IMini yoKwahlula izithethe imele njengenye yezona zithethe zihlala zihleli zedemokhrasi yaseMerika, isiganeko esingapheliyo esiqinisekisa ekuhleni ukuzinikela kwesizwe ekutshintsheni koxolo, ukulungelelana kolawulo. Ngaphezu kwesiganeko esiphambili, lixesha abachasi bezobupolitika abamisa ngalo, amaqumrhu kunye nabemi bamenywa ukuba bazibone beyinxalenye yerepublic eyahlukeneyo. Isifungo sobumongameli, esithethwayo kwintliziyo yomsiko, siqinisekisa ukufika kwenkokeli yezomGaqo-siseko, kwaye, ngokungakumbi, kubantu abakhonzayo. Imini kunye, umsebenzi wesifungo njengekhankamfa sokufundisa i-cawa, ikhumbuza zonke izizukulwana ukuba ukuvavanywa komthetho kunye nokuthembana kwazo. Oku kuvavanywa kwandiswa kwemitshayelo, ukudityaniswa komvotel-o-ograckist, ukudiant, kunye nokukhuphiswa kosuku lwesizwe, kunye nokuquququlwa kwesizwe, ukubulisa kwesizwe sesizwe somanyano sesizwe sesizwe, kunye neso singu-(ne.) kunye ne

Imvelaphi nesiseko somGaqo-siseko somhla wokumiselwa

Abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ngokumangalisayo banikela umbhalo omncinane oya kumaqonga olandelelwano lomongameli. Icandelo II, Icandelo 1, Claus 8 ngokulula ligunyazisa ukuba umongameli afunge okanye avume ngaphambi kokungena eofisini, kwaye unika amagama achanileyo. UMgaqo-siseko awuluchazi umhla womsitho, kwaye awugunyazisi naluphi na uvavanyo olulandelayo lwekhasicango. Lo mgaqo-siseko ushiya negumbi lobukhombolozelo nesithethe ukuze uzalise iinkcukacha kwiinkulungwane. Unikezelo lokuqala, olubanjwe ngoApril 30, 1789, kwisiXeko saseNew York, ngokwalo, lwaluyimbambano engxamisekileyo.

Inqaku II Nomyalelo Wesinyithi

Imfuneko yomgaqo-siseko yesifungo ibonisa inkxalabo enzulu yabalawuli ngegunya eliphakamileyo. Babesandul' ukulwa nomvukelo nxamnye nomlawuli othi unelungelo lobuthixo; babefuna igunya lomongameli libe nemibandela ecacileyo. Ulwimi ````Serveridge, ukhusele kwaye ukhusele umGaqo-siseko'''." asilodinga elicacileyo lokulawula okulungileyo kodwa ngumsebenzi othe ngqo osemthethweni. Ngokufunga ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izinto, umongameli wamkela indima engaphantsi kumthetho wesiseko wesizwe. Lo lwimi luphawu oluphantsi lomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Ngokubalulekileyo, izifungo azikuchazi nasiphi nasiphi na isithembiso esibhekiselele kuThixo, iqela, okanye ukunyaniseka kobuqu. Isifungo singumsebenzi othe ngqo, hayi kubantu, hayi kwisikhundla, hayi kwisikhundla sezobupolitika.

Ukumiselwa Kokuqala

Kunikezelo lukaGeorge Washington ngowe-1789 wamisela isibumbelo phantse zonke izinto ezalandelwa. Wahamba ukusuka kwiMount Vernon ukuya kwisiXeko saseNew York edweliswe ngoothotho lokubonakalisa ukuthobeka kwerepublic. Wayenxiba isuti ecacileyo yelaphu eliphangaleleyo elenziwe yiMelika kunokuba alawule emkhosini. Kwidilesi yakhe yokuqalisa, Washington wagxininisa “ukulondolozwa komlilo ongcwele wenkululeko” kunye nemfuneko yokuba“ umoya wobungcathuntu phakathi kwabemi”. Isigqibo sakhe sokudibanisa ibinzana elithi “Undincede uThixo” emva kokuqalisa kwesithethe somGaqo-siseko (ngoko) esithenjiweyo) esiqhubeka, nangona singafunwanga ngumthetho. Okukhulu, umhlala phantsi kweWashington emva kwemiqathangomhlala-mhlala-mhlala-mgangatho, esingazange ibhalwe phakathi kwe-Rhunyuse. Ngaphandle kolawulo lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala, unokuba ngumqondiso obonakalayo.

Undoqo WeOath Yomongameli

Isifungo sikuphela kombhalo ofunwa ngumongameli ukuba athethe ngokuvakalayo ekuqaleni kwegama lawo. Ukukhawuleza kwawo (amagama angama-35) kuchaza ubunzima bawo obukhulu bomthetho nobomfuziselo.

