Iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle kunye nezonyango zibumba iinyaniso zemihla ngemihla zabemi kulo lonke ihlabathi, ukanti indlela eziyilwe ngayo kunye nesisa zezi nkqubo zoburhulumente zahlukile kakhulu ukusuka kwinkqubo enye ukuya kwenye. Imeko yezobupolitika yelizwe (ngoba ikho ngedemokhrasi, isoshiyali, i-curitis, i-athority, okanye impembelelo exubileyo) ngokusisiseko efunyanwa ngabantu abanonopheli, indlela exhaswa ngayo, nendlela iminatha yokhuseleko ekhoyo kubantu abangasebenzi, abakhulileyo, nababuthathaka. Ukuqonda oku kubalulekile kubafundi benzululwazi yezobupolitika, inkqubo kawonke-wonke, kunye nolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe, ngenxa yokuba zityhila indlela ingqiqo eguqulela ngayo kwizigidi zabantu.

Eli nqaku linikela uthelekiso oluneenkcukacha ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwiintlobo zeenkqubo zikarhulumente ezifikelela ngayo kwintlalo-ntle kunye nezonyango. Siza kuhlolisisa imigaqo esisiseko, iindlela zokuxhasa ngemali, kunye nemizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene evela kwi-Riphabliki zedemokhrasi, kwi-omatiloshe, kumaphondo olawulo lwentlalo-ntle, kunye nolawulo lobuzwilakhe. Ekupheleni, uza kuba nolwazi olucacileyo ngesizathu sokuba amanye amazwe abeke inkxalabo yendalo ngelixa amanye eshiya icandelo elikhulu labemi elingaxhaswanga.

Iintlobo ezinkulu zeenkqubo zikarhulumente kunye nolungelelwano lwazo

Phambi kokuntywila kwimigaqo-nkqubo ekhethekileyo, kuluncedo ukuchaza iindidi ezibanzi zeenkqubo zikarhulumente kunye neemeko zazo eziqhelekileyo kwintlalo-ntle. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zidla ngokucaluca ulawulo-mthetho olusuka kumazwe akhululekileyo ukuya kulawulo-melo ukuya kulawulo lobusoshiyali. Udidi ngalunye luneembono ezahlukileyo malunga nendima yelizwe ekulungiseleleni intlalo-ntle yabemi balo.

  • Imikhosi yobuzwe — amazwe anjenge-United Kingdom, Japan, kunye neSweden ahlala engukumkani wesithethe kodwa esebenza njengolawulo-lawulo-melo lwepalamente. La mazwe atyekele ekuxhaseni urhulumente wentlalo-ntle exhaswe ngerhafu eqhubekayo, kunye neenkqubo zokunyamekela impilo eziqinisekisa ukuba ikhombezwe lihlabathi lonke.
  • Irepublics zedemocratic — kuquka iUnited States, iJamani, kunye neIndiya, apho abameli abanyuliweyo benkqubo yokumila. Intlalo-ntle kunye nocoselelo lwempilo ziyahluka-hluka kakhulu, ukusuka kwimodeli kawonke-wonke exubeneyo, ekwi-U.S. ukuya kwiinkqubo zendalo yonke ezifumaneka kwiNtshona Yurophu.
  • Uluhlu lwee- — njengoCuba, umNtla Korea, kunye nembali yeSoviet Union. Aba rhulumente babeka ukhathalelo lwempilo nentlalo phantsi kolawulo oluthe ngqo lwemeko-ntle, bewajonga njengamalungelo asisiseko amele anikwe bonke abemi ngokulinganayo, nangona umgangatho kunye nempumelelo zisoloko zidityaniswa nokungalawuleki kwezobupolitika kunye nezoqoqosho.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Regimes e-Authority — iquka iTshayina, iSaudi Arabia, neRashiya. Iinkqubo zolawulo lobucukubhede zisoloko zisebenzisa intlalo-ntle kunye nezonyango njengezixhobo zolawulo olusemthethweni nolwentlalo, zinika iinkonzo ezisisiseko zokulondoloza ukuzinza ngoxa zikwavumela iimarike zabucala kwizityebi.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba akukho rhulumente olingana ngokugqibeleleyo kwibhokisi enye. Amazwe amaninzi adibanisa iziqalelo. Umzekelo, iTshayina inemeko yezoqoqosho eqhubekekayo kodwa igcina ulawulo lobuzwilakhe, kwaye inkqubo yayo yokunyamekela impilo iquka zombini iimali zikarhulumente kunye neemali ezihlawulwa ngaphandle kwemali. Kodwa ke, iindidi zinika isakhiwo esiluncedo sokuthelekisa.

Ukufikelela kwedemokhrasi kwiNtlalo-ntle nezonyango

Kwinkqubo zedemokhrasi ``ii-mograferal okanye iirepublic'' zentlalo zidla ngokuyilwa lukhuphiswano lwezinyusi, uluvo lukawonke-wonke, kunye nempembelelo yamaqela enzala. Oorhulumente bedemokhrasi badla ngokugxininisa uhlobo oluthile lonikezelo olupheleleyo [ okanye ubuncinane ukhupho oluphangaleleyo, kuba abavoti-mthetho balindele ukuba urhulumente abakhusele ekuguleni, ekungasebenzini, nasekukhuleni.

Ukubonelela nokuhambisa imodeli kwii-Democraccas

Ulawulo-bume oluphezulu olufunyenweyo luxhomekeke kumxube werhafu ehlawulwayo, ingeniso jikelele, kunye neminikelo yomqeshi ukuze kuxhaswe unyango nentlalo-ntle. Ukunikezelwa kwerhafu yenene kuyahluka:

  • Inkonzo yesizwe yezonyango (NHS) imodeli yesizwe (umz., United Kingdom, Sweden): Urhulumente uzizibhedlele kwaye usebenzisa oogqirha ngqo. Abami bafumana inkathalo ngesisa, ngenkxaso epheleleyo ngerhafu.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Imodeli ye-Isladensi yezempilo ye- (umz., iJamani, iFransi, iJapan): Imali ye-inshorensi ezininzi ezingafumani ngeniso", ngokufuthi elawulwa ngurhulumente/igubungela phantse wonke umntu. Iminikelo isekelwe kwingeniso, kwaye abafaki-mali bazimele kuphela kwiinkonzo ezongezelelweyo.
  • Imodeli kawonke-wonke efunyenweyo (umz., United States): Impilo yeyeyokuxuba iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke (iMedicare, Medicaid, Veterans Health) kunye ne-inshorensi yabucala efunyenwe ngabaqeshi okanye ethengwe ngumntu ngamnye. I-U.S. yenye yengeniso ephezulu yedemokhrasi ngaphandle kokunikezelwa kwentlawulo-mkhethe jikelele, nangona uMthetho we-Afford Carence wandisa kakhulu.

Imizekelo Yamazwe Azimeleyo Azimeleyo

Sweden inika enye yezona mizekelo zobugcisa boluntu jikelele. Inkqubo yayo yonyango ibekelwe irhafu kwaye ibekwe kakuhle kumabhunga esizwe, iqinisekisa ukufikelela okulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ingeniso. Iinkqubo ze-Welfarethi ziquka ikhefu labazali (ientsuku ezingama-480 kwintlawulo engama-80%), unikezelo lwabantwana jikelele, neengenelo ezithe kratya. Ngokutsho kwe i-ECD Social Expenditure Idatabase yeDatafection[, i-Sweden ichitha ngaphezu kwe 28% yeenkqubo zayo zentlalo-GDP kuluntu, enye yeengenelo eziphezulu phakathi kwezizwe eziphucuthile.

I-Canada isebenzisa inkqubo yokuhlawula enye kwiinkonzo zezibhedlele kunye nogqirha . iphondo ngalinye lisebenzisa eyalo icebo, lixhaswa ngemali yintsebenziswano yezoburhulumente neerhafu zamaphondo. I-inshorensi yobuqu ingayigquma phantsi kwenkqubo kawonke-wonke, efana namayeza agunyazisiweyo kunye nokunyanyekelwa kwamazinyo. A 2021 INgxobekowa-mali yemali yemali yezempilo yeKhabhini ijonge isebenza kakuhle eKhanada ekwindawo epheleleyo kodwa iphawule ixesha elide ilinde amaxesha okukhethwa.

I-Jamani ingumzekelo wemodeli yempilo yentlalo, emalunga nama-90% abemi abagqunywe ngumthetho “imali egulayo.” Iminikelo iyacinywa kwaye yabelana ngabaqeshi nabaqeshwa. Abangasebenziyo bafumana intelekelelo eqhubekayo nge-Federal Emplocation Agency. Inkqubo yentlalo-ntle yaseJamani iquka ne-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, uncedo lwezindlu, kunye nentlawulo lwemali yengqesholo.

Ucelomngeni Lokujamelana Namazwe Alawulwa Yidemokhrasi

Ngaphandle kobuchule bazo, iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zijongene nobunzima obungapheliyo: amaxabiso anyukayo obuchule bempilo ngenxa yobugcisa obubiza imali eninzi kunye nabemi abalupheleyo, ukuthatyathwa kwezobupolitika ngendima efanelekileyo karhulumente, kunye nokuxhathisa koluntu ekunyukeni kwerhafu. Ulawulo-moya oluninzi lukwangqubana nomgangatho olinganayo [.

Amazwe obuSoshiyali Nengcamango Yolungiselelo Lwehlabathi Lonke

Amatyala obusoshiyali `ebukhomanisi okanye ubuMarx-Lenininst kwindlela yokufundisa(-) unyango lwempilo kunye nentlalo-ntle yoluntu njengoxanduva olusisiseko lombuso. Ezi nkqubo azizifuni izisombululo zentengiso kunye nosukelo lwezorhwebo [[FLT: 0] olulinganayo kubo bonke abemi, ngokufuthi ngeenkqubo zokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye neenkqubo zentlalo-ntlalo-ntle ezigquma izindlu, imfundo, ukunyamekela abantwana, kunye nomsebenzi.

ICuba: Imodeli Yendlela Yokuzikhusela Phantsi Kobungcwele

ICuba ingumzekelo ofundwa kakhulu wenkqubo yonyango lwesoshiyali. Emva kotshintsho lowe-1995, urhulumente wadala inkonzo yempilo emanyanisiweyo egxininisa ukunqanda amayeza kunye nokunyamekela uluntu. Ingingqi nganye ineqela lentsapho engugqirha nowe-nurse. ICuba iphumele iziphumo zempilo . "ezifana nokufa kwabantwana kunye nokufa kobomi beminyaka elindelekileyo" kwaye ukuhambela phambili kwamazwe ahambele phambili, phezu kwako nje ukunqongophala kwezoqoqosho namashumi eminyaka e-U.S. embargo. [[FLT: 0] Intlangano yezonyango lwentsapho yehlabathi iye yancoma ukubhadula kwe-Cuba “ngokulinganayonke”. Noko ke, inkqubo ithwaxhwaleka kwemichizamayeza, izixhobo, kunye nokufumana izinto ezininzi ze-Cubancuba ifuna ukunyanyelwa okanye ukurhweba okumnyama.

KuMntla Korea: Ulawulo Lonke Lwelizwe, Ukufumaneka Okulinganiselweyo

UMntla Korea ukwasebenza inkqubo yendalo yonke, ephakanyiswe ngurhulumente, kodwa eqheliselwayo iphakathi kwezona zinto zingasebenziyo ehlabathini. Izibonelelo zempilo zatshatyalaliswa yindlala kunye nokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho kwiminyaka yoo1990. Abaqwalaseli bezizwe ngezizwe banikela ingxelo yokuba utyando oluqhelekileyo lwenziwe ngaphandle kokubulala intlungu, kwaye amayeza anqabile kubemi abaqhelekileyo. Urhulumente ubeka amaxabiso angakumbi emikhosini esetyenziselwa impilo, eshiya abemi besengozini yokuchachanabeka kwisifo sephepha, ukungondleki kakuhle, nezinye izifo ezingenakuthintelwa. Ilungelo Loluntu Watch World Report 2024 amaxwebhu okukhanyelwa kokunga impilo njengamalungelo abantu.

Ilifa LeSoviet Neenguqu Zale Mihla ZobuSoshiyali

Umodeli weSemashko weSoviet Union ngaphambili, owathiywa ngegama loyilo lolwakhiwo lwempilo lwayo . "lokulungiselela ucwangciso lwalo lonyango olusembindini, izibonelelo zelizwe, kunye nenkathalo yombuso. Emva kokuwa kwe-USSR, amazwe amaninzi asemva kweSoviet aye azama ukutshintsha ukusuka kuloo mode, ngokufuthi ebona ukuncipha okukhawulezileyo kwiziphumo zempilo. Namhlanje, amazwe afana ne-Belarus agcina inkqubo yohlobo lweSoviet, ngelixa amanye (efana neRashiya) evelise i-inshorensidensi yezempilo enyanzelelwe iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo, idityaniswe nokuhlawula kwemali yobuqu.

I-Regimes engombhali: I-Welfare njengesixhobo soMthetho

Oorhulumente abagunyazisiweyo `ooosomashishini, amazwana akwicandelo elinye, okanye umkhosi wejantas' `kusondela kwintlalo-ntle kunye nempilo-ntle ngokwembono yolawulo lwezobupolitika kunye nokusinda kolawulo lorhulumente. Ngoxa abanye benikela iingenelo eziziintloko kwizikhululo, abanye banikela kuphela iinkonzo ezincinci. Imizekelo emibini ebalulekileyo yiTshayina kunye nee-Gulf monarchy.

ETshayina: Ukususela Koogqirha Abanenyawo Elineenyawo Ukuya Kwindawo Ebanzi

Phantsi kweMao Zedong, “oogqirha abahamba ngenyawo” baseTshayina abanikela unyango olusisiseko lokukhusela, kodwa inkqubo yaqhekeka yaza yanganikwa phantsi. Ukususela ekuguquleni kwezorhwebo zoo 1980 no 1990, unyango lwaba lukhulu kakhulu kwaye lwazihlawula ngokwalo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwinkcitho yeentsapho ezininzi. Noko ke, urhulumente waseTshayina oncomeka iinguqu eziphambili ngo-2009 [FLT: 0] ukufikelela kunyaka wama-20[FLT]. I-Cooperativement System igqumagsss ingaphezulu kwama- 95% abantu basemaphandleni, kwaye abasebenzi basedolobheni bane-inshoreyi. Ngoko ke, ukuthelekisa intlawulo oluthe kratya, kwaye unyango oluninzi olubiza imali eninzi luyashiyeka. IBran iphawula ukuba inkqubo ye-192020[F.[2]

Imikhosi yamazwe aseGulf: Ubutyebi beoli neTrackings

ESaudi Arabia, iUnited Arabhu Emirates, neQatar, ukhuseleko lonyango kunye nentlalo-ntle zixhaswa ngemali ehraftcarbon. Abami (amazwe) bafumana unyango lwempilo olukhululekileyo okanye olunzima kwimisebenzi yorhulumente exhobileyo, kunye neempesheni, iimali-mfono zezindlu, kunye nemfundo exhasayo. Abasebenzi bangaphandle bafumana inkxaso-mali yempilo kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi bamazwe athile kwi-Grieflity.

ERashiya: Ukupheliswa Kwentlalo - ntle Phakathi Komgunyathi

I-Russia yazuzwa njengefa le-Soviet-era isiqinisekiso sokufumana unyango olukhululekileyo, kodwa emva konyaka ka19991 utshintsho lwakhokelela kwinyaniso ekhoyo: inkqubo kawonke-wonke exhaswe kakubi, ephantsi kwentsebenziswano, esetyenziswayo ngapha nangapha kwecandelo lobucala elichumayo labo bangahlawula. Urhulumente uye wandisa ukusetyenziswa kwempilo kwiminyaka yakutshanje . Ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yesifo se-COVID-19, kodwa iziphumo zobomi babantu zihlala zingekho ngqiqweqweninyeni oluphezulu kubantu kunye nemigangatho ephezulu yezifo ezingathanga. Imigaqo yentlalo ye-ntle yaseRashiya idla ngokusetyenziswa ukuvuza imimandla okanye amaqela athembekileyo, ngoxa iinqaba zokuchasa ifumana inkxaso encinane.

Iinkqubo zethayibhuli kunye nokufiphala kweendidi

Oorhulumente abaninzi balugatya ulwahlulo olulula. luyi-republic yedemokhrasi enecandelo elikhulu loluntu eliphefumlelwe yisoshiyali, kodwa ukuhanjiswa kwayo kwempilo kulawulwa ngurhulumente wedemokhrasi, kodwa i-Styrences iyaqhubeka, kwaye imake ingumphandle ofihlakeleyo igubungela ikota yabemi. [[FLT:] [[FLT]Brazil[FLT][FLT]] [3]] igcina inkqubo yempilo yehlabathi lonke (SUS) phantsi kolawulo lwedemokhrasi, kodwa iyaqhubeka, kwaye imaketheki yabucala igquma malunga nekota yabemi.[FLT] [FLT] [FFLT:5] isebenzisa “indlela ekhethekileyo yokuxhasa ii-akhawunti zemali ezigciniweyo, kwaye ingumthetho onamandla, kwaye isoloko ibekwe ngokweethenjiwe-ethe yomthetho zezo zentengiso phakathi kooxawaso. [[FLT]]

Ezi ntlobo zidibene zibonisa ukuba iingcamango kuphela aziyinqumli imiphumo; iingozi zembali, inkqubela yezoqoqosho, izithethe neengcinezelo zezobupolitika zilawula intlalo - ntle nezonyango.

Iziphumo Nezifundo Ezithelekisayo

Xa uthelekisa ngaphaya kwendlela, iinkalo ezininzi zivela:

  • Intengiso engangqinelaniyo ifikeleleka ngokuthembekileyo kumazwe aneedemokhrasi ezineenkcukacha ezinamandla zerhafu nemithetho, kwaye nakumazwe alawulwa yisoshiyali athi anike ubuncwane obubalulekileyo kwimpilo. Ulawulo lobugunya lungafumana intelekelelo ephezulu ephepheni kodwa lungasoloko lusilela kumgangatho kunye nokulingana phakathi kwabemi besizwe.
  • ukulingana kuqheleke ukuba kuphezulu kwiinkqubo eziphepha ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kwintlawulo yabucala. Imodeli exubeneyo yase U.S., phezu kwayo nje inkcitho ephezulu, ineepokotho ezinkulu ezingasetyenziswanga kwaye inemithwalo emikhulu engekho mgangathweni yemingxuma ethwalwayo engapheliyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukungaguquguquki lucelomngeni kuzo zonke iinkqubo. Ii-Democracism zijamelene nabemi abalupheleyo kunye neendleko ezinyukayo; amazwe ajongene nokungabikho kwemeko yentlalo ezoqoqosho kunye nokunqongophala kolawulo olungqongqo angaziphakamisa izibonelelo ngokokude zibangele ukuba abantu baphelelwe kuthemba noluntu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imicimbi yokuziphendulela ngokweemfanelo [[FLT: 1]: oorhulumente bedemokhrasi bayasabela ngakumbi kwimfuno kawonke-wonke yokugquma, nangona i-translack inokuthi ingaluphelisi utshintsho. Oorhulumente abagunyazi bayakwazi ukuzalisekisa utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kodwa bangawatyeshela amaqela amancinane okanye abuthathaka.

Isiphelo

Indlela inkqubo karhulumente efikelela ngayo kwintlalo-ntle kunye nenkxalabo yempilo-ntle isipili semilinganiselo yayo enzulu . "imisela ukhetho, ukhuseleko oludityanisiweyo, ulawulo lorhulumente, okanye ulungiso lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo-mthetho. Ii-Riphabliki zedemokhrasi kunye nolawulo loburhulumente olulawulwa ngomgaqo-siseko zisoloko zikhokele ekwakheni iinkqubo ezibanzi, ezingalinganiyo, kodwa azinakuthintelwanga kwingcinezelo yentlalo kunye nezopolitiko. Amaphondo abonise ukuba ukufikelela kwindalo yonke into kungaphunyezwa phantsi kolawulo olufutshane, nangona kudla ngokuba nexabiso lolwamvo. Ulawulo lobugunya lisebenzisa intlalo-ntlalo-ntle, ukulungiselela abanye xa kusenziwa abanye abagxa bengazinzi, kwaye ngokufuthi anikezela ngeziphumo zempilo ezingexesha elide ngenxa yolawulo olufutshane.

Njengokuba abamisi benkqubo ehlabathini jikelele bexabana nezifo ezikhoyo, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nokutshintsha kwamanani abantu, izifundo ezivela kwezi nkqubo zahlukeneyo ziya zisebenza ngakumbi. Injongo asikokuchaza ukuba isixokelelwano esinye sikhulu kodwa kukuqonda indlela ngamnye anokufunda ngayo kwezinye izinto ezinokuveliswa ekuthinteleni iCuba, ubuchule bokulawula ilahleko kwimali yezifo zeJamani, okanye ubuchule bokulawula kwimodeli ye-projekthi ye-Shupitu. Kuphela ngolu hlobo lokuhlola olulungeleleneyo sinokuba nethemba lokwakha intlalo olunenkathalo enyanisweni kwintlalo entle yabo bonke abemi babo.