Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zibumba iimpawu zomelo lwedemokhrasi. Phakathi kwazo, iindlela zoomatiloshe.

Ziziphi Iinkqubo Zeerojanti?

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo zezinye ezithi kuzo impumelelo enye inyulwe ngonyulo ngalunye. Olunye utshintsho oluqhelekileyo lusekelwe kuphela ekufumaneni ivoti eninzi. Kuzo zonke iimeko, umphetho osetyenziswa kumazwe angaphezu kwama-40. Ezinye iinkqubo zoomatiloshe ziquka isibini esingqukuva (ezisetyenziselwa unyulo lomthetho) kunye nolunye uvotelo (lusetyenziselwa iNdlu yabameli e-Australia. Kwimeko zonke, umncotsheni onqumla umqobo wokuphumelela ```````'''''''). Oku kuphikisana kakhulu nomelo (PR) lwezihlalo zocalo lomthetho).

Ubeko olungundoqo lweenkqubo zesikhululo sisithili esinye. Ngenxa yokuba kungumntu omnye ophumelelayo, ezi nkqubo zidala ukhuphiswano oluphezulu lwenani elilinganiselweyo lezihlalo. Amaqela ezobupolitika kufuneka akhethe ngenyameko abathathi-nxaxheba abakholelwa ukuba bangabhenela kwicandelo elibanzi leminqamlezo yabavoti kweso sithili. Oku “kuthabatheka- zonke” nengqondo kusoloko kuvuza abathathi-nxaxheba kumaqela alawula amanani abantu, amadoda asuka kuhlanga okanye kuninzi lwezonqulo (* athe acingelwa ukuba akhuselekile. Ixabiso lokuphulukana nesihlalo liphezulu, ngoko ke amaqela ajonge ukuphepha iingozi ezinokucingwa. Oku kukhetho olwandisiweyo lokukhetha okuphambili kulwa kwamabhinqa kunye nabantu abambalwa ukuba baphumele eofisini.

Umatshini Onxulumanisa Iinkqubo Zeenqwelo - moya Nomelo

Ukhetho lwe Candidet kunye nokugcinwa kwesango

Kwiinkqubo ezingundoqo, amaqela asebenza njengabagcini bamasango. Balawula abavela kwisixhobo sokulawula, kwaye izigqibo zabo zokukhetha zibunjwe ziintshukumisa zokhetho. Uphando lokukhetha amatsha kumazwe e FPTP lubonisa ukuba amaqela asoloko ebeka phambili kwimibancumuntsho emhlophe nendoda ngokulinganayo. Kumazwe ngamanye, amaqela anokusebenzisa icebo lokufaka ingxubevange ekwindawo ebanzi yabaphumeleleyo. Oku “kunconcomeka intlalo” kukhuthaza ukungalingani okukhoyo. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yokuba ilungu ngalinye elihambayo liyakwazi ukusebenzisa isuti elilungeleleneyo ukuqinisekisa ukwahluka. Kwisishishishina seqela, iqela alinako ukukhetha iintengiso ezahlukeneyo kwaye liya kunyulwa, kuhlanga olunye kuphela, okanye udidi oluphakathi, lungaphumelela ngokwaluhlanga olunye.

Imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo

Inkqubo zoomasipala zikwanqanda abavoti ekuxhaseni abathathi-nxaxheba abambalwa okanye amaqela amancinane amele izilangazelelo ezincinane. Abavoti abakhetha umvotelwa kwiqela elingangephiyo bangaboyika ukuba ukhetho lwabo “luza kuxhatshazwa” ukuba loo mvoti unethuba elincinane lokuphumelela. Oku kuchaphazela kwengqondo, okubizwa ngokuba kukukhetha okucwangcisiweyo (okanye okuneqhinga), okucinezelayo kurhoxisa abathathi-nxaxheba ngaphandle kwemiqathango yemibutho ephambili kwaye kuqinisa ukulawula kweqela elikhulu. Ngenxa yoko, kwana xa abathathi bambalwa bebaleka, bajongenemfazwe ephezulu yokuxhasa uvoti. Uphando lwazi (2020) lubonisa ukuba ukuvota okuqhelekileyo kokuvota okuqhelekileyo kwiinkqubo ze-FPPPP, ukusonwa kwendlela ezizinzileyo ezithe ngqo.

Impembelelo Kumfanekiso Wamabhinqa

Ubungqina Obuphathekayo: Buyinto Eyenzeka Emhlabeni Wonke

Ugcino-lwazi lwezizwe ngezizwe oluqulunqwe yi Inter-Parliament Union lubonisa ukuba amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo zolungelelwano aphezulu kumabhinqa kwipalamente kunalawo asebenzisa iinkqubo zobukhenkethi. Ngonyaka wama 2023, umlinganiselo wehlabathi lonke wamabhinqa kwizindlu ezizimeleyo okanye ezisezantsi ngu 26.5%. Kumazwe asebenzisa iPR, umlinganiselo ungaphezulu kwama-30%; kwiinkqubo zeFPPPP ezigqibeleleyo, ungaphantsi kwama-20%. Umzekelo, iRwanda (nenkqubo exubeneyo kunye neemfuno ezinamandla) inamabhinqa angaphezu kwama-60%, ngelixa uBukumkani boMpu) bunga malunga ne-35%, kwaye iUnited States (FPPPP) inayo i- 28.7% kwindlu yabathunywa. Ezi zinto azikho ngokwengozi. [FTGenegameter]

Izithintelo Ezimanyeneyo Kumabhinqa

Ubuchule obuninzi obucacileyo buchaza oku kungaphantsi kwezobupolitika. Okokuqala, iziqithi ezithandwa lilungu elinye kwi-cuumments, kwaye amabhinqa akafane abe nekhethe elinamandla lokufumana intlupheko ekhoyo ngokwembali ngenxa yokuba aye akhutshwa kwezopolitiko. Eyesibini, [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] ugcino lwesango [[FLT:] lukhulu kakhulu [[FLT] olukwimiqatha] olugqithisileyo: amagosa asekuhlaleni kwimibutho ekwinkqubo yeFPTPPP ngokufuthi ahlala ekhomba ikhetheke kakhulu, ngokukodwa kwiinqaba iinqaba ezikhoyo. [ii-FT] [iT] [isithathu, [[4] iindleko eziphezulu] xa kuthengwa umahluko okhoyo phakathi kohlobo olukhoyo, ngaphandle kokuba kungenelwe ngokufunyaniswe kumaqela.[3]

Izenzo Zokutyunjwa Kweqela

Kwanakwinkqubo ezingundoqo, amanye amaqela enza ngcono kunamanye amabhinqa. Amacandelo anolawulo olunamandla olusembindini kumaqela akwidemokhrasi, njengamaqela amaninzi oluntu, anganyanzela umlinganiselo wesini sesizwe kuludwe lomntu oza kubhaptizwa. Noko ke, kwiinkqubo ze-FPTP ezikhethelwe ngokunentembeko kakhulu (ngokufana ne-US okanye Canada), ii-contituetings zenginea ezihlala zixhathisa izithuba. Kwi-UK, i-Labour Party iqela labafazi abafutshane bonke liye landisa amabhinqa amabhinqa asuka kwi 10% e-80% kwi-A80% ye-LabourMPs kwiPalamenti 2024 kuphela. Kodwa impumelelo yasekuhlaleni ayifani namaqela; i-Conterveratives Par, engazenziwa nako, amabhinqa anjalo, athe amabhinqa athe anele kakhulu, ayabandakanywa kakhulu [FT.[0][9] kodwa anamandla, xa kusetyenziswa iindlela zezobupolitika.[5]

Indima Yezithethe Zezobupolitika Nezithethe Zentlalo

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral azisebenzi kwi-athom. Iimo zenkcubeko ngakumabhinqa akwinkokeli zisebenzisana nemithetho yonyulo. Kwibutho elinocalulo olunzulu lobufanasini, iinkqubo zobundlobongela zikhulisa ucalucalulo kuba abavoti kunye nabakhethi beqela banokubuthandabuza ubuchule bamabhinqa. Ngokwahlukileyo, kwiinkqubo zePR, amaqela anokulula ngakumbi “ukulinganisa” uluhlu ngokuquka amabhinqa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa sisihlalo kumkhuphisi. Ngaphezu koko, ukubonakala kwamabhinqa kwipalamenti ngokwako kuguqula izithethe zentlalo-ntle yamabhinqa [; iinkqubo ezingundoqo, ngokuvelisa amabhinqa ambalwa ekuqaleni, ngokucotha umjikelo wesidima wemodeli yemodeli nesiqhelo.

Impembelelo kumelo lobuncinane

Umelo olusezantsi olunemiqathango

Umelo lobuhlanga, ubuhlanga, kunye nonqulo oluncinane ludla ngokwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini: ingcaciso (nokuba ipalamente ikhangeleka njengendawo yabemi) kunye ne-okanye izilangazelelo ezincinci zihambe phambili). Iinkqubo zobuMaritarians zidla ngokungasebenzi kakuhle ngako kokubini oku. Ngenxa yokuba amaqela amancinane athe asasazeka kakhulu, asenokungabi nakuxinezeleka okukhetha umntu kwisithili esinye. Kwanaxa edibenelwa, iqela elininzi lingasenolawulo lwesithili ngaphandle kokuba imida yesithili itsalelwe ngabom ukwenza izihlalo ezincinane-majori. /a uqhelise oko kunokuthi kufuneke ukuphikisana.

Ubalo lwejiyografi nobukhulu besithili

Oluna qhagamshelwano luthe ngqo phakathi kwesixokelelwano sesikhulu kunye neqela elingaphantsi kwe-asethi luchaphazeleka lubunjani bobukhulu be- bungangamandla obuphezulu obukhoyo.

Imizekelo Yobuncinane Obungachazwanga

EUnited States, amaMerika nama-Speyin aseMerika angaphantsi ngokwembali ekwamkeleni iKhonklane yabemi bawo, phezu kwako nje ukusungulwa kwesithili soninzi sabemi abaphantsi koMthetho wamaLungelo. Ezi zithili ziluncedo kodwa zisoloko zicelw'ucelw'udonga ngokusemthethweni, kwaye zingagxininisa ipesenti yabavoti abambalwa ngendlela enciphisa impembelelo yabo kwimimandla engqongileyo. Kwi-United Kingdom, ii-MPs ezimbalwa zobuhlanga zafikelela kuxwebhu 10% kuma-2024, kodwa ezi zingaphantsi kwe-18% zabemi abachaza njengeqela eliphakathi kwesizwe. Ngaphezu koko, inkoliso yemi ephakathi kwe-MPs ivela kwiLabour Partio; iQelathi elincinane lesizwe lithe , lithe xhathiswe ngabantu abambalwa abahlala phantsi kweminye yamaSulumane, ngaphandle kokuba bengene kwimibutho elinamaSulumane afumana amaqela ahlala phantsi kwe-Sulusi, afumana i-Spointalnspointalns, amaqela afumana i-eanslavey, amaqela

Izithintelo Zokungalawuleki

Imiqobo esemthethweni yeqela elincinane ibonakalisa leyo yezemali kumabhinqa: [[FLT: 0] ugcino lweqela lasekuhlaleni oluphezulu , olunokukhokelwa yikhethe okanye lukhetheke kwiqela elilawulayo; olungenammiselo wokufikelela kwimali yemali yemali yemali yemali yemali [; kwaye [[FLT]] ii-vota] ezithilitiske [[ ezikhokelela abanye abavoti ukuba banqamle umgca wobuhlanga kuphela kunyulo olusezantsi lwe-Intercosta. Ngokungakumbi, abancinane basoloko bejongene “intsomi yokhetho"" inkolelo yokuba umngeni osuka kwiqela loluntu angakwazi ukuphumelela apho uninzi lungekho khona, xa kuceliwe kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezinkulu ze-PR eziyingozi, ezibekwe ngaphandle kwemiqatha ezimele ziphumileyo.

Uhlalutyo lwetheko: Iinkqubo ze-Majoritharian v.Proportion

Iqumrhu elikhulayo lomsebenzi osetyenziswayo lithelekisa iziphumo zeziphumo zenkqubo zonyulo ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzisa iimodeli ezilawulwayo. Enye into efunyenweyo yeyokuba isiphumo sohlobo lwenkqubo yonyulo kumelo lwamabhinqa sikhulu kuneziphumo zezinye izinto ezininzi eziguquguqukayo[, ezifana nenkqubela yezoqoqosho, unqulo, okanye ummandla. Kwiqela elincinane, isiphumo sikhulu ngokulinganayo. Kwi-metaanalysis yezifundo ezingama-20, ifontin-Rtberger kunye ne Ritberg ([20]] [20]], ifumaniwe ukuba iinkqubo zePR zokwandisa umelo oluncinane ngokwe---5-10] ngokweepesenti ye-FP.

Inkqubo yepropotical inceda unyulo lwamabhinqa kunye neqela elincinane lamaqela angenayo, asoloko enamaqula ahlukeneyo. Kwinkqubo engundoqo, amaqela amancinane axineneyo axinwa ngenxa yokuba abavoti bayawashiya ngenxa yokoyika ukudlala amavoti. Isiphumo sisibini esihamba-cala apho amaqela amakhulu athanda ukungahlukani kakhulu. Ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuzitshintsha kohlobo lwento ngokwawo lwento kwaye ngokwenxenye ngenxa yemfuneko yokubhenela kwi-oktha, ngokufuthi i-ontathria, i-media, i-media, inkqubo engundoqo yeqela lamaqela athanda ukujika i-injini eninzi. [[FLT:] i-ekhon-emogente enzima ukuphula ngaphandle kolungiso olungundoqo.[FFT]

Utshintsho Lokuphucula Umelo

Eqonda ukuswela kwenkqubo yoobhontsi, amazwe amaninzi azise utshintsho. Ezi zingabekwa kwicandelo elithathu: utshintsho lwenkqubo yokukhetha, umlinganiselo wobalo, kunye notshintsho lwangaphakathi.

Iinguqu zesixokelelwano se-Electoral

Oluna tshintsho luthe ngqo lukukusuka kumgangatho othe ngqo wokuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ulwahlulo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuvelisa iMMP [[FLM:] kunyusa umelo lwamabhinqa ngomlinganiselo wama-510%, asetyenziswa eJamani, eNew Zealand, naseSkotlani (olwamagumbi onyulwayo), kudityaniswa imimandla enye edibene noluhlu olunoluhlu oluthe lwazinziswayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iyantlukwano. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuba ukuvelisa i-MMP kunyusa umelo lwamabhinqa ngo-5/10 amanqaku kwaye kuphucula umelo oluncinane xa izihlalo zisetyenziswa ukuzisa ulwahlulo. Ukusuka kwiFPPPP ukuya kuMMP kumashumi angamashumi amabini e-199399, kunye no-2020, ngokufanayo, kunye nolwando oluseManyano oluseNtshona Koloni lwamaninzi, umgangatho oMgalelo lwe-Matshi e-Etheki, u-2004%, u-20%, umelo olusuka kwi-Ethe

Iingcaphulo kunye neZiqikelelo

Kwanakwisicwangciso sesakhelo esikhulu, iiquququ zinokuba luncedo. Genderquotquots quoties okanye igalelo leqela lokuzithandela (/mandate ukuba ipesenti ethile yabafazi abatsha bangamabhinqa. Kwinkqubo ze-FPTP, iiququation ezinjalo kunzima ukuzalisekisa kuba amabhinqa akanakubeka aphezulu kuluhlu; kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba amabhinqa anyulwe kwimimandla ekwimpumlo. Noko ke, iUK Labour Party iphumelele bonke abafazi abafutshane. Izihlalo ezigciniweyo (njengoko kusetyenziswa eIndiya kwiSikhadimende neStemite, kunye ne-Melkom) zimele ukuba zimele ukuba zimelwe zibekwe ngqo.

Ukunciphisa uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali nokwehla komda

Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zobukhenkethi, ukuzoba imida yesithili kunempembelelo enzulu kumelo lwabambalwa. Gerrymandering . kodwa ke, le ndlela ibangela ukuba abagxeki abathi bachasane novoti-ziqaqo-kancinci basetyenziswe kangangeenkulungwane. IUS Voting Rights Act ifuna amagunya okudala izithili ezininzi apho kunokwenzeka ukuthintela ukuthotywa kwemida, nto leyo ekhokelela kumelo olunyusiweyo lwama-Afrika kunye nolu-Ispanish. Kodwa, le ndlela ifuna ukuba abagxeki abathi baphikisane ngayo bahlalise ivoti encinane kwaye banciphise impembelelo yabo kwimimandla engqongileyo. Enye into enokuthi isebenzise [[FLT:] ii-redtisplations joints xa kuthelelwa i-luntlunt.

Idemokhrasi yeQela langaphakathi

Ekugqibeleni, amaqela angamkela utshintsho lwangaphakathi ukuze andise iinguqu kwiinkqubo ezingundoqo. Ezi ziquka iinkqubo zokukhetha ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu [[FLT: 1] ezinyanzela ukujoliswa kweemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, uqeqesho olunyanzelekileyo lwezahluka-hlukeneyo kwiikomiti zokukhetha, kunye nenkxaso yemali yamabhinqa kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abambalwa. Umzekelo, i-Iqela le-Ostreans Countingting Evective Dieucity [FFOLT:] isebenzisa inkqubo ephakathi enomlinganiselo wamabhinqa ekuwiseni izihlalo, ekhokelela kumelo oluphezulu kwiNdlukwano lwamamgamsko kwiNdluebenzi benkonzo nakusebenza kwawo. [iFLT:2]

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo azinazo ezobundilele abaxhasi bolawulo-mpukane bobukho bobukhomo-mpukane; babumba ngendlela elungeleleneyo abanyulwayo nabahlala bengekho. Ubungqina bucacile ukuba okokuqala kugqitha i-step-step kunye nazo zonke iindlela ezifanayo zivelisa iipalamente ezingameleli bamabhinqa kunye namaqela amancinane okanye amaqela ahlukeneyo. Iinkqubo eziqukekileyo ziquka ukugcinwa kwesango lokhetho, ukuvota okucwangcisiweyo ngomkhethelo, ngoncedo oluphezulu, kunye nokungalinganiyo kwemimandla yelizwe yeqela elinye. Ngexesha izindululo ezi, ukuthamba, kwaye iinguqu zangaphakathi zinokutshintsha ezinye zezi ziphumo ezikhoyo, ezona ndlela zinokuthembeka ekumeleni okuzilungele ukusetyenziswa komgangatho wolawulo. Abalungiseli benkqubo be-Dodemokhrasi kufuneka bahlole ngoko, njengoko besebenzisa ezi nkqubo abahlali abasebenzi belungele ukusetyenziswa yimeko yolwazi olupheleleyo.