Indlela Iinkundla Ezisebenza Ngayo Kuluntu Lwakho: Ingcaciso Ecacileyo Yenkqubo Yenkundla

Iinkundla zisebenza njengesiseko sobulungisa nakweliphi na ibutho labantu. Zinikela imeko-bume elungelelanisiweyo apho iimpikiswano zinokuconjululwa ngoxolo, imithetho itolikwa, kwaye okusesikweni kusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo. Ngoxa inkqubo yomthetho isenokubonakala isoyikisa, iqonda isiseko sendlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo, ikunika intembelo yokuba ube nenxaxheba kuyo, enoba ubizelwa kwinkonzo yejaji, ibandakanyeke kwityala, okanye ifuna nje ukuba ngummi onolwazi. Le ndlela inika isikhokelo sichaza iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha zenkqubo yenkundla, ukusuka kwiinkundla zamatyala asekuhlaleni ukuya kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo zokubhenela abantu, kwaye ichaza indlela inxalenye nganye esebenzela ngayo ukulungiselela uwonke wonke.

Imisebenzi Yekhori yenkqubo yeNkundla

Phambi kokuba sijonge isakhiwo, kuyanceda ukuqonda oko iinkundla zenzelwe ukukwenza. Imisebenzi yazo eyintloko iquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Iziphendu Zempikiswano:[ Iinkundla zinika ubundilele ekucombululeni iingxabano zamakhaya, ezifana nezivumelwano, ungquzulwano lwemida yempahla, okanye intelekelelo yokwenzakala kobuqu.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuthatha umthetho: Xa umthetho ungacaci okanye umsebenzi wawo uvavanywa, iinkundla zinegunya lokuchaza oko kuthethwa ngumthetho nendlela osebenza ngayo kwiseti ethile yezibakala.
  • Ukukhusela Amalungelo: Iinkundla zisebenza njengekhusi kumalungelo omntu ngamnye. Zihlola izenzo zikarhulumente zize ziqinisekise ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo iyalandelwa, zikhusela abemi kurhulumente ongekho mthethweni okanye ngaphezu kokufikelela igunya likarhulumente.
  • Ukulungiselela uJaji kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho: kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, iinkundla zigqiba ukuba unetyala okanye umsulwa kwaye zimisela izigwebo ezivumelana nomthetho kunye nobukhulu bolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ilungiselelo Lolungiselelo: Amaqondo Amathathu Eenkundla

Inkoliso yeenkqubo zenkundla, zombini kumgangatho wesizwe norhulumente, zilungelelaniswe kwiqela leqela leqela lenqanawa elineziqu ezithathu. Esi sakhiwo sivumela ukubukezwa ngokucokisekileyo kwamatyala kwaye sikhuthaza ukungaguquguquki ekusetyenzisweni komthetho. Iimeko zidla ngokuqala ezantsi kwaye zingashukuma ukuba iqela lizama ukuvavanya iziphumo.

Umgangatho 1: Iinkundla zokuvavanya (Isiