwe kwizinto eziphambili zoluntu. Le migudu idityaniswe ukudibanisa ubuchule benkxaso kunye nenkxalabo yenkxalabo karhulumente kunye nokusabela nolwazi lwasekuhlaleni lwezinyathelo zoluntu.

Inkxaso-mali

Indlela Iinkqubo Zomanyano Ezixhaswa Ngayo Ngemali

Iinkqubo zomanyano zixhaswa ngemali ngerhafu yesizwe nangoqingqo-mali lwamaqumrhu, zifumana kwimithombo yengeniso equka iirhafu zengeniso, iirhafu zeshishini, ukuhlawula iirhafu eziqeshiweyo, irhafu ekhutshwayo, nemisebenzi yerhafu. Ubuchule bukarhulumente wesizwe bokuboleka imali kunye nemali encinane ehlawulwayo bukwanika ubuchule benkxaso-mali oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abangenayo. Le ngeniso inkulu.

Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali karhulumente ibandakanya uMongameli ofaka uqingqo-mali, ingqungquthela kunye nokudlulisa iindleko zemali, kunye namasebe afumana imali eyabelweyo ukulungiselela iinkqubo zawo. Iinkqubo ezinkulu zokuzinika ukhuseleko `] kunye ne[FLT] Mecare[[FLT]]Mectare isebenza phantsi kwemithetho efunekayo efunekayo, intsingiselo yemali isekelwe ngokuzenzekelayo kwiimfuno ze-applices kunokuba kunyaka ngamnye. Iinkqubo zokwahlula, kufuneka zikhuphisane nyaka ngamnye kwinkqubo yoqingqo-mali.

Inkxaso-mali ekhoyo inika uzinzo kunye nokuxelwa kwangaphambili okunceda iinkqubo zicebe iimeko zexesha elide. Ngeli xesha amadabi oqingqo-mali kunye nokuvalwa koorhulumente ngamathuba athile kuphazamisa imisebenzi, isiseko semali esipheleleyo kwiinkqubo ezinkulu zikarhulumente sihlala singqinelana nonyaka ngamnye. Olu zinzo luvumela ukuthatha inyathelo elithatha iminyaka emininzi, ukuveliswa kweeprojekthi zengqalelo, kunye nokuxhaswa okuqhubekayo kwabemi abasweleyo.

INgxowa-mali yenkqubo yasekuhlaleni: I-Didver kunye nesiseko soLuntu

Iinkqubo zoluntu zixhomekeke kwiirhafu zasekuhlaleni, kwimirhumo yemali, nakwimigudu yokubonelela ngemali, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho intlawulo eyahlukeneyo kodwa engazinziyo. Iirhafu zempahla zidla ngokuxhasa ingeniso karhulumente wasekuhlaleni, ezidityaniswe yirhafu yerhafu yengeniso (kwimimandla ethile), iirhafu zenkonzo, kunye nemali ehlawulwayo. Le nkxaso-mali inxulumene ngqo neemeko zezoqoqosho zasekuhlaleni, xa amaxabiso empahla ehla okanye inkxalabo yamashishini, iingeniso zasekuhlaleni ziyahla ngoko.

Iinkqubo ezininzi zasekuhlaleni zixhomekeke kakhulu kwinkxaso evela kwimithombo yengingqi neyorhulumente, idala i-web site entsonkothileyo yenkxaso-mali. Inkqubo yophuhliso lwezemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni ingadibanisa izabelo-mali zemali jikelele zesixeko, uMthetho woMsebenzi weSebe weNguqulo ne-Opportunity unika inkxaso, iminikelo yezoqoqosho yesizwe, kunye nenkxaso yesiseko sobuqu. Le nkxaso-mali yahlukahlukeneyo ingalungiselela ukumelana nokuqina, kodwa ikwafuna nobuchule obubalulekileyo bokulawula iimfuno zokuxela izihlandlo ezininzi, imilinganiselo yokuthobela, kunye nemijikelezo.

Ukuxhasa inkxaso-mali kunye nokunceda abantu kudlala indima enkulu kwiinkqubo zasekuhlaleni kunezo zikarhulumente. Iindawo ezingancediyo zidla ngokusebenzisana namaqumrhu karhulumente ukunikela iinkonzo, ukuzisa iminikelo yobuqu, ukusebenza ngamatsha - ntliziyo, kunye nesiseko sinikela ukuyongeza inkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke. Amaphulo emali emali, ukuphuhliswa kombutho wonyaka, ukukhuliswa komnikeli nokunikezelwa kokubhalwa kwaba yimisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokuxhasa iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni, ukongeza amathuba nokungaqiniseki kwemali.

Impembelelo yokuNciphisa iNkxaso kwiSikali soMsebenzi weNkqubo

Umahluko kwimithombo yemali uphembelela isikali kunye nokufumaneka koovimba ngendlela ezinzulu. Iinkqubo zomanyano zingaqokelela amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ukwenzela ezona zinto ziphambili zweni, zibangela ukuba kungenelwe iimpendulo ezicacileyo kwiingxaki ezisasazekileyo. Xa indyikitya yokufa ye-COVID-19 ibetha, intsebenziswano yemali eqokelela izigidi-zigidi zeerandi yemali enika isiqabuliso sezoqoqosho, inkxaso yezempilo, kunye nenkxaso kurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Iinkqubo zoluntu, ngeli xesha zilula kakhulu kwisikali, zinokuyihambisa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu imali kunye nemithetho ephantsi. Ibhunga lesixeko lingayamkela inkxaso-mali yemeko kaxakeka yokukhusela ikhusi elibandayo kwintlanganiso enye, ngelixa ukuququzelela urhulumente kusenokuthatha iinyanga zengxoxo yemithetho-siseko. Iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni ziyakwazi ukuhlasela izinto ngokuchanekileyo, zikhokelele imali kwimimandla ethile, abemi, okanye zivele ngaphandle kokuqhuba imimiselo yemithetho yesizwe entsonkothileyo.

Noko ke, uthintelo lwemali lwasekuhlaleni luthetha ukuba abantu abaneziseko zerhafu ezincinci, ngokunjalo abo baneemfuno ezinkulu,-ezimbalwa izibonelelo zokucombulula iingxaki. Amadlelo afumileyo angaxhasa iipaki ezinkulu, amathala eencwadi, neenkonzo zentlalo-ntle ngerhafu yempahla, ngeli xesha izixeko ezitsala nzima ngokwezoqoqosho zinokungalulondolozi umgangatho osisiseko. Iinkqubo zomanyano zinceda ukulingana nezi zinto ezinokusuka kwingeniso ephezulu, nangona impikiswano iqhubeka malunga nokuba lo mnikelo ulungile okanye ufanelekile.

Ulawulo Nozalisekiso: Ngubani Ophumeza Ezi Zicwangciso?

Ukwakhiwa kwe-arhente yomanyano kunye nolawulo

Iinkqubo zomanyano zilawulwa ngabameli bakarhulumente abanjenge Isebe lezempilo kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu, iMvume yemfundo , iSebe leMfundo , iRhwebo loMbutho] lwe House kunye noPhuhliso lwe-Urbactic , kunye namanye amasebe amaninzi eekhomputha kunye namasebe azimeleyo. Aba bameli basebenzisa amakhulu amawaka abalungiseleli belizwe abaphuhlisa imimiselo, iinkqubo, basasaze izimali, i-galelo, ukuququlunqwa, kunye nokuvavanya uphuhliso inkqubo esebenzayo.

Isakhiwo solawulo samasebe karhulumente siquka iiofisi zekomkhulu eWashington, D.C., iiofisi zengingqi ezigquma iindawo ezininzi zommandla, maxa wambi zisemgaqweni okanye ii-ofisi zengingqi. Esi sakhiwo solawulo siqinisekisa ukucaciswa okungaguquguqukiyo kwemigaqo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwelizwe lonke, nangona sikwanokudala ii-ofisi zephondo ezicothayo ukwenza izigqibo kwaye zinciphise utyekelo.

Amasebe asebenza phantsi kolawulo olubanzi, nemithetho yenkqubo epapashwa kwiBhayisho yoManyano noluqulunisiweyo kuMthetho woManyano. Le migaqo inikela ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha ngokufaneleka, iinkqubo zenkqubo, iinkcitho ezivumelekileyo, iimfuno, kunye neenkqubo zokunyanzelisa. Ngoxa esi sakhiwo solawulo sikhuthaza okusesikweni nokuphendula, singenza ubunkimbini obungabangela ukuba abafaki kunye nabamkeli bazame ukuqhuba inkqubo.

Ukulawula iinkqubo zesebe kuvela kwimithombo emininzi: uphicotho-zincwadi lwangaphakathi, i-ofisi yoManganiso kaRhulumente, iikomiti zobuKhomishoni, abahloli jikelele, yaye ngamanye amaxesha iikhomishini ezikhethekileyo okanye iipropati ezibukele. Olu hlolo luneenjongo zokongamela eziziindawo ezininzi zokukhusela ukuqhatha, ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa okunempumelelo kwee-irandi ezihlawulwayo, nokuchonga amathuba okuphucula, nangona ngamanye amaxesha abahlalutyi beyi baphikisa ukuba ive i-ofisi ye-ofisi yolawulo ephezulu kunye nokuguqula ingozi.

Ulawulo Lwasekuhlaleni: Ukusondelelana Noluntu

Iinkqubo zoluntu zikhokelwa zizixeko okanye oorhulumente bamaphondo, ngokufuthi zisebenza ngqo nemibutho yoluntu ukunikela iinkonzo. Amabhunga eziXhosa, amabhunga ephondo abalawuli, kunye noomatiloshe abanyuliweyo bamisela ngokuqhelekileyo umgaqo wenkqubo kunye noqingqo-mali, ngelixa abaphathi besixeko, iintloko zesebe, kunye nabaququzeleli benkqubo besebenza ngemimiselo yosuku nosuku. Le ndawo isebenza kunye nabenzi besigqibo esisondeleyo kubantu abachaphazelekayo kwiinkqubo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba baphendule ngokungqalileyo kunye nokusabela.

Iinkqubo ezininzi zasekuhlaleni zilawulwa ngonxulumano phakathi kwabameli bakarhulumente nemibutho engafumani ngeniso. Isixeko sisenokusebenzisana nesebe elinyamekela abantu abangenamakhaya ukuze lifumane iindawo zokuhlala zongxamiseko, iqabane elikwiziko lezempilo zoluntu ukulungiselela iikliniki zamahlawulwa, okanye ukusebenza kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni ukudlulisela iinkqubo zolutsha. Ezi zinxulumanisi zobuchule boluntu, ulwalamano olukhoyo, kunye nemisebenzi yokuzithandela ngoxa zigcina ulawulo noncedo loluntu

Umlinganiselo omncinci wolawulo lwengingqi ungathetha ukuba kusetyenziswe inkonzo yobuqu kunye nobubhetyebhetye obungakumbi ekusingatheni iimeko zomntu ngamnye. Abasebenzi betyala basenokuba nomthwalo omncinane, abasebenzi benkqubo basenokuba bazi abathabatha inxaxheba ngamagama, kwaye abalawuli basenokuba negunya lokwenza okungafaniyo okanye uhlengahlengiso olusekelwe kwiimeko ezithile. Esi sikali somntu singenza iinkqubo zifikeleleke ngakumbi kwaye zibe luncedo, ingakumbi kubemi abangachaphazelekanga abazama ukumelana nee-bhureaucrac.

Noko ke, ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni lukwajongene nocelomngeni. Amagosa amancinane asenokungabi nabuchule bungako kwiindawo ezithile zocwangciso, angakwazi ukulawula iziphiwo ezintsonkothileyo, okanye alwe nokutshintsha kwabasebenzi okuphazamisa inkqubo eqhubekayo. Iinkqubo zoluntu zinokuba sengozini engakumbi kutshintsho lwezopolitiko, namagosa amatsha anyuliweyo anokubeka izinto eziphambili okanye acuthe iimali kwiinkqubo ezixhaswe lulawulo lwangaphambili.

Ucelomngeni Nomathuba Okusebenzisana

Xa iinkqubo zorhulumente nezengingqi zithetha ngeemeko ezifanayo, ukunxibelelana kuba yimfuneko kodwa kuba lucelomngeni. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza, iinkqubo zokunika ingxelo, kunye nee-applications zocwangciso zingenza isiphithiphithi kubanikezeli kunye nabamkeli benkonzo. Intsapho efuna uncedo ingafuna ukulungiselela izicelo ezahlukeneyo zenkxaso ye-SNAP yengingqi, ukubonelela ngabantwana, kunye noncedo lwezethumela-mali lwasekuhlaleni, nganye ngezo nkcukacha zayo kunye neemfuno zoko kuqinisekisi.

Amanye amaziko asungule iimodeli zenkonzo ezidityanisiweyo ezinceda abahlali bafumane iinkqubo ezininzi ngenqanaba elinye lonxibelelwano. Amaziko amisayo elinye, iinkqubo zokutyela ezilungelelanisiweyo, kunye nezivumelwano zogcino-lwazi zinokunciphisa ukwenziwa kwe fomu kwaye zikwenze kube lula ngabantu ukufumana uncedo olufunekayo. Nangona kunjalo, imithetho yemfihlo, iinkqubo zekhompyutha ezingahambelaniyo, kunye ne-bisilostacta isoloko iphazamisa le migudu yokulungelelanisa.

Amasebe asebenza ngomanyano aye agxininisa ngokuqhubekayo iindlela zokusebenzisana, ukhuthazo lorhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukudibanisa iinkonzo kunye nokonakalisa imiqobo yenkqubo. Iziqubulo ezifana iProzentes, Isiphumo soMgangatho , kunye [FLT]] ne-[FLT] inters yempumelelo iimodeli ezizama ukudibanisa ugcino-mali lwempahla yoluntu kunye nokwenza iindlela ezininzi zokufikelela kwimingenisngeni yoluntu. Ezi zibonisa izithembiso kodwa zifuna ukunikezelwa okuqhubekayo kunye nezibonelelo ezisebenzayo ekuphumeleliseni.

Iimfuno ezifanelekileyo kunye nokufumaneka

Umgangatho: Imida Esezantsi

Iinkqubo zomanyano zimisela imigangatho esezantsi esetyenziswa kumgangatho wengeniso kulo lonke ilizwe, ngokufuthi esekelwe kwimigangatho yengeniso, iimfaneleko ezipheleleyo, okanye iimeko ezithile. Umzekelo, SNAP (Inkqubo yeNguquko yeNkcubeko) isebenzisa imigaqo yolawulo yobuhlwempu elungiselelwe ukufumanisa ukuba i-engile, kunye nemida yengeniso ephezulu ebekwe kumgca we- 130% weentsapho ezininzi ezihlwempuzekileyo. Le migaqo yomgangatho ikhuthaza ukulingana ngokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abakwindawo efanayo bafumana unyango olufanayo nokuba baphila phi.

Noko ke, imithetho enika amandla karhulumente ingaba nzima, kunye neentlobo ezininzi, ezikhethekileyo, kunye neendlela zokubala ezidida abafaki-sicelo kwaye ezifuna ulwazi olukhethekileyo ukuze bahambe. Ubume bokuphambuka, iimfuno zomsebenzi, imida yenkxaso, kunye nemithetho yokuyila yasekhaya yonke ingachaphazela ukungafezeki ngeendlela ezingacacanga ngoko nangoko. Abantu abaninzi abafanelekileyo abafuni ncedo lwamazwe kuba bengayazi imithetho okanye bakholelwa ukuba abazukukwazi ukufikelela.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zisoloko zifuna uxwebhu oluninzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba zikho: ukuhlawula iziphendu, iimbuyiselo zerhafu, iziqinisekiso zokuzalwa, amanani oKhuseleko loluntu, ubungqina bokhuseleko loluntu, kunye nezinye ezingakumbi. Ngoxa ezi mfuneko zinceda ekuthinteleni ukuqhatha nokuqinisekisa ukuba abamkeli bafaneleke, zikwafuna imiqobo kubantu abangenamakhaya, abo banobuchule obulinganiselweyo bamaNgesi, abo babaleka ugonyamelo lwasekhaya, nabanye abasenokuzama ukufumana okanye bagcine uxwebhu.

Ubuchule basekuhlaleni: Ukulungelelaniswa kunye nokujongwa

Iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni zisoloko zisiba bhetyebhetye ngakumbi ekumiseleni imilinganiselo yokufumana intlawulo, zivumela ukuba zijolise abantu abathile okanye iimfuno zabo. Isixeko singenza inkqubo yoncedo lokuqesha ngokukhethekileyo kubazobi, ingxowa-mali yabantwana abaqalayo ukuphendula, okanye inkqubo encinane yokubolekisa ngemali yamashishini kumaziko amancinane akwimimandla emiselweyo. Oku kujoliswe kuko kunokuthetha ngezinto eziza kuqala kummandla ohlala kuwo kwaye kuzalise izithuba ezishiywe ziinkqubo zesizwe ezibanzi.

Ziqhelekile iimfuno zokuhlaziywa kweenkqubo zasekuhlaleni, ezinemisebenzi enikwa isixeko okanye abemi bengingqi kuphela. Ezi mfuneko ziqinisekisa ukuba ii-dola zerhafu zasekuhlaleni ziyingenelo kubemi basekuhlaleni kwaye zithintele iinkqubo zingaphazanyiswa yimfuno yabantu abangaphandle kwegunya. Kodwa ke, zinokubabangela ubunzima abantu abafudukayo kutshanje, abo bangenamakhaya abazama ukungqinelana nokuhlala, nabasebenzi abahlala kwelinye ilizwe kodwa abasebenza kwelinye.

Iinkqubo zomsebenzi wasekuhlaleni zinokuba neenkqubo ezilula kwaye zingenazingqinelano zininzi kakhulu zeemfuno zoxwebhu lwamaqumrhu, ingakumbi ukwenzela uncedo oluncinci. Ingxowa-mali yongxamiseko yasekuhlaleni inganika uncedo olusekelwe kwisicelo esifutshane nodliwano-ndlebe, ngelixa inkqubo yengingqi ethetha ngemfuneko efanayo yezo nkcukacha ingafuna iiveki. Oku kufumaneka kunokwenza iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni zibe luncedo ngakumbi ekufikeleleni abantu abasengxakini, nangona zisenokunyusa inkxalabo malunga nokuziphendulela nokuthintela ubuqhophololo.

Ukwahlula Amanani Kukufumaneka Kwenkqubo

Iinkqubo zikarhulumente nezendawo zifuna izicelo zekhompyutha, uxwebhu lwamanani kunye nonxibelelwano lwezi khompyutha. Ngoxa olu bugcisa lungaphucula ukusebenza nokufumaneka kwabanye, lubangela imiqobo kubantu abangenazo ii-intanethi, ubuchule obuthembekileyo, ikhompyutha okanye izixhobo zamanani. Iindawo zasemaphandleni ezingenamakhaya maninzi, amakhaya angenamakhaya aninzi, angenayo i-intanethi yasekhaya, abantu abadala abangazaziyo itechnoloji, nabantu abaneziphene basenokungakwazi ukungena kwiinkqubo ezisuka kwi-intanethi.

Ezinye izithuba zibhekise kulo mahluko wamanani ngokugcina iindlela zesicelo ezisetyenziswayo, zinika ukufikelela kwekhompyutha kumathala eencwadi nakumanxuwa oluntu, zinika uncedo lwesicelo, kunye nokwenza imidibaniso yeminxeba ehambayo. Noko ke, utyekelo kunikezelo lwenkonzo lokuqala luyaqhubeka, ukwenza ulwazi lwemivo kunye nokufikelela okuthe kratya kokunqanda ulawulo olunempumelelo lweenkqubo zikarhulumente.

Imizekelo yeenkqubo zomanyano nezendawo

Iinkqubo zomanyano ezinkulu

IMedicaid inika i-inshorensi yempilo kubantu abafumana imali ephantsi, abafazi abakhulelweyo, abantwana, abantu abadala, nabantu abakhubazekileyo. Njengomanyano lwamazwe azimeleyo, iMedicaid igubungela ama-80 ezigidi zemali emali enxulumene nemali karhulumente ngokweenkcitho zemali enxulumene nemithetho enika amanani aphezulu aphezulu akwimimandla ehlwempuzekileyo. Ngelixesha umthetho wesizwe umisela iimfuno ezincinci, amanani anobugocigoci obuninzi ekuboneni imigangatho elungele ukulingana kunye neenkonzo ezigqunyiweyo.

[Inkqubo ye-Supply Nutrition Information Actives], eyayisaziwa njengezitembu zokutya, inceda abantu abafumana ukutya okuphantsi kunye neentsapho zithenga ukutya. Le nkqubo isebenza malunga nama-42 ezigidi zamaMelika, inika iinzuzo zenyanga ezifakwe kumakhadi eefektrol Benefied Transve khadi elisebenza njengamakhadi edebit kubathengisi abagunyazisiweyo. Inzuzo ze-SNAP zixhaswa ngurhulumente, nangona amaziko ebelana iindleko zolawulo kwaye anobutlo ekusebenziseni inkqubo.

Imali ebolekwayo inika uncedo lwemali olufunekayo kubafundi abafumana imali ephantsi naphakathi abasukela imfundo yesekondari. Ngokungafaniyo neemali-mboleko zabafundi, uPell Grants akafuni kuhlawula, ebenza babe licebo elibalulekileyo kubafundi abasuka kwiintsapho ezinezinto zemali ezilinganiselweyo. Ubuninzi be-Pellant bumiselwe yiBhunga kwaye buhlengahlengiselwa ngamaxesha athile, kunye neembasazo ezithengwayo ezisekelwe kwimfuno zemali, iindleko zokufika, kunye nobume bokufunda.

Ukukhetha 8 Izindlu Zokukhetha Vouchers ukunceda iintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi, abantu abalupheleyo, kunye nabantu abaneziphene banokufumana izindlu ezikhuselekileyo, ezifanelekileyo kwimarike yabucala. Urhulumente unika inkxaso-mali kumagunya endawo yokuhlala karhulumente obulali, anika abaxhasi kunye novavanyo lweempawu zokuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yexabiso lezindlu. UVoucher Pieter uhlawula i-30% yengeniso yabo efuna irente, kunye nomxhasi ukquluko lomahluko kwimiqathango yemali.

Uncedo olubalulekileyo kwiintsapho ezifuna uncedo (TTANF) lunika uncedo lwemali kunye neenkonzo zenkxaso kwiintsapho ezinabantwana ababandezeleka ngokwemali. U-TANF usebenza njengebloko enika amazwana, ezinika ubuyiselo olubalulekileyo kwinkqubo ngexesha efuna ukuba nenxaxheba kumsebenzi kunye nokubeka imida yexesha kuncedo. Ucwangciso lusebenza njengenkqubo yentlalo-ntlalo-ntle engundoqo eUnited States, nangona igalelo luye lwarhoxa kakhulu ukususela kutshintsho lwentlalo-ntlalo-ntle kwiminyaka yoo 1990.

Umelo lweenkqubo zasekuhlaleni

Iikliniki zezempilo ezikhuselekileyo ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni okanye imibutho engangeni ngeniso inikela inkathalo ephambili, iinkonzo zamazinyo, unyango lwempilo yengqondo, kunye nenkathalo yokukhusela abantu abangaphantsi kwabemi. Ezi kliniki zisoloko zisebenza njengabanikezi bokhuseleko olungenazikhuseli-khuseleko kunye nabemi abaphantsi kwemiqathango, zinikela iinkonzo kumlinganiselo womrhumo otyibilikayo osekelwe kubuchule bokuhlawula. Ngoxa abaninzi befumana inkxaso yorhulumente ngezakhono zezezempilo kunye neeNkonzo zoLawulo lwezempilo, balawulwa ziibhodi zasekuhlaleni kwaye bathunganiswa kwimpilo yabantu abafuna impilo.

Iinkqubo zoncedo lwezindlu ezikhoyo zinceda abemi abanogcino lwerente, iimali zerente yongxamiseko, ukunqanda ukungahlali, kunye nezindlu zokuhlala. Amadolobha kunye nobalo ludla ngokuyila ezi nkqubo usebenzisa i-Community Development Block Grant mer, ingeniso-mali yasekuhlaleni, okanye imali yokuthengwa kwezindlu ezinikezelweyo. Iinkqubo zingajolisa kubemi abathile abanjengamarhenkene, abasindi bogonyamelo, okanye iintsapho ezisengozini yokungabi namakhaya, kunye nemigangatho yoncedo emiselwe kwindawo ethile.

ingeniso ecacileyo yezemfundo inika iMatike kunye nezomfundamakhwenkwe ixhasa abafundi basekuhlaleni abasukela imfundo ephezulu okanye uqeqesho lomsebenzi. Izixeko ezininzi ziye zaseka iinkqubo zemfundo yemfundo yabafundi abaphumeleleyo kwisikolo samabanga aphezulu, ngokufuthi zixhaswa ngemali ngemirhumo, ngeminikelo yezoshishino yasekuhlaleni, okanye ingeniso yerhafu enikezelwayo. Ezi nkqubo zinganika abafundi abakwizokololi zasekuhlaleni, abo basukela kwimisebenzi ephezulu ephantsi kwenkonzo yasekuhlaleni, okanye abafundi abasuka kwimimandla egciniwe.

[[NTL: 0] Inyathelo elibanzi le-minicipal ye-bank [ izithuba ze-intanethi yokufikelela kwi-intanethi yoqhagamshelwano ngokwakha ii-nethwekhi ze-fiber ezisemgangathweni okanye abaxhasi abancedisanayo ukwandisa inkonzo. Ezi nkqubo zasekuhlaleni ziphendula ekubeni abanikezeli benkonzo ye-intanethi yobuqu basoloko bephantsi kwemimandla yasemaphandleni neendawo ezifumana imali ephantsi. Izixeko ezifana ne-Chattanooga, Tennessee, kunye ne-Lafayette, Louisiana, zive impumelelo kwindlela zokusebenza kwi-intanethi ebanzi enika i-infontlunts ezinika imali ekhuphisanayo.

Iinkqubo ezincinci zokuxhasa ushishino kwindawo esemaphandleni zinika uncedo lobugcisa, imicrowans, kwaye zinika inkxaso kubathengisi nakumnini-mashishini omncinane. Ezi nkqubo zingajolisa kumashishini afuthiweyo, oosomashishini, abafazi, amashishini akwimimandla evuselelweyo, okanye amashishini athile abalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni. Iinkonzo zisoloko ziquka ukulungiselela ubuchule, ukufikelela kwikomkhulu, ulawulo, kunye neemfuno zoncedo lokulawula.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo kunye neKhomishini

Imithetho yoManyano: Encomekayo kunye neNqamxa

Iinkqubo zomanyano zisebenza phantsi kwemimiselo emikhulu elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki, ukukhusela ucalucalulo, ukukhusela amalungelo abantu, nokukhuthaza ukuphendulelwa koxanduva. Imithetho igquma zonke iinkalo zemisebenzi yenkqubo: ofanelekileyo, ofanele ukusebenzisa, okufuneka koxwebhu, indlela imali esenokusetyenziswa ngayo, ingxelo eyimfuneko, noko kwenzekayo xa imithetho iphulwa. Le migaqo iphuhliswa ngokumisela iinkqubo ezisesikweni eziquka amaxesha okuphendula kukawonke-wonke kunye nohlolo olusemthethweni.

Ukuququzelelwa kwemimiselo yesizwe kufuna ulawulo olubalulekileyo. Iintlangano ezifumana imali yezolawulo olubalulekileyo. Kufuneka zigcine iingxelo zemali zesizwe ezineenkcukacha, zingenise iingxelo ezithe rhoqo, ziphicothi-zincwadi, zize zibonise ukuthotyelwa kweemfuno ezininzi zokunqumla. Ezi zingaquka ukujongwa kwemeko-bume, ukuqwalaselwa okungokwembali, imigangatho yokugcinwa kwemibutho, imigaqo yokufumana imigaqo, kunye namalungelo asekuhlaleni. Umthwalo wolawulo lokuthobela unokuba luncedo, ngokukodwa kwimibutho emincinane enabasebenzi abalinganiselweyo.

Imimiselo yomanyano inika ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo kwaye ikhuthaza ukukhuselwa. Amalungiselelo okulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho aqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zinceda bonke abantu abafanelekileyo kungakhathaliseki ukuba baluphi na uhlanga, ibala, imvelaphi yesizwe, isini, ubudala okanye ukukhubazeka. Imimiselo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokusebenza ithintela imali karhulumente ekuxhaseni imisebenzi eyingozi. Iimfuno zophicotho-zincwadi ziyanceda ekuchongeni ubuqhophololo kunye nokungaphathwa kakuhle. Noko ke, ukuntsonkotha kunye nobuninzi bemimiselo yezonotho kunokuthintela ukuphuhliswa, ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo ecothayo, kwaye kuvelise imiqobo yokuba nenxaxheba.

Imithetho Yobulali: Umjikelo Osuliweyo kodwa Ugcino lwamaxabiso angaguqukiyo

Iinkqubo zobulali zisebenza phantsi komthetho olula, ngemithetho emiselwe ngamasiko esixeko, izigqibo zommandla, okanye ukhokelo lwenkqubo eyamkelwa ngabameli basekuhlaleni. Le mimiselo ingatshintshwa ngokukhawuleza kunemithetho karhulumente, ivumele iinkqubo zilungelelanise nokutshintsha kweemeko okanye ziphumeze ukuphunyezwa kweengxaki. Amagosa akhethiweyo kunye nabalawuli basekuhlaleni banolawulo oluthe ngqo kwiimfuno zolawulo, ukwenza uvavanyo kunye nokwenziwa kwesiko.

Ngoko, ukungaguquguquki kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni kuthetha ukuba iinkqubo ezifanayo kumazwe ahlukeneyo zingasebenza ngokwahlukileyo. Oko kufunekayo kwesinye isixeko kusenokungacetywa, kwaye oko kungathintelwa kwenye indawo kungakhuthazwa kwenye indawo. Oku kungadala ukudideka kwimibutho esebenza kulawulo oluninzi kwaye kungakhokelela ekungahambelani kakuhle kwindlela abantu abaphathwa ngayo ngokusekelwe kwindawo abahlala kuyo.

Iinkqubo zoluntu ezifumana inkxaso-mali karhulumente okanye karhulumente kufuneka zithobele loo mimiselo yomgangatho ophezulu ukongeza kwimithetho yasekuhlaleni, idala iimfuno ezingqiniswe ngokuthobela. Inkqubo yokusebenza yasekuhlaleni exhaswa ngokwenxenye zizipho zikarhulumente kufuneka ilandele imigangatho yomsebenzi karhulumente, inike ingxelo, kunye nemithetho elungeleleneyo ngexesha ithe ikhokelelwa kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokufumana kunye nemisebenzi yesixeko. Ukulawula ezi zicwangciso zolawulo ezininzi kufuna unxulumano nobuchule.

Ukunikwa ityala kunye nomlinganiselo womsebenzi

Indlela Iinkqubo zomanyano Eziyilinganisela Ngayo Impumelelo

Iinkqubo zomanyano zisebenzisa imiqathango esesikweni evumela ukuthelekiswa namazwe, imimandla, kunye namathuba exesha. Iinkqubo zoncedo zimisela iinjongo zokusebenza, ziqokelela ugcino-lwazi ngeziphumo, kwaye zinike ingxelo yeziphumo kwiBhunga nakwiSivumelwano soRhulumente neMiphumezo kunye noMthetho weSigqibo olandelayo ufuna ukuba abameli besizwe baphuhlise iinjongo ezicwangcisiweyo, bamisele iinjongo ezinokuthelekelelwa, kwaye bahlole rhoqo inkqubela kwiinjongo.

Umlinganiselo womsebenzi kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente usoloko ugxininisa kwiziphumo (inani labantu abancedwayo, umthamo woncedo olunikiweyo) kunye neziphumo (iinguqu kumsebenzi, imeko yempilo, ukuphumelela kwemfundo). Ii-Phondo zingalandelela imilinganiso efana nenani lokwabelwa umsebenzi kwiinkqubo, uvavanyo lwenkqubela-mali yeenkqubo zemfundo, okanye iziphumo zempilo kwiinkqubo zonyango. Olu gcino-lwazi lwazisa izigqibo zoqingqo-mali, inkqubela yenkqubo, kunye neengxoxo zemigaqo-nkqubo.

Noko ke, ukulinganisa impembelelo yokwenene yeenkqubo zikarhulumente kunokuba lucelomngeni. Izinto ezininzi ezingaphaya kokuthabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo zichaphazela iziphumo, okwenza kube nzima ukuchola iziphumo zodweliso lwenkqubo. Iimpembelelo zexesha elide zisenokungacaci iminyaka, ngelixa iingcinezelo zezobupolitika zifuna iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo. Ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kunakho ukubiza imali eninzi kwaye kunzima, kwaye inkxalabo yangasese ilinganisela ukuba ulwazi lungaqokelelwa luze lwabelwane. Nangona kunjalo, umlinganiselo wokwenza umsebenzi uhlala uluphawu olungundoqo lwe-xanduva lwenkqubo karhulumente.

Ukuphendula kwasekuhlaleni: Ngqo nakude

Iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni zisoloko zijongene nokuphendula ngqo kwiintlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko, iintlanganiso zebhunga lengingqi, kunye nezikhululo zoluntu apho abemi banokuthetha bebuza imibuzo. Amagosa avelele iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni ajongana nabavoti rhoqo, edala ukuphendula kokhetho olucacileyo kumsebenzi wodweliso lwenkqubo. Oku kuphendula ngokwedemokhrasi ngokuthe ngqo kusenokuba namandla, nangona kunokwenza iinkqubo zibe sengozini kwiingcinezelo zezobupolitika nokucinga okufutshane.

Umlinganiselo womsebenzi kwiinkqubo zobulali wohluka-hlukene. Ezinye iindawo zinenkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezintsonkothileyo kunye nezicwangciso zovavanyo, ngelinye ixesha ezinye zixhomekeke kubungqina obusekwe kummandla kunye nomsebenzi osisiseko. Iinkqubo ezincinci zisenokungabikho zibonelelo zovavanyo olunzima, ngelixa izixeko ezinkulu zisebenzisa abahlalutyi bogcino-lwazi kunye neenkqubo zokulawula umsebenzi. Unyuko "lwento esebenzayo" imigangatho yobungqina kunye nolawulo logcino-lwazi luye lwaqhubela phambili iindawo ezininzi kumlinganiselo olungelelanisiweyo wokwenza umsebenzi.

Iinkqubo ezisekelwe kuluntu zokuphendula uluntu . ezifana neebhodi zokulungisa, iinkqubo zokubonelela, kunye nokusebenzisana nemibutho yoluntu, kwaye zidlala iindima ezibalulekileyo ekujongeni iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni. Ezi nkqubo zingavelisa imiba enokuthi iphoswe yimingcipheko elungiselelweyo kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo zihlala zisabela kwiimfuno zoluntu namaxabiso. Noko ke, zingabonakalisa namazwi amalungu alungelelanisiweyo okanye anelungelo loluntu ngeli lixa zingena igalelo kuluntu oluzinzileyo.

Ukuhlaziywa nokuhlaziywa

Iinkqubo Zomanyano: Zicotha Ukutshintsha Kodwa Zibaluleke Kakhulu

Iinkqubo zomanyano zitshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe ngenxa yokuntsonkotha kwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, imfuneko yokuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko, nocelomngeni lokudibanisa utshintsho kunqamleze iqumrhu elikhulu. Utshintsho lwenkqubo enkulu ludla ngokufuna inyathelo lombutho, elinokuthatha iminyaka yengxoxo kunye nokulalanisa. Kwaneenguqu zolawulo kufuneka zidlule kwiinkqubo ezisesikweni zokumisela iinkqubo eziquka amaxesha okuphendula kwawonke kunye nohlolo olusemthethweni.

Le santya sangabom sinezingenelo nezingelulo. Ukungaguquguquki kuvumela ukuceba ixesha elide nokukhusela ukuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo, kodwa kwakhona kungathetha ukuba iinkqubo ziphelelwe lixesha okanye zingakwazi ukuphendula kwiimfuno zokuvela. Amasebe alungelelanisiweyo aphuhlise iinkqubo zokukhuthaza utshintsho kwimimiselo ekhoyo, njengemiboniso, iiprojekthi zokufaka iliso, kunye neenkqubo zesikhokelo ezivumela amaphondo neendawo ukuba zivavanye iindlela ezintsha zocwangciso olusisiseko.

Xa iinkqubo zikarhulumente zitshintsha, impembelelo idla ngokuba yeyanceda kwilizwe lonke kwaye inguMthendeleko we-Affordble Care Act yatshintsha iimarike ze-inshorensi yempilo yaza yandisa intengiso yeMedicaid kwizigidi. Utshintsho lwe-Welfare kwinkqubo yoncedo lwemali ecwangcisiweyo ngokusisiseko ngo-1990. Iinguqu zemfundo ezifana noNo Child Lend Behind ne-Early Sceeds Act zimisela kwakhona iinkqubo zokuphendula ityala elizweni. Ezi nguqu zinkulu zibonisa amandla enkqubo karhulumente ukuqhuba utshintsho, ngokungcono okanye okugqitha.

Iinkqubo Zasekuhlaleni: Iinkonzo Zedemokhrasi

Iinkqubo zobulali zingasebenza njenge "iinkcubeko zedemokhrasi," uvavanyo lobuchule obunokusetyenziswa ngokuphangaleleyo. Izixeko kunye nobalo lungasebenzisa iingcamango ezintsha ngokukhawuleza, lufunde kumava, lulungise indlela ngaphandle kobuchule bokuqhuba obuntsonkothileyo belizwe. Uphuhliso oluphumelelayo lwengingqi zoqingqo-mali, ukunciphisa umonakalo, ukuphucula imigaqo-mthetho, kunye nengeniso eqinisekisiweyo iphembele iingxubusho zemithetho kunye neentshululo ezifanayo kwezinye iindawo.

Umlinganiselo omncinci weenkqubo zasekuhlaleni wenza uvavanyo lube yingozi kakhulu. Ukuba indlela entsha ayisebenzi, impembelelo ilinganiselwe kuluntu olunye kunokuba ichaphazele izigidi zabantu kulo lonke ilizwe. Oku kuvumela ukuba kucelwe uvavanyo olukhawulezileyo kunye nemijikelo yokufunda. Iinkqubo zobulali zinokuba nokusabela ngakumbi kwimpendulo yoluntu, ukuhlenga-hlengisa iinkonzo ezisekelwe kwigalelo elithelekisayo nakwimeko eziguqukayo.

Noko ke, kusekho iingxaki. Iinkqubo eziphumelelayo azinakuxhaswa ngaphandle kokuqhubeka zixhaswa ngemali, kwaye oko kusebenza komnye uluntu kusenokungadluliseli kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Iinkqubo zoluntu zidla ngokungabikho zoovimba bokuvavanya ngobuchule, nto leyo ekwenza kube nzima ukufumanisa ukuba izinto ezintsha ziyasebenza ngokwenene okanye zithandwa. Iinguqu zezobupolitika zinokuphelisa iinkqubo ezithembisayo ngaphambi kokuba zibe nexesha lokubonisa iziphumo.

Impembelelo Nenkxaso Yezobupolitika

Iinkqubo Zomanyano: Zidityanisiwe Kodwa Zivavanyiwe

Iinkqubo ezinkulu zikarhulumente zisoloko zimiliselwe ngokwezobupolitika, zimiselwe, zixhaswa, zixhaswa, kunye nemibutho ekhuthaza ubugqeba evelisa iinkqubo zokukhusela ukugatywa okanye ukupheliswa. Ukhuseleko loluntu noMedicas luxhaswe kakhulu nto leyo eyenza ukukhuthazwa kwezopolitiko kube nzima, kwananjengoba abachazi-nkqubo bengxoxo yokulungisa iingxaki zemali ezikudala zikho. Oku kuhlala ummiselo kwezobupolitika kunika ukuzinza kodwa kunokwenza kube nzima ukulungisa iinkqubo ezingenakuphumelela.

Iinkqubo zomanyano ziphantsi kweengxoxo ezilwa nabahlali kunye neengxoxo zeengcamango ezidlala kumadabi ombutho, amaphulo obungameli, kunye neengxaki zenkundla. Ukungavisisani ngendima efanelekileyo karhulumente, ukuphumelela kweendlela ezahlukeneyo, kunye nezinto eziphambili zokuphuhliswa nokusetyenziswa kolwazi olusemgangathweni worhulumente oluntu. Ukutshintsha kolawulo lweqela leBhunga okanye iNdlu emhlophe kungakhokelela ekushicilelweni okubalulekileyo kwinkqubo, ekusekelweni kwemali, kumgangatho wemali, kunye neendlela zokusebenzisa ulawulo.

Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yesizwe yenza ukungaqiniseki ngonyaka ngeenkqubo zobuchule, kunye nomgangatho wemali osekelwe kwiindleko zezonyango ezingenakudluliselwa de kufike kunyaka wemali ophakathi. Ukuvalwa korhulumente, izigqibo eziqhubekayo, kunye nokunyuswa kweenkqubo zesizwe ngamaxesha athile kuye kwaphazamisana neenkqubo zesizwe, kudala imingeni kubameli, abasebenzi benkonzo, kunye nabaxhamli beenkqubo zokuchitha iinkonzo.

Iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni: Ziyabuyiselwa kodwa Ziyafumaneka

Iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni zinokusabela ngakumbi kwizinto ezikhethwa ngabantu kunye namaxabiso, namagosa anyuliweyo anokuphendula ngqo kubavoti kwizigqibo zocwangciso. Oku kusabela ngokwedemokhrasi kuthetha ukuba iinkqubo ziyakwazi ukubonakalisa izinto eziza kuqala kwindawo ethile zize zilungelelanise neemfuno zoluntu ezitshintshayo. Noko ke, yenza iinkqubo zibe lula kwiinguquko zezobupolitika, nabaphathi abatsha abanokuthumela okanye bashenxise iinkqubo ezimiselwe ngabanduleli.

Iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni zisoloko zixhomekeke kwimbopheleleko yamaqhawe angomntu ngamnye — amagosa amiselweyo, abalawuli bamaqumrhu, okanye iinkokeli zoluntu ezixhasa iinkqubo kunye nobuncwane obukhuselekileyo. Xa la maqhawe eshiya iofisi okanye eqhubeka, iinkqubo zisenokuphulukana nenkxaso nenkxaso. Ukwakha imibutho ebanzi kunye neenkqubo zokulungiselela ngemithetho okanye ngemithombo yenkxaso enikezelweyo kungazisa uzinzo olungakumbi, kodwa iinkqubo ezininzi zasekuhlaleni zihlala zingachanabeka kwiinguqu zezopolitiko.

Iimeko zezoqoqosho zinegalelo ngokukhawuleza ekuxhaseni inkqubo yendawo. Xa ukudodobala komgangatho werhafu kunciphisa iingeniso zerhafu, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badla ngokunciphisa iinkqubo neenkonzo zokulungelelanisa uqingqo-mali. Ngokungafaniyo norhulumente wengingqi, oorhulumente abaninzi abanako ukusebenzisa iindleko okanye ukuboleka kakhulu iindleko zokusebenza, ukunyanzelisa ukhetho olunzima ngexesha lokuhla kwezoqoqosho. Iinkqubo zokunceda abantu abasengozini zinokuncitshiswa ngokungqalileyo xa kuyimfuneko, zidala iingxaki zenkcitho kuluntu.

Ukungalingani

Iinkqubo zomanyano kunye neSizwe

Iinkqubo zomanyano zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukulingana kwiindawo zomhlaba namaqela asekuhlaleni. Ngokumisela imilinganiselo ephantsi nokuxhasa ngemali ngokusekelwe kwimfuno, iinkqubo zikarhulumente zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba abemi bamazwe ahlwempuzekileyo kunye noluntu bayakwazi ukufumana iinkonzo ezisisiseko nenkxaso. Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo oluntu luthintela ucalucalulo kwaye lufuna iinkqubo zokunceda bonke abantu abafanelekileyo kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakhuselwe njani na.

Noko ke, iinkqubo zikarhulumente azisoloko ziphumeza iziphumo ezilinganayo. Imithetho yokuzimela isenokungawaqondi amaqela athile, iinkqubo zenkqubo zingadala imiqobo kubantu abanemfundo elinganiselweyo okanye ubuchule obungemaNgesi, kwaye ukuzalisekiswa kwenkqubo kungahluka ngeendlela ezinceda ezinye iindawo kuneziqu zezakhiwo kwiindawo ezifana nezindlu, imfundo, kunye nomsebenzi kuthetha ukuba kwanemithetho yenkqubo yobundilele inokuba neziphumo ezizohlukeneyo kuluntu olwahlukeneyo.

Amanyathelo atsha nje karhulumente agxininise ukulingana njengosukelo olucacileyo, namaqumrhu afuna ukuvavanya ukuba iinkqubo ziyafikelela kusini na kuluntu olungaphantsi kolwaluko nokuthetha izinto ezingafaniyo. Ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi olungohlanga, ubuhlanga, ulwimi, ubume besiphene, nezinye iimpawu zinceda ukuchaza izithuba ezithe ngqo, nangona inkxalabo kunye nemiqathango yogcino-lwazi inokwenza ukuba le migudu ingabi yenziwa lula. Ukuthetha ngolwazi akufuni nje unyango olulinganayo kodwa kwakhona kufuneka uluvo lweengoluvo kunye nemiqobo eyahlukeneyo ejongene neenqobo ezahlukeneyo ezijongenezo zamaqela ahlukeneyo.

Iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni kunye ne-Equot

Iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni zingahlasela oovimba abathile okanye abantu abafumana ukungabikho monakalo, bathethe ngokuchanekileyo ngezithuba ezithe ngqo kuneenkqubo ezibanzi ze-arhente. Inyathelo elisekelwe kwindawo elibhekisa kwingingqi eziphezulu, iinkqubo ezenziwe ngokukhethekileyo ukwenzela uluntu olunombala, kwaye iinkonzo ezixolelwane nabemi abaphambukeli zinokusabela kwiingxaki zasekuhlaleni ngendlela ezinokuthi iinkqubo zikarhulumente zingabikho.

Noko ke, iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni zinokuqhubekisela phambili okanye zibangele ukungalingani. Uluntu olunezakhono lunezinto ezininzi zokuxhasa iinkqubo eziqinileyo, ngoxa uluntu olutsala nzima lusenokunikela iinkonzo ezincinane nakubeni kukho imfuneko engakumbi. Iimfuno ezifunekayo zisenokungabafaki mda abantu abafuna uncedo oluninzi, kwaye amandla ezobupolitika asekuhlaleni asenokuphumela kwimithombo equkuqela kumaqela alungelelanisiweyo okanye anxulumene nezobupolitika kunokuba kuphumele kwabo baneentswelo ezinkulu.

Ukuthetha nge-equity kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni kufuna umgudu wenjongo ukufikelela kuluntu oluselunxwemeni, ukususa imiqobo yokufikelela, nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokwenziwa kweprojekthi ibonisa ungeniso lwahlukeneyo loluntu. Iinkqubo eziqwalaselweyo njengonikezelo, iinkonzo zeelwimi ezininzi, iinkqubo ezisabelayo ngokwenkcubeko, kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo sokwahlukana kungenza iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni zincede ngcono onke amalungu oluntu. Noko ke, ezi nkqubo zifuna ugcino kunye nozibopho olungekho mithetho ibonelelo olunikelwayo.

Ikamva Leqela kunye neeNkqubo zasekuhlaleni

Ukuqalisa Kwemikhwa Neengxaki

Zininzi izimbo eziguqula ukwakhiwa kweenkqubo zorhulumente kunye nolwasekuhlaleni. Ubugcisa buguqula ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo, ngezicelo ze-intanethi, ukuzimisela ukusetyenziswa kobuchule, kunye nogcino-lwazi oluzitshintshayo indlela iinkqubo ezisebenza ngayo. Ezi nkqubela-phambili zobugcisa zithembisa ukuphumelela nokufumaneka okungakumbi kodwa zinyusa inkxalabo malunga nokungaquki kwemithetho-siseko, kunye nokukhutshwa kwamanani.

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sabonisa ukubaluleka kweenkqubo zikarhulumente kunye nocelomngeni lokusabela ngokukhawuleza. Iinkqubo zoncedo lomanyano zanika inkxaso engazange ibonwe ngaphambili yezoqoqosho, ngelixa iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni zilungelelaniselwe ukunikela iinkonzo ezikhuselekileyo ngexesha lokutshixa. Amava agqugqisileyo anokuphembelela udweliso lwenkqubo yexesha elizayo, ngogxininiso olunzulu ekubhetyebhetyebhetye, ukulungiselela ngexesha likaxakeka, kunye nokukwazi ukulinganisela ngokukhawuleza ukuphendula kwiimeko ezinzima.

Ukutshintsha kobomi babantu, kuquka ukwaluphala kwabantu, ukutshintsha-tshintsha kwendlela yokuma, nokutshintsha kweemeko-bume, kuya kuchaphazela iimfuno kunye nezinto eziza kuqala. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kudala iingxaki ezintsha ezimele zicombulule, ukusuka kwintlekele ukuya ekuxhaseni abantu abasuka kushishino lwelahleko. Ukutshintsha kwezoqoqosho okunxulumene nokuhamba kwenqwelo-moya, ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye nokutshintsha kwendlela yomsebenzi kuphakamisa imibuzo ngendlela ebhetele abasebenzi neentsapho ezinokuyixhasa ngayo.

Amathuba Okuphucula

Ukulungelelaniswa okungcono phakathi kweenkqubo zorhulumente nezobulali kungenza ukwenziwa kwemibutho yoluntu, ukuzalisa amasuntswana, kwaye kukwenze kube lula kubantu ukuba bafumane uncedo. Iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezidityanisiweyo, imilinganiselo elungelelanisiweyo, kunye nemodeli yokuhambisa iinkonzo ezilungelelanisiweyo zibonisa isithembiso sokuphucula inkqubo. Noko ke, ukufikelela olu manyano kufuna ukuphumelela kobugcisa, ubuchule, umthetho, kunye nentlangano.

Ukwenza uphando olusekelwe kubungqina .ukusebenzisa uphando olungqongqo ukuze kufunyaniswe oko kusebenzayo nokukhokela oovimba ngokufanelekileyo, kungaphucula iziphumo kwinkqubo kumanqanaba orhulumente nawobulali. Uvavanyo logcino-lwazi, izibonelelo, kunye nolwabelana ngolwazi lunganceda iinkqubo zifunde kumava noqheliselo oluqinisekisiweyo. Noko ke, iingcinezelo zobupolitika, izithintelo zemithombo yeencwadi, kunye nokuntsonkotha kweengxaki zentlalo kunokuthi kulinganisele ukusetyenziswa kobungqina kwizigqibo zenkqubo.

Iindlela zokuthatha inxaxheba ezibandakanya abaxhamli benkqubo namalungu oluntu kwinkqubo kunye nolawulo zingenza iinkqubo zingenele kwaye ziphumelele. Iindlela ezifana noqingqo-mali, ukuququzelela iibhodi, kunye neenkqubo zobuchule bokulinganisa uluntu zinokuveza ingqiqo abalawuli nabaququzeleli benkqubo abasenokuphoswa. Noko ke, ukuthabatha inxaxheba okunentsingiselo kufuna ixesha, oovimba, kunye nokuzinikela okunyanisekileyo ukwabelana ngegunya.

Umanyano Neenkqubo Zoluntu: Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo

Kubantu Abafuna Uncedo

Ukuba ufuna uncedo, qala ngokuchonga iimfuno zakho ezikhethekileyo uze ke wenze uphando kuzo zombini iinkqubo zorhulumente kunye nezobulali ezinokuzinika. I-Benefits.gov yewebsite inika isixhobo sokuzinzisa esinokukunceda uchaze iinkqubo zengingqi ongazifanele, lo gama 2111 [ilayini yoncedo lohlanga] iyakwazi ukukudibanisa noovimba bobulali. Ungathathi awufaneleki ukufaneleka. /__ukucinga ukuba abantu abaninzi abafaneleki kwiinkqubo abaziyo.

Qokelela amaxwebhu ekuqaleni kwinkqubo. Iinkqubo ezininzi zifuna ubungqina bokuba ukhona, ingeniso, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nokwenziwa kwendlu. Ukuba namaxwebhu acwangcisiweyo kungakhawulezisa izicelo kwaye kunciphise unxunguphalo. Ukuba uphoswe amaxwebhu, buza abasebenzi benkqubo malunga nezinye iindlela .

Musa ukuthandabuza ukucela uncedo ngezicelo. Uluntu oluninzi luneenkqubo zomqhubi, imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, okanye amasebe entlalo anikela uncedo ngesisa lomsebenzi. Amathala eencwadi asoloko enika ukufikelela kwekhompyutha kunye nabasebenzi abanokunceda ngezicelo ze-intanethi. Ukusebenzisa iinkqubo kusenokudida, kwaye ukufumana uncedo akuyonto elula ukufikelela kubuncwane ngempumelelo.

Ukulungiselela Iintlangano nabalungiseleli Benkonzo

Iintlangano ezisebenza nabemi ababuthathaka kufuneka ziphuhlise ubuchule kwiinkqubo zorhulumente kunye nezengingqi ezinxulumene nabaxhasi bazo. Uqeqesho loncedo ngemithetho esebenzayo, iinkqubo zomsebenzi, kunye nezibonelelo ezikhoyo zinganceda imibutho inike uncedo olungcono kunye neekhokeli. Ukwakha ulwalamano nabalawuli benkqubo kunganceda ekulungiseni ingxaki xa abaxhasi bedibana neengxaki.

Qwalasela ukuqokelelwa kwemali evela kwimithombo emininzi yokwakha iinkqubo ezizinzileyo. Ukudibanisa iminikelo yorhulumente, inkxaso-mali yemali, izivumelwano zoluntu, kunye nokuncedana kobuqu kunganika uzinzo lwemali nokutshintsha-guquka. Noko ke, yiba sengqiqweni ngobuchule bokulawula `ukuxhasa imijelo emininzi yemali kufuneka ulawulo olunamandla lwemali kunye neenkqubo zokuthobela.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo ukuphucula iinkqubo kunye nezithuba zedilesi. Iintlangano ezisebenza ngqo noluntu zinolwazi olubalulekileyo malunga noko kusebenza noko kungenziwayo. Ukubelana ngezi ngqiqo nabenzi benkqubo (_ngokungqinelana, iingxelo, umsebenzi odibeneyo, kunye nonxibelelwano olungqalileyo , qhaga ukwazisa uphuhliso lwenkqubo kumgangatho woluntu nowasekuhlaleni.

Abenzi benkqubo nabaphathi

Iinkqubo zoyilo olunesiphelo somsebenzisi engqondweni. Izicelo ezicuthayo, iimfuno zoxwebhu ezinzima, kunye nemithetho edidayo inciphisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo ngokuthintela abantu abafanelekileyo ekufumaneni uncedo. Uvavanyo lomsebenzisi, ulwimi olucacileyo, kunye neenkqubo ezinomsinga othe tyaba zingenza uphuculo lwenkqubo yokufikelela ngaphandle kokulalanisa.

Ukusebenzisana nokusebenzisana. Xa iinkqubo ezininzi zisebenzisa iimfuno ezifanayo okanye iidilesi ezinxulumeneyo, ukutya okuququzelelwayo, iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezabelanayo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo elungelelanisiweyo zingaphucula iziphumo kwaye zinciphise umthwalo wolawulo. Ngoxa ukulungelelanisa kufuneke utyalo-mali lwangaphambili, kunganika iingenelo ekuphuculeni kwempumelelo nokusebenza kakuhle.

Yenza ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kulungelelaniswe kwaye kuphunyezwe. Qokelela kwaye uhlalutye ugcino-lwazi malunga nokuba ngubani osetyenziswayo nomntu oshiywe ngaphandle. Kholosa noluntu olunezinto ezahlulayo ukuqonda imiqobo kunye nezisombululo ezidibeneyo. I-Equity ayizenzeki ngokuzenzekelayo. "Ifuna umgudu kunye nokuqhubeka unikela ingqalelo."

Isiphumo: Iinkqubo ezisisibonelelo zokunceda

Iinkqubo zomanyano nezengingqi zimela iindlela ezisebenzisanayo zokusingatha iimfuno zoluntu, nganye enamandla ahlukeneyo kunye nezithintelo. Iinkqubo zomanyano zinika intlawulo yelizwe lonke, oovimba abanobuxhakaxhaka, kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela ekuchaphazeleni ucalucalulo, ziqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu baseMerika bayakwazi ukufumana inkxaso esisiseko kungakhathaliseki ukuba bahlala phi. Iinkqubo zoluntu zinika intsabelo, ukuhlaziya, nokujolisa iimfuno ezithile zoluntu, ukuzalisa nokuziqhelanisa neemeko zasekuhlaleni.

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwala manqanaba odweliso lwenkqubo, ngezantsi, kwimali, kwintlawulo, ekufezekiseni, nasekuphenduleni ityala, kunceda abemi balapho bafumane izinto ezikhoyo, kunceda imibutho ukuba basebenzise amathuba enkxaso-mali, kwaye kwazise abenzi beenkqubo zokwenza ungenelelo olusebenzayo. Alukho ucwangciso lwengingqi kunye nololuntu kuphela olunocelomngeni oluntsonkothileyo olujongene noluntu; zombini zizinto ezibalulekileyo zenethi yokhuseleko kunye nezibonelelo zenkonzo kawonke-wonke.

Eyona mpumelelo yokuphendula kwiingxaki zoluntu idla ngokubandakanya ukulungelelana phakathi kweenkqubo zorhulumente nezengingqi, ukuxhobisa amandla omgangatho ngamnye ngeli xesha uthintelo lobuthathaka. Imali edityaniswe nolwazi nolwalamano loluntu, imilinganiselo yesizwe edityaniswe nokusetyenziswa kwesithethe soluntu, kunye nokudityaniswa okuthe kratya okuthe kwangeniswa lungenelelo oluphangaleleyo olunokunceda abemi abahlukeneyo ngokunempumelelo.

Njengokuba abantu bejamelene neengxaki eziphengululayo .ukusuka ekuphazamisekeni kwezoqoqosho ukuya kutshintsho lwemozulu ukuya kuguquko lwamanani ngezantsi/obabini iinkqubo zoluntu kunye nolwasekuhlaleni kuza kufuneka zivumelane. Ugcino-mali olusekelwe kubungqina, izibonelelo zobugcisa, kunye nendlela ezijoliswe kwiliso elithe ngqo zingaqinisa iinkqubo kuwo omabini amanqanaba. Ekugqibeleni, injongo ayikokugqiba enoba iinkqubo zolawulo okanye zemozulu zibhetele kusini na, kodwa iya kukwakha iinkqubo ezidibanisa ngokunempumelelo zombini ukuxhasa uluntu olunempumelelo, olunempumelelo.

Ulwazi oluninzi malunga neenkqubo zezwelonke, tyelela [FLT].gov ukuqwalasela ukuba luncedo kunye neenkqubo zenkqubo. Ukufumana oovimba abasekuhlaleni kuluntu lwakho, dibana [FLT]][5]11[FLT]] ngemfonomfono okanye ngelayini ukwenzela uncedo lobuqu lonxulumano neenkqubo neenkonzo kunye nawe.