Umbhalo Weoath Neentlobo - ntlobo Zezinto

Inqaku II, Icandelo 1, u-Claus 8 lifundeka ngolu hlobo: Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembekileyo ndiza kuphumeza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa ngcono ubuchule bam, ndigcine, ndikhusele, ndikhusele, ndikhusele uMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Umzali “okanye ugunyaziso) uqukiwe ukulungiselela amaQuaker namanye amaqela onqulo azama ukufunga izifungo. Ibinzana elithi “uphumeze ngokuthembeka” liluqhelisela ulwimi lomthetho wesiNgesi oqhelekileyo kwaye libonisa umsebenzi wento ekufuneka emele isetyenziswe lululwenze ngaphandle. [itrilon “uservectory, kunye nokhuseleko" lungummeli okhuthazayo osebenzayo, okhuthazayo lobugcisogosa-o-ogqeshol.

Nangona amagama elungisiweyo, ukunikezelwa kuyahluka. Abanye oomongameli bongezelele ukuba “ngako ke ndincede uThixo” ekupheleni; abanye, njengoTheodore Roosevelt ngo1901 (emva kokubulawa kukaMcKinley), abazange. UFranklin Pierce wakhetha ukuqinisekisa kunokuba afunge ngo-1853. UJaji oyintloko weNkundla Ephakamileyo ugunyazisa isifungo, kodwa ukuba uJaji oMkhulu akakho, ungenza njalo ngo-(Calvin Coolid), uthe wafungxwa nguyise, umnini-wonke, ngo-19233. Enye intsomi engapheliyo ithetha ukuba ukuba umongameli weSifungo akasithethi ngokomthetho, akangomongameli wendlu esemthethweni. Enyanisweni, isifungo singumbandela wesikhundla, kodwa iNkundla ephakamileyo ayizange ilawule kwisiphumo segama eliphosayo. Umongameli u-Oback, u-Roken, kunye noMongameli odumileyodwa ngokutshotsho ngendlu elungileyo.

“ Ngoko Ndincede UThixo” Isithethe

Ulwandiso lwe- “Yangoku ke uThixo” sisithethe, hayi isiko lomgaqo-siseko. UGeorge Washington kuthiwa udibanise ngokuzenzekelayo, nangona ubungqina bembali buncinane. Wonke umongameli ukususela ngoChester A. Arthur uye wasebenzisa ibinzana elithi, ngaphandle kukaTheodore Roosevelt (owalishiyileyo ngo-1011 phantsi kweemeko zikaxakeka) kwaye mhlawumbi nezinye. Eli binzana liye laba yindawo ecacileyo kwiingxoxo zocawa zocawa kunye norhulumente. Ngonyaka wama-2009, impapasho edityanisiwe iOnion iphume inqaku elihlekisayo [[FLT] kwiBHAYIBHABHABYU] okanye iBHAYIBHILE, likwanentenento engomsebenzini wonqulo oluqhelekileyo, kodwa likwayalelkna, kodwa liphinda liphinde livakalise intelelo yonqulo oluqhelekileyo. Kodwa umongameli siyaqhubeka, kodwa umongameli lwesithethe siyaqhubeka, umongameli lwezo lwezolbhisho oluqhelekileyo, uG.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwegama Elifanayo Njengophawu Lomanyano

Ukunikezelwa bekusoloko kulungiselelwe ukuvelisa umanyano. Esi siganeko sihlanganisa onke amasebe amathathu karhulumente, iinkokeli zomkhosi, oonozakuzaku, kunye nabemi abasuka kulo lonke ilizwe nengingqi. Iqonga kwiNtshona Front yeCapitol lisithuba esibekwe ngocoselelo apho abo babesakuba ngoomongameli, amagosa akhoyo, kunye neqela elizayo lihlala kunye phezu kwayo nje iphulo elibi. Ukuthunyelwa koxolo lwamandla ngokwalo ngumyalezo onamandla: ophulukana nomntu oza kuvuma, intengiselwano yokumela bonke abantu baseMelika, kwaye oomatshini borhulumente bayaqhubeka bengenalugonyamelo. Kwihlabathi apho amazwe amaninzi afumana ukhuthulo okanye amaqela emfazwe emva kokhetho, ukunikezelwa komsebenzi womsebenzi wolawulo lwaseMelika kuboniswa komthetho.

Idilesi Nezimemo Zomanyano

Idilesi yokuvula intetho lithuba lokuqala lomongameli omtsha lokuthetha ngqo nohlanga ngaphandle komququzeleli. Iidilesi ezinkulu zisebenzise lomzuzu ukuphilisa amacandelo. Ukumiswa kwesibini kuka-Abraham Lincoln ngo1865, kunye nesibongozo sakhe sokuba “imali isiya qha kwi-” kunye no-“intlanganiso,” zisengumgangatho wegolide wokuxolelana emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya. U-Franklin D. Rooselt ka-19365 ubhengezo lokuba“ into kuphela esimele siyoyixhalabe yiyo. ” Kutshanje, uMongameli Joe Biden's 2021 ubizwa ngokucacileyo ukuba aphelise“ le mfazwe ingaqhelekanga yezopolitiki. Idilesi ayikhangelwa ngokusemthethweni, kwaye inikwe nguAdam (njengomgaqo onikezelwa nguJohn). Kodwa kudala, umongameli uGeneendondo olude luye lwaqala ukuditya ukwenziwa ngumongameli ngokokuba anikezele ekuthi anikezele umvuzo.

Ukubakho Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Ngowama-2021, abalawuli abahambayo ngokwesithethe bapheleka abathathi-nxaxheba babo kumanyathelo eCapitol, isenzo esayilwayo sokudlulisela inkqubela kunye nokuthakazelelwa. Xa uMongameli uDonald Trump wavumayo ukuya kunikezelo lukaJoe Biden ngo-2021, yaphula isithethe seminyaka eli-152,250 (sibuyela emva kokungabikho kuka-Andrew Johnson e-Ulysses S. Grant’s 1869) yaye yachazwa ngokuba kukungavumi ukufuduselwa ngoxolo kwegunya. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uMongameli uMike u-Mongameli u-Mongameli u-o Pence waya kwinkonzo, nowangaphambili ongumongameli u-Obama, uGeorge, no-Clintolown babekho. Ukungabikho komongameli ophumayo umongameli wesizwe wasekuhlaleni kwaye wagxininisa indlela umgangatho womanyano lwezizwe ngokubanziswa yindawo yesizwe.

Umanyano Lwesizwe Ngamaxesha Obunzima

Imini yokuthomalalisa ithetha kakhulu ngexesha lobungxwelerha besizwe. Emva kokubulawa komongameli, umsitho wesifungo uba lugcino lozinzo. Oku kunjalo nasemva kokurhoxa okanye unyulo olulwelwe ngokusemthethweni. La maxesha avavanya ukuba lo mcimbi uyakwazi ukuphilisa amanxeba okanye enoba ubhala nje amaphepha phezu kwawo.

Ukumiselwa Emva Kokubulawa

Xa uMongameli William McKinley wadutyulwayo ngo1901, uTheodore Roosevelt wafungela ngokukhawuleza endlwini yomhlobo wakhe eBuffalo, eNew York, kungekho sihlwele namsitho. Isifungo sakhe esifutshane . "Isifungo senziwe ngaphandle kweBhayibhile" salandelwa sisithembiso sokuqhuba iinkqubo zikaMcKinley. Isizwe esifuna ukuqinisekiswa, kunye neRoosevelt sasikukuqhubeka nokuqhubeka. Ngokufanayo, emva kokubulawa kukaJohn F. Kennedy ngo-1969, uLydon B. Johnson wafunga kwi-Air Force One, ngokulandelayo eme kuGaf Jacley Kennedy. Umfanekiso womfanekiso waloo mzuzu ubonisa u-Johnson ukuphakamisa isandla sakhe sokunene ngesuti yegazi elibonakalayo.

Ukuyeka kukaRichard Nixon ngowe-1979 kwavelisa uhlobo olwahlukileyo lwengxaki. UGerald Ford wafungela ukuba ngumongameli ngoAgasti 9, 1974, enziwe umsitho omfutshane kwi-East House of the White House. Udumo lwathi, “Into enzima yelizwe lethu iphelile." Idilesi yakhe yokusungula iDimenl."I-"I-eye yanikelwa ngaphandle kobungangamsha obuqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuba isiganeko sasikukudluliselwa phantsi kwehlazo ezingekho mthethweni nokuthenjwa. Ikhono lohlanga lokubuyisela umongameli ohlazisayo kwisithuba seeyure, ngaphandle kongenelelo lomkhosi, yaba ngumqondiso onamandla wokuzinziswa komgaqo-siseko. Kwixesha ngalinye, isifungo sasebenza njengesithethe sokulungisa, ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwesombululo esiqhelekileyo, ukuvuma igunya eliqhelekileyo.

Iindidi Zakutshanje Nezibongozo Zokuphilisa

Olunye uvavanyo lwakutshanje lusenokuba lucelomngeni olukhulu: umphumo wonyulo wama-2020. Uhlaselo lweCapitol lwabangela isithunzi eside kunikezelo lukaJoe Biden kwiintsuku ezilishumi elinesibini kamva. Lo mbhiyozo ngokwawo wakhuseleka kakhulu, kungekho sihlwele sikawonke-wonke kwiSizwe samaMoll ngenxa yezisongelo zokhuseleko zomanyuko kunye ne-COVID ka-19. Idilesi ka-Biden ijongene ngokucacileyo necandelo: “Simele siphelise lemfazwe ye-ibhastile ejijile ebangela ukuba iphinde ibonakale ingubole, esemaphandleni kunye nedolophu, ethanda ukutshintsha. Isiganeko sasiyiso sisenzeka kanye kanye isiqinisekiso sokhuseleko nesoyisongelo esiqhelekileyo. Xa kuthenjiwe kuvunywa urhulumente uluntu kuxhomekeke kuMkhosi we-Choverse. Xa kuthelelwa kuvuse-1920%.

Ukugxekwa Nezikhundla Zobuvangeli Ezingqongwe Yindawo Yokungcungcuthekisa Nokukrazula

Ngako konke ukuntlukwano kwayo okumanyanisayo, ukunikezelwa kwesifungo somongameli akuthintelwanga ekugxekweni. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi lo msitho uye waba ngumbutho ogquma ubuhlwempu obunzulu obungalinganiyo nokwakhiwa. Abanye bathetha ngokungabikho kwesifungo sokunyanzeleka: akukho mongameli osusiweyo kwisikhundla sokwaphula isifungo, kwaye inkqubo yokuba umongameli afanelwe kukutyholwa ngokusigqibileyo iyasebenza, ichasene nenkqubo yezopolitiko.

Ukuphulukana Namathuba Omanyano

Isiko ledilesi yokuvulwa kwayo maxa wambi liye lasetyenziswa ukuqhuba iiverhe kunokuba kwakhiwe iibhulorho. Ukunikezelwa kuka-Andrew Jackson kwakudume ngokumanyumnyezi, nehlokozo labaxhasi behla benyuka kwindlu emhlophe kwaye beyishiya ibetha. Kumaxesha akutshanje, abanye oomongameli baye basebenzisa amazwi abo okuqalisa ukuhlasela abaphikisi babo okanye ukukhuthaza imiqathango yomanyano, ukucutha umoya womanyano. Xa umongameli ophumayo engafuniyo ukuthatha inxaxheba ```a''' ngo1869' okanye ngo-201 no-Johnson okanye ngo-Trump·201 ngo-Truptansan. umbhiyo ulahlekelwa yibhiyo. [[[FLTLD] uViko-National Archives [FLTFLD:1] uqaphele ukuba abalawuli bemiququzele umongameli, kodwa i-Geneancilse, kwaye ubonakalisa kakhulu uxinzelelo.

Ukunyanzeliswa Kwesithende Nokuphendulelwa Kwaso

Abaphengululi kudala bephikisana ukuba isifungo somongameli sidala umsebenzi onyanzelisayo ngokusemthethweni onokuthi unyanzeliswe ziinkundla okanye yiKhomishini. Isifungo sisithi “uzinyanzelisa” ngengqiqo yokuba umongameli ongayigqibi ngokunzulu uza kulahlekelwa kukuthembeka kwezobupolitika kwaye ujongene nobuso obungagunyaziswanga. Kodwa akukho mgaqo-siseko wokuhlola ngokusemthethweni ukuqukunjelwa kwesifungo. Ngexesha lexesha leMidlalo, iKomiti yeHouse Judiary ekhankanyiweyo nguMongameli Nixon njengomnye wemiba yokungamela. [i-Fedraf][0][9] Ingxelo engokwasemthethweni ithenjiswayo ngokuthembekileyo. [i-Fogracle i-'ithroggne wiso-ethe , i-ethenjiso-mthetho ithelela i-ethenjiko. [iPt][0][10] I-Ethematityi ye-Ethe yokholo, ithenjiso sifuthe , ingulo sifuthenjiso singulo singulo singulo singu

Isiphelo

USuku lokuThwalisa ulawulo lwezifungo kunye nesifungo somongameli ziyanyamezela ngenxa yokuba zithetha ngemfuneko esisiseko yolawulo lwedemokhrasi: ukuthunyelwa koxolo, okusemthethweni kwegunya. Lo msitho unika isithethe esibonakalayo esivumela abemi ukuba bawubone urhulumente wabo uphinde uvuselele. Isifungo sinika i-ankile engokomGaqo-siseko, sikhumbuza umongameli kunye noluntu ukuba iofisi yomongameli ayilothemba, asingomvuzo. Nangona impembelelo yabo emanyanisayo inokuba buthathaka ngokuhlahlela, ukucofwa, okanye ukubola okusemthethweni, isakhiwo esingaphantsi kwesakhiwo esingurhulumente sihlala singuwo. Ngamaxesha amane, umanyano lwesizwe luye luye lujonge umntu omnye oluza kuphakamisa isandla kwaye lufunge ukukhusela umGaqonga. Nangona kunjalo, ukungafezeki, kusenye yezinto ezimbalwa ezinokuvumelana nemeko olunokuvumelana nazo.