Yintoni Ityala Lesaphuli - mthetho?

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho kukuqhubeka okusemthethweni apho urhulumente emangalela umntu ngokumangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Lisigaba apho kunikelwa khona ubungqina, amangqina, kunye nesigqibo esifikelelwayo. Ngoxa iinkqubo ezizizo zihlukeneyo ngokolawulo, injongo engundoqo ihlala ithe rhoqo: ukufumanisa ukuba unetyala okanye umsulwa kommangalelwa ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo ngexesha letyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwinkqubo esemthethweni (* njengommangalelwa, umgcini-jaji, ingqhinga, okanye ingcali engokwasemthethweni. Eli nqaku linikela iinkcukacha, ukudityatyaniswa kwetyala ngesigaba, ukusuka ekumangalelweni kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukusukela ekungatshayelweni kwesigwebo nangaphaya kwalo.

Ibali Lenkqubo Yokuvavanywa Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yokuvavanya ityala yenzelwe ukulungelelanisa amalungelo ommangalelwa nezilangazelelo zobulungisa. Iqala emva kokubanjwa nokufakwa kwetyala elisesikweni, kwaye iqhubekeka kwicandelo elithile elahlukileyo. Isigaba ngasinye sinemithetho neenkqubo ezizizo eziqinisekisa okusesikweni kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Inkqubo yokulungisa inkqubo ifaka ityala (ukumela urhulumente) ngokuchasene nokhuseleko (kumela ummangalelwa), kunye nomgwebi ongathathi-nxaxheba olawulayo. Ijaji, ngaphandle kokuba isebenza njengetyala-lifiki yenyaniso. Le nkqubo ayisebenzi nje kwityala ngokwalo; izicelo zomrhumo, izicelo, izicelo, kunye neposi yezicelo zizinto ezingundoqo zohambo olusemthethweni.

Indima Yogwebi, UJury NeeAttorney

Phambi kokuba ungene kumaqondo, kuluncedo ukuqonda abadlali abangundoqo. ugwebo lulawula ityala, luwisa imithetho kwimpikiswano, lufundisa abachopheli-mthetho, kwaye, ukuba isigqibo esinetyala sibuyiselwe, sibeka isigwebo. [[[FLT:]] uvavanyo [[FLT:] [FLT] [12] [12] [iiilungu] elikwityala lobunyuko] limele ubungqina kwaye linike isigwebo. [okanye u-FT] u-FT] umele urhulumente ukuba ummangalelwa umele ityala, [[FLT] ushiye ityala [FLT] [5], kwaye umele ubungqina obuthe qeqekekileyo. [umthetho]

Icala eliphambili: Ukubekwa komsebenzi owenziwa emhlabeni

Ityala ngokwalo aliqali kwangoko emva kokuba ubanjiwe. Amanyathelo aliqela angaphambi kovavanyo abalulekileyo kwinkqubo kwaye ngokufuthi afumanisa ukuba ityala liya kuvavanywa okanye liyasombululwa ngokucetyiswa.

Ukubanjwa Nokubhaliswa Kwencwadi

Inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho iqala ngokubanjwa, mhlawumbi ngemvume okanye ngaphandle kwemvume. Ukrokrelwa ubanjwa aze abhaliswe, okuquka ukuchongwa kweminwe, ukufota nokushicilela inkcazelo yobuqu. Kwimimandla emininzi, ukubonakala kokuqala phambi kwejaji kwenzeka kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48, apho lowo ubanjiweyo axelelwa izityholo aze acetyiswe ngamalungelo awo. UBail angamiselwa kweli nqanaba.

Ulungelelaniso

Njengoko kuphawulwe kwinqaku lokuqala, ityala lokuqala elisemthethweni eliqhubeka emva kokubekwa kwezityholo ligcinwe. Ummangalelwa uziswa phambi komgwebi, ufunda izityholo, aze acele ukungena kwisibongozo. Izicelo ezimgangathweni ezintathu zeze u-wilty, akawenzi isaphuli-mthetho [[, kwaye [[FLT]] u-anore [ukhuphiswano]. Isicelo sovavanyo sithetha ukuba umgqebi akavumi ulwaphulo-tyala kodwa uyavuma isohlwayo njengokwaphul''amo lwetyala. Ukuba umgciphelo umisela ucwangciso lwetyala nogwebo. Ukuba ugwebe ngetyala, ugwebo olusemthethweni phambi komgwebi.

Intshukumo namazwi angaphambili

Emva kokubekwa ngolungelelwano, macala omabini amacala efayile yangaphambi kwetyala ukusombulula imiba yomthetho phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Intshukumo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhupha ubungqina – Argees ezithi ubungqina bufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni (umz., ngaphandle kogunyaziso okanye unobangela olindelekileyo) kwaye kufuneka zikhutshwe.
  • Ukukhupha – ingqina ukuba izityholo azinele ngokusemthethweni okanye zaphula amalungelo ommangalelwa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuququzelela ukutshintshwa kwendawo – ifuna ukushenxisela ityala kwindawo eyahlukileyo ukuqinisekisa igqibo elilungileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukufumana – izicelo zokuba umtshutshisi abelane ngobungqina, uluhlu lokunikela ubungqina, kunye nezinye izinto ezinxulumene nokhuseleko.

Ijaji ibamba amatyala akwizindululo, ngokufuthi elawula kuzo phambi kokuba kuqalise ukuchotshelwa. Le mithetho ingabubumba ngokuphawulekayo ubungqina kunye neqhinga. Ityala liphelela kwisibongozo esiceliweyo kweli nqanaba. Ngokuphantse ibe ngu-90-95% yamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho e-U.S. apheliswe ngezicelo kunokuvavanywa (U.S.]).

Ukwandiswa kwebhari yeplanga

I-Plea ingunxibelelwano phakathi komtshutshisi nokhuseleko apho ummangalelwa evuma ukumangalela ngetyala elincinane, ngokufuthi kwityala elincinane okanye ukutshintshiselana ngesigwebo esincitshisiweyo. Nangona kungeyoqonga lokuchophela ityala ngalinye, liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Ijaji kufuneka ivume nasiphi na isicelo kwaye iqinisekise ukuba ummangalelwa uyayiqonda imiphumo.

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala: Ukuvavanywa Kwalo

Ukuba akukho sibongozo sifikelelweyo, ityala liqhubekela ekuvavanyweni. Icandelo lokuvavanywa liyinxalenye yoluntu nokwaziwa kakuhle kwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukhetho lwe Jury ([[FLT: 0] Idire ejikelezayo[[FLT: 1]])

Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, inyathelo lokuqala kukukhetha ityala. Abaququzeleli bejaji babizwa kuluntu kwaye bancinwa ngabagwebi namagqwetha. Injongo ye iyingozi kukufumana abachopheli-mthetho abangakhethiyo abanokugqiba ngetyala ngokubhekiselele kwityala. Bobabini abagwebi bangabizwa [[FLT:] [2] banokubuza ngetyala [umz.g., ulwalamano, inxenye kwiqela) kwaye basebenzise imingeni [[FL:] [FLT] [12] ityala elingephindiweyo, (iiiiiiiiivosi-juzi ezithene, nangona bengenakuchazwa isizathu sokwenza i- discrite [FFoct:] [bson]] [2] umbano, ulwalamano lomlinganiselo wetyala lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko setyala [exetiko], isenokusetyenziswa iityala ezincinane.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Xa ijaji ithe yafunga, ityala liqala ngokusemthethweni ngezibakala zokuvula. Ityala lithetha kuqala, lichaza ubungqina ababulindeleyo bokunikela nokuthetha ibali loko bakukholelwayo. Ukuzithethelela kunganikela ingxelo yokuvula ngokukhawuleza emva okanye ukuyigcina de kube emva kokuyidlulisa ityala layo. Iingxelo zokuvula asiyompikiswano; zizinto eziboniswa kwangaphambili kobungqina. Abathathi-nxaxheba abanakuphikisana okanye bafumane iziphelo kule nqanaba; banokuchaza kuphela oko ubungqina buzakubonisa.

Umboniso wobungqina: Ityala loMtshutshisi

Ityala linikela ubungqina balo kuqala, libiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa imiboniso. AmaNgqina afunga ukuxelela inyaniso kwaye avavanywa ngako uvavanyo olungqalileyo ngumtshutshisi. Emva kokuba ingqwalaselo inelungelo [ i-astamine-actal [ ingqina, isoloko ihlasela ukuthembeka okanye ukuchasana. Ubungqina bungaba yi-STRITY, amaphepha, amaxwebhu, okanye i-recurecurection (umz. g., iintetho, iividiyo). Imithetho yobungqina ilawula oko kuthethwa ngu-admiss, kunye nomgwebi wezo ezisuka kuzo zombini.

Isitshixo senkcazo ecacileyo:

  • [[UMTLL:0] Igalelo – Ubungqina bumele buthambeke ekungqineni okanye ekukhanyeni inyani ekhutshweyo.
  • iindlebe zesate - Iingxelo ezithenjiswe ukungqina inyaniso yento azinakuguqulwa, ngaphandle kwezinto ezininzi.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Privilege – uthungelwano oluyimfihlo (i-attney-cleen, i-spousal) ziyakhuselwa.

Ityala kufuneka lingqine zonke iinkalo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokuthandabuza.

Intshukumo yeSigwebo esiTyhinqwe ngqo

Emva kokuba ityala libekwe, ukhuseleko lungashukunyiselwa kwisigqibo esilathisiweyo (esibizwa ngokuba lugwebo lokugweba). Ingxubusho ithi ityala alibunikelanga ubungqina obaneleyo bokuxhasa ukuqinisekiswa. Ukuba ijaji inika ukushukuma, ityala liphela kwaye ummangalelwa ukhululwe. Ukuba ukhanyelwe, ityala liyaqhubeka.

Ubungqina: Ityala Lokhuselo

Ngoko ingqwalaselo inikela ubungqina bayo namangqina. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokungqina, kodwa ukwanelungelo lokuhlala ethe cwaka. Ukuba akhetha ukungangqini, abachopheli-choinyo abanakukwazi ukuvala ityala ngenxa yoko kuthe cwaka. Ukuzikhusela kunokubiza amangqina angama-alibi, amangqina obuchule (umz., iingcali zengqondo, okanye amangqina abonakalisa ubuntu. Ingxengxengxezo ithetha ngokunqamleza la mangqina kanye njengokuba ingxengxengxezo yakwenza ngamangqina okumangalela.

Emva kokuba ukhuseleko luphumile, ingtshutshiso inganikela ubungqina obuphikisayo ukuphendula imiba emitsha ephakanyiswe yi-ukhuselo. Ukhuseleko lunganika ukhuthuzo [[FLT]].

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Zombini ezi macala zinikela iimpikiswano zokuqukumbela, zishwankathela ubungqina kwaye zibongoza abachopheli-tyala ukuba bafikelele kwisigqibo esithile. Ityala lithatha isigwebo kuqala, emva koko liziphendulele, yaye ityala lisenokufumana impikiswano yokugqibela. Iimpikiswano ezivalayo zilapho amagqwetha anokuphikisana khona, abonise ukungavumelani, kunye nesibheno kwingqiqo yabachopheli-mthetho. Abakwazi ukubhekisela kubungqina obunganikelwanga okanye obungahlaselwanga.

Imiyalelo yengoma kunye nonikezelo

Phambi kokuba abachopheli-tyala baqalise ukukhupha ityala, ijaji ifunda imiyalelo ye- (esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yityala). Le miyalelo icacisa umthetho osebenzayo kwityala, njengenkcazelo yolwaphulo-mthetho, umthwalo wobungqina, kunye neziqalelo zengtshutshiso kufuneka zingqine. Kwakhona ijaji iyalela abagwebi indlela yokuvavanya ukuthembeka nokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.

Abachopheli betyala bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi labucala . Bakhetha umqhubi ophambili ukukhokela ingxubusho. Bahlola ubungqina, bathathe amaphetshana ukuba bavumelekile, baze basebenze ukuze bafikelele kwisigqibo esiphindiweyo. Ulwamkelo lungathatha imizuzu okanye iiveki, kuxhomekeke ekuntsonkothekeni kwetyala kunye namandla ejaji ukuvumelana. Ukuba ijaji ayifiki kwisigqibo sesivumelwano emva kokuba ithe yandisa ingxubusho, ijaji ingavakalisa [[[FLT:]] imiba yolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yomgwebi oxhotyiweyo. Ityala linokukhetha ukuphinda livume.

Isichazi-magama seseva

Xa igqibo labachopheli-tyala lifikelela kwisigqibo, babuyela enkundlani. Umphambili ubhengeza isigqibo kwinkundla evulekileyo. Isigqibo kufuneka sibe senoba qhaga yokwaphula okanye engenatyala [ kwityala ngalinye. Isigqibo esingaphumeleliyo ngokomphambili siphumeza isiqinisekiso, kwaye ummangalelwa ukhululekile ukuhamba. Isigqibo esinetyala sikhokelela kwisigaba esilandelayo: Isigwebo.

Icala lomkhosi wezomthetho wePosi: Ukugwetywa nokubhenela

Emva kokuba ligwetywe, ityala alipheli ngoko nangoko, inkundla iqalisa ukugweba yaye ummangalelwa usenokuba nelungelo lokubhenela.

Ukugweba Indlebe

Ijaji imisela umhla wokugwetywa kwesigwebo, ngokuqhelekileyo iiveki emva kwesigqibo. Phambi kokuba isigwebo sigwetywe, inkundla iyalela ingxelo yophando lwetyala elungiselelwe ligosa lokuvavanya. Le ngxelo iquka imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa, imvelaphi yobuqu, ifuthe kumaxhoba, kunye nesigwebo esinconyelweyo. Isigwebo esinconyelweyo singafaka ingxelo. Ummangalelwa uyakwazi ukunikela iingxelo. Ingxelo zophando [[[FLT:] igosa-atho )] phambi kokuba abagwebi begwetyiswe. Iindlela zokugweba ziyahluka ngokubanzi kwaye ziquka ukugcinwa, intlawulo, iimpahla zoluntu, ukuhlawulelwa, ukuvalelwa (ilja okanye ukuvalelwa), okanye ukuditya. [FTB]

Izibheno

Ummangalelwa ogwetywayo aze agwetywe angabhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno aziyozingcelele eziqulunqwe ngokutsha; zilucelomngeni lomthetho olujoliswe kwimpazamo zomthetho ozenzekileyo ebudeni betyala (umz., ukuvunywa okungafanelekanga kobungqina, imiyalelo ephosakeleyo yabachopheli-tyala, imvume yokugweba, ixelekwano engalunganga). Inkundla yezicelo ihlola ingxelo yokuchophela kwetyala kwaye ibhale iimpendululo ezibhalwe macala omabini. Ukuba inkundla yezicelo ifumana impazamo elulayo, isenokuhlenga ukulisela, okanye ilungise isigwebo. Umtshutshisi akanakubhenela ityala ngenxa yokuzikhusela okuphindwe kabini. Ukufunda okubheke phambili kwizicelo, bona [[FLT:] iBar Melikan Association yeNteins Cowards Ikhor i-okstst syst [FFF1]

Isicwangciso sokuLungisa

Ngapha koko, ummangalelwa angafuna isicombululo sasemva kokuququzelelwa (umz., habeas corpus) ukuvavanya ubukho bomgunyathi babo besekelwe kwimithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko. Ezi zibongozo zidla ngokuba zezona zinyuso zokugqibela kwaye ziphantsi kwemida yexesha elingqongqo kunye nemivalo ye-procedtura.

Amalungelo omkhuseli ukutyhubela inkqubo

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States uqinisekisa amalungelo aliqela kwabamangalelwayo ngalo lonke ixesha:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ilungelo lokunika isiluleko – IsiHlanzi soHlaziyo seSithandathu siqinisekisa umelo olusemthethweni. Ukuba ummangalelwa akanakukwazi ukuhlawula igqwetha, omnye kufuneka amiselwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene kuvavanyo olukhawulezayo nolukawonke-wonke – ukulibazisa kufuneka kugwetyelwe. Ukuvavanywa kukawonke-wonke kuqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe.
  • Ekunene kwiqela labagwebi abangakhethiyo – Abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka bathathwe kwicandelo elinqamlezileyo elilungileyo lengingqi kwaye bangacaci.
  • ekunene ukujolisa kumangqina – Ingxubelo inganqumla amangqina etyala elingenayo i-examine.
  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene ukuhlala uthulile – IsiHlanzi sesihlanu sikhusela ekuzichaseni. Ukuzola kommangalelwa akunakusetyenziswa kubo.
  • Ukhuseleko kwingozi ephindwe kabini – Umntu akanakuvavanywa kabini kwityala elifanayo emva kokugwetywa.

La malungelo asekelwe kubulungisa benkqubo yokuvavanya. Kwinkcazelo esemthethweni, tyelela [[FLT: 0] USUSA. icandelo lolwaphulo-mthetho lokulawula elikwinkqubo yezobulungisa kwiphepha.

Ukujongana Ngokukhethekileyo: Izilingo Zebhentshi, Iimeko Ezintsonkothileyo, NeePlea

Asizizo zonke iityala ezibandakanya iijaji. Kwityala lejaji , ummangalelwa urhoxisa ilungelo lakhe kwijaji kwaye ijaji igqiba zombini izibakala kunye nomthetho. Iityala ze-Bench zidla ngokukhawuleza kwaye zinokukhethwa xa ityala libandakanya imiba entso enzima okanye xa ijaji isenokuphenjelelwa ziimeko ezingokweemvakalelo. Noko ke, uninzi lwabamangalelwa bolwaphulo-mthetho lukhetha ukuvavanywa kwetyala, lukholelwa ukuba ijaji idla ngokuphuma kwityala elingekho mgwebo.

Ulwahlulo lwe-Plea luhlala luyindlela yesigqibo elawulayo. Ngokwe-Bureau of Justice Statistics, ngaphezu kwama-90% karhulumente kunye neenkolelo zikarhulumente zibangelwa zizicelo zetyala ( I-Bureau of Justice Statistics). Ngelixesha isibongozo sinokuyikhulula inkqubo kwaye sinciphise ukungaqiniseki, kwakhona baphakamisa inkxalabo ngokunyanzelisa, ukucela okumsulwa, kunye nokungamelanganele.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yetyala yeyokuvavanya ilungelelaniswa ngokucokisekileyo, yenzelwe ukuphakamisa okusesikweni, ikhusela amalungelo abamangalelwa, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba kuphela abo bagwetywe ngetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni bohlwaywa. Ukusuka ekubanjweni kokuqala nasekuchotshelweni ngezenzo zangaphambi kwetyala, ekukhethweni kwejaji, ekunikezelweni kobungqina, ekuvalweni kwetyala, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa, inyathelo ngalinye lifeza injongo ekhethekileyo. Ukuqonda lamanqanaba abekwe phantsi kwenkqubo esemthethweni kwaye kunika abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bahambe ngayo ngentembelo engakumbi. Ukuba ungumfundi wezomthetho, ugqirha, okanye uthile ojamelene nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukwazi oko unokukwenza ulindele izigqibo ezichaziweyo kunye nokusebenza ngokunempumelelo ngesiluleko esisemthethweni.