Iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo zibumba ummandla wezopolitiko kwimimandla emininzi yedemokhrasi, ukusuka eUnited Kingdom nase Canada ukuya eIndiya naseUnited States. Ezi nkqubo zivuza abo baphumelele eyona njongo yovoti kwisithili, ngokufuthi zivelisa oorhulumente abanamandla abayinxalenye enye. Kodwa kuluntu olucekecekeceke-calucalulo olunemigangatho. /amaqela amancinane abantu belizwe, angenamali ezoqoqosho, kunye namanye amaqela akwimeko ekwanti ekhoyo ngokwembalini, umahluko ungahluka kakhulu. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho engundoqo yezopolitiki ephembelela ngayo ifuna ukuqwalasela okanye ukucinezela igalelo lwawo sele ekho kwimidali.

Ukuchaza Iinkqubo zeMajoni

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo zezinye ezithi umvoti okanye iqela elinoninzi lwevoti liphumelele isihlalo. Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yeyokuqala yeyokuvula intsika, esetyenziswa kwisithili esinye. Olunye utshintsho luquka indlela engqukuva ezimbini (eFransi kunye nonyulo oluninzi lukamongameli) kunye nokhetho olunye (lusetyenziswa eAustralia kwindlu esezantsi). Kwimeko nganye, umgaqo osembindini ngowokuba umnqobi uthathe isihlalo, kwaye aphulukane nabavunyiweyo ``nabo bafumana isabelo esikhulu sovoti-jl-/hhayi abafumana isabelo esineenkcukacha sokhetho) kunye nokhetho (olusetyenziswayo kwindlu esezantsi).

Esi sakhiwo sihluke kakhulu kumelo lolwahlulo, apho izihlalo zabelwa amaqela asekelwe kwisabelo sawo sobuzwe okanye sovoti. Abaxhasi benkqubo ezilawulayo baphikisa ukuba bavelisa oorhulumente abazinzileyo, ukuphendula okucacileyo, kunye nonxulumano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwabameli kunye nabameli babo. Abahlalutyi bachaza ukuba basoloko bebalula ukoyisa kweqela elikhulu, beshiya amaqela amancinane yaye besasaza izilangazelelo ngaphandle kwelizwi lomthetho.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo ezichaphazela uluntu oluthe lwaya kumgangatho ophantsi ziquka umlinganiselo wesithili (ngokoqobo isihlalo esinye ngesithili ngasinye), umqobo wokuphumelela (ububanzi okanye ubuninzi), nokusasazwa kwelizwe labavoti. Xa uluntu lungakhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba lubumbe uninzi kuzo naziphi na isithili esisodwa (okanye xa amalungu alo esasazeke kwisithili ezininzi ) kunzima ngokukhethekileyo ukukhetha ummeli ukusuka kuloo butho phantsi kwemithetho yezikhulu.

Umatshini Wokwenza Umlinganiselo Womda Ngaphantsi kweMithetho Enzima

Ucalucalulo lwesakhiwo olwakhelwe kwisixokelelwano se-odatarianism lwenza imiqobo emininzi ekhethekileyo yamaqela acuthiweyo. Ezi ndlela azikho ngengozi; zizalwa zinengqondo yokufumana ukhuphiswano.

Umphumeleli Uthatha Konke Nengxaki Yohlolo lwe-General

Kwisithili esinye, iqela lifuna ukuba lilelona lininzi labemi besithili okanye libumbe umnqongo omkhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba uphumelele. Kwilizwe elisasazeke kakhulu. Eli liqaqobana elisasazekileyo ````njenge-diaspora' uluntu olusasazeke kulo lonke elo lizwe'. Kunzima ukunikela ingqalelo eyaneleyo kwivoti enye ukuchola nakwesiphi na isithili esinye ukuchola umhla wokukhetha umba ongowabo. Kwanaxa iqela elimbalwa lixhaswe kakhulu kwimimandla embalwa, umelo lweqela liza kudityaniswa liphela liza kukhutshwa ngamanani ezo zithi. Oku kungakhokelela ekungahambelani okunzima phakathi kwabemi besizwe kunye nesabelo salo somthetho.

Ulawulo olucwangcisiweyo “noMgwebi wobubi obubini”

Abavoti abasuka kuluntu olucekeceke basoloko bejongene nothotho olunzima. Ukuba umvo othandwayo okanye umbutho wabo ungenakuphumelela, basenokuziva benyanzelekile ukuba bavote umvotisi osebenza kakuhle ukukhusela iziphumo ezide zibe mbi. Le nto, eyaziwa ngokuba lukhetho olubalulekileyo okanye oluneqhinga, ithoba ixineze imbonakalo yokukhetha okunyanisekileyo kwezobupolitika. Xa iphindaphindwa ngonyulo oluninzi, isenokuphelisa ukuthemba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi kwaye ivelise ingqiqo yokuba ukuvota kusindelwa nje kusenzweni kunokuba kuphendulwe.

Imiphumo Edidayo Yocinezelo Lwezinto Ezininzi Nezokudimazeka

Imigudu yembali neyexeshanye yokumisela amalungelo okuvota − ngokusebenzisa imithetho ye-ID yomvoti, ukuhlambulula iirola, ukucutha iindawo zokuvota, okanye ukudiliza kwe-felon ukujolisa uluntu olukwicandelo eliphezulu. Kwinkqubo ezingundoqo, unciphiso oluncinane kuvoti-gocio phakathi kweqela elithile lungagqiba ukuba elo qela lifumana indawo yokuhlala okanye liwe kancinci. Ngenxa yokuba izihlalo azibelwanga ngokwemilinganiselo, zicinezela amawaka ambalwa amavoti kwisithili esingundoqo zinokuba nempembelelo engaphandle kumelo olupheleleyo lwalo luntu.

I-Gradisi yeNtshona Koloni

Kwiinkqubo eziphambili, ukuzoba imida yesithili sonyulo kusisixhobo esinamandla. Gerrymandering .Inqanda imida yokukhetha iqela elithile okanye iqela elithile, ngokupakisha abavoti abagwetyelweyo kwinani elincinane lesithili (ukuvota kwabo kwisithili esiphezulu esingephi) okanye ukuwahlula kwimimandla emininzi (ukunceda impembelelo yabo). Ngelixesha iinguqu ezichasene nomthetho zikho kwezinye iindawo, uqheliso luhlala lusemthethweni kwaye lwandiswa kwezinye, lunciphisa amandla oluntu olunemibakhetha abameli babo abakhethwayo.

Imiphumo Yokubandakanyeka Kwezobupolitika

Xa abantu beqonda ukuba ukuvota kwabo kuthatha ubunzima obuncinci ngenxa yenkqubo yokukhetha, ukudibana kwabo nezobupolitika kungachaphazeleka ngeendlela ezingenakulinganiswa. Iziphumo azifani/inye ibutho labantu lisabela ngokuzinzisa nokulungisa, kodwa ukudibanisa kwesixokelelwano kuyinto yokwenene.

Ukuphethuka Kwendlela Ephantsi Nenkxwaleko Yezobupolitika

Uphando oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba umvoti uphantsi kwiinkqubo zolawulo kuneenkqubo zolungelelwaniso, kwaye umsantsa uchazwa ngokukhethekileyo phakathi kwamaqela aphantsi. Xa abantu abasuka kula mazwe bevakalelwa kukuba ukuthatha kwabo inxaxheba akufane kuguqule iziphumo zonyulo, basenokuzenza zibe nemvakalelo yokungabi nanto. Oku kungakhokelela kumjikelezo wokujika kancinci, urhulumente ongasabeli, ukuqhekeka okuqhubekayo, nokungakhathalelwa kweemfuno zoluntu ngabatshati-mvume abangaziboniyo njengabavoti abagqibele.

Ukuguqukela Kwindawo Yokuzingisa Nokungathabathi Nto

Amanye amaqela athobileyo asebenzisa amandla awo ezobupolitika ngaphandle kwebala lemidlalo. Ukuqhatha, ukukhaba, amaphulo e-intanethi, kunye nee-intanethi zoncedo loluntu zingaba ziintlobo eziphambili zokuchaza ngokwezobupolitika xa imijelo esesikweni yokukhetha ibonakala ivaliwe. Nangona le misebenzi isemthethweni kwaye inokubangela utshintsho kwibutho labantu, isenokuphinda iqinise ingcamango yokuba inkqubo yezopolitiko esemthethweni yezopolitiko yezabanye. Oku kuphembelela ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi kwamaziko anyuliweyo.

Ukungahoywa koMgaqo-nkqubo

Xa uluntu oluphantsi lungamelwe ngokwamanani alo, imigaqo-nkqubo exutyushwayo nemiselwe kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho idla ngokubonakalisa ezona zibalulekileyo zamaqela aphumelela kunyulo. Umzekelo, abantu bomthonyama eKhanada nase-Australia baye bawabona ngokwembali embalini amalungelo abo elizwe, ulondolozo lwenkcubeko, kunye neemfuno zentlalo-ntle yoluntu zihliswa phantsi kwemigaqo-ntloko-siseko. Ukunqongophala komelo olunezolwazi oluzimo-"ukungameleni ) abameli abanolwahluzi olune nemvelaphi kunye namava angaphantsi komelo eenkqubo.

Imiphumo Engokwengqondo: Ukunganyaniseki Nokuthenjwa

Into engundoqo ethintela ukudityaniswa kwezobupolitika ingaphakathi kwaye isebenza ngaphandle kwezobupolitika.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Imimandla ephangaleleyo kwiMikhosi yaMajoritarian Democracity

IMibutho YaseAfrika YaseMerika NeyaseLatino EUnited States

I-United States isebenzisa unyulo lokuqala lwexesha elidlulileyo lwezinyuko ezininzi zomthetho, zidityaniswe nesithili esinye. Phezu kwayo nje iSivumelwano samaLungelo samaLungelo ka-1965, esiyalela iinkqubo zolawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye sifuna amagunya athile ukuze kuvezwe imimandla emininzi, i-Afrika kunye ne-Latino ijongene nonyuko. Unyuko lwe-Rocentier germerder kunye novotarder engqongqo imithetho ye-ID echaphazele ngokuphindwe kaninzi kula maqela. Ngomzekelo, i-Blackpotooce yayibonakala ifana kakhulu nokudibana neengxaki zokuchola. Ngexesha izininzi zezikolo zephondo zincedisebalwayo, zikwakuvota amandla okuvota kwezi ndawo ezilinganiselweyo, zisenza nzima ukuphembelela impembelelo ekwande.

Abantu Belizwe Labo Linye EKhanada

Inkqubo yokuqala yexesha elidlulileyo yeKhanada iboniselwe phantsi kwemimandla yelizwe. Nangona inani lamalungu ePalamente ehlala khona liye landa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, lisengaphantsi kwesabelo sabemi belizwe. I-Geographic ingunobangela obalulekileyo: abantu abaninzi abahlala emaphandleni nasezindaweni ezikude, kodwa abazanelanga ukwenza uninzi lwabakhweli abaninzi. Unyulo lwamazwe asekuhlaleni lubalaselise unyulo oluphezulu lwe-INAGRAP, kodwa umqobo wendlela eseleyo. Abanye abaxhasi be-IGreversethi babiza utshintsho lokhetho, njengomelo olunolwahlulo okanye ulwahlulo lwezihlalo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalizwi abo aviwe rhoqo.

Ubuncinane Beentlanga EBukumkanini Obumanyeneyo

Kwi-UK, amaqela amancinane amaqela ajolise ekuhlaleni, athe athe anziswa kakhulu kwi-contituec, ewavumela ukuba anyuse inani elikhulayo lee-MP. Kodwa, umelo lwe-Black, Asia, kunye nohlanga oluncinane (BAME) lwemibutho ekhoyo lusasilela kwisabelo sabemi bobuzwe. Inkqubo yokuqala yesiphelo sobuhlanga engaphezulu imela amaqela amabini amakhulu kwaye ngaphantsi kwamaqela amancinci adla ngokutsala ivota abambalwa. Umzekelo, iLiberal Democrates kunye neLuck Party ifumana isabelo esincinane kakhulu sezihlalo kunaleyo icebisa ukuba ivoti yabo, kwaye ngokufuthi badla ngokuxhasa imiba encinane. Oku kungadibani kunokudinisa i-BE ekuxhaseni amaqela ayo ukuba athe athe athe athe amaqela athe athe athe arhola.

I-Dalit ne-Adivasi eIndiya

IIndiya isebenzisa ideshi lokuqala-mphambili wendlu yayo esezantsi enkulu, iLok Sabha. Ngeli xesha igcinwe ii-constituecres zeShedymard Castes (Dalits) kunye neShedyd Pavolution (Adivasis) iqinisekisa inani elincinane lezihlalo kula maqela, ilungiselelo linemiqathango. Izihlalo ezishiyekileyo zikwizihlalo eziphezulu kuphela ezinamaqela aphezulu, kwaye abavumi abaphumeleleyo basoloko besuka kumaqela amakhulu ezobupolitika, hayi ngokuqhelekileyo abameli beengca. Ngokubhekele phandle, amanye amaqela akwizintlukwano zonqulo afana namaSilamsmo-ne angagcinwangagcinwanga kwaye ahlala phantsi kwesabelo esinxulumene nabantu babo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekubolekisana kobupolitiko abavakalelwa kukuba nempembelelo encinane.

Ubuchule Bokuququzelela: Utshintsho Nezenzo Zokusebenza Kweengcambu

Nangona izakhiwo zingenaziphene, abantu abathotyiweyo baye bavelisa iindlela zokwandisa umanyano lwabo lwezopolitiko nempembelelo yabo phantsi kweenkqubo eziphambili. Eminye imigudu ifuna ukutshintsha imithetho ngokwayo, ngoxa eminye isebenza kwisiseko esikhoyo.

Ulwakhiwo lomanyano kunye nomanyano oluphakathi

Xa kungekho qela linye eliphantsi elinokuphumelela kwisithili ngokwalo, lisenza iminqophiso namanye amaqela `iinqanawa''). Kuquka abavoti--abaninzi abanokwandayo. Oku kufuna ukuthembana, ingxoxo, kunye nezinto eziphambili ezicazululwayo. Isakhiwo sobukholo singanweba nakwezo zingezozo iprojekthi, apho amaqela afumana izinto zokubhalisa abavoti, ukuqhuba ngaphandle, kunye nokutsala i-folo ukwenzela izilangazelelo ezifanayo.

Utshintsho lwenkqubo ebanzi

Imibutho emininzi ye-Fairvocation eUnited States kunye ne-Electoral Reformation Society eUnited Kingdom, ityhala ukususwa ukusuka kwindawo yokuqala yezokuqala-mva ukuya kuvota okulungelelwaniswayo okanye iinkqubo zolwahlulo. Ezi nguqu zinganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba amavoti amaqela amancinane okanye amatsha azimeleyo awalahlwanga, kwaye ukuba isihlalo sonke sincedisana ngokusondeleyo nesabelo sovoto. Amanye amazwe aye alwamkela ngempumelelo utshintsho olunjalo: INew Zealand yatshintshelwa kwinkqubo edityanisiweyo yelungu elinye ngo199, kunye nomelo lweMaori kunye namanye amaqela amancinane aphuculwa. Ukuvelisa utshintsho akunzima ngokopolitiki, njengokuba amaqela amakhulu angenelwayo kwimeko echasana ne-Puvolu ngokuqhelekileyo alwayo.

Ukulungiselela Uluntu Nemfundo Yemibi

Imibutho ekhuthaza ukuvota idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuguquleni abavoti abasezantsi nasekufundiseni ngendlela imicimbi yabo yokuvota kwanakwinkqubo ephambili. Ngokuqwalasela kwimiba yezizwe zasekuhlaleni, kunyulo lwequmrhu lesikolo, kunye neminye imiba yokuthoba imidlalo, la maqela abonisa ukuba ukubotshwa kwemali kunokubangela iziphumo ezicacileyo kumgangatho woluntu. Imfundo yezentlalo ephumelelayo ikwazisusa iingcamango zokudlala amavoti kwaye ichaze indlela ukuvota okunokusetyenziswa ngayo ngamanye amaxesha ukuhambisela phambili izilangazelelo zeqela.

Ucelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni Notshintsho Oluhlaziyayo

EUnited States, uMthendeleko waMalungelo oMgaqo-siseko ogunyazisa ukuvavanywa kolwaphulo-mthetho olulucelomngeni lokhetho kunye noqheliselo lokuvota kunye nee-gerrymander. Amaqela angoosomashishini njenge Brennan Center yeJaji kunye neZiko le-American Liberaties Union azise ngempumelelo amatyala athintele imithetho ye-Id evoti okanye anyanzelele ukudalwa kwemimandla yabahlali-bancutshe. Noko ke, izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zadambisa ezinye zezi ndlela zokuzikhusela, zenza zivuselelo utshintsho oluphambili. I- Independentrificiling Commentaliting Commentings, njengoko kusetyenziswa kumazwe anjengeKhalifoni neMigan, zinganciphisa i-gerryman kunye nokwenza iimaphu ezintle.

Enye imodeli: IiSeats ezigciniweyo nomelo lwekhompyutha esebenza njengomqobo

Amanye amazwe aye azama izihlalo zomthetho ezigciniweyo kumaqela athile aphantsi. Umzekelo, iNew Zealand inezihlalo ezinikezelweyo zamaMaori, kwaye amazwe amaninzi agcinela amabhinqa izihlalo. Ezi ndlela zingaqinisekisa ulwahlulo olusisiseko lomelo nokwandisa ukuganana, kodwa azinakugxekwa. Abachasi baphikisa ukuba izihlalo ezigciniweyo zingenza isiphumo se-ghetto-enzaliseko okanye abameli abanakuba netyala kuluntu olubanzi. Noko ke, kuluntu olungaphantsi kakhulu kombutho, izihlalo ezigciniweyo zinika isisombululo se-pragmatic phakathi kwesakhiwo esikhulu.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo zinempembelelo enamandla kumanyano lwezobupolitika lwemibutho ephantsi. Iimpawu zesakhiwo zeendawo eziphumeleleyo ezifumana izithuba zonke, zidityaniswe neengcinezelo zokuvota, ukuphembelela, kunye nokucinezela okubalulekileyo, zenza imiqobo elinganayo yokuthabatha inxaxheba kunye nokumela. Iziphumo ````lw suppout, uvukelo, kunye nenkqubo ayipheli, kodwa azinakunqandwa, kodwa zisekelwe ngokunzulu kwindlela ezi nkqubo eziwabeka ngayo amandla.

Kwangaxeshanye, uluntu olucekeceke alungomaxhoba angenamsebenzi owenziwe ngokhetho. Ngolwakhiwo oludibeneyo, ukulungelelanisa iingca ezingqukuva, ucelomngeni lomthetho, kunye nokukhutshwa kwemithetho esemthethweni yokuguqula inkqubo, lukrolile iindawo zokuphembelela iimeko ezingathandekiyo. Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zibalulekile, kodwa kukwanjalo nokuzimisela kwabantu ukwenza amazwi abo avakalwe. Ukuqonda ukudityaniswa phakathi kwemithetho engundoqo kunye nokubophelela okusemgangathweni kubalulekile kuye nabani na ozinikele ekwakheni ulawulo-demokhrasi olupheleleyo, .

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya kwiziphumo zenkqubo yonyulo, bona umsebenzi we ekwayiyo iNguqu yoMbutho kunye ne Brennan Center yeJaji. Izifundo ze-Academic ngu-Arend Lijphart no-Pippa Norris zikwanika uhlalutyo lothelekiso oluthe ngqo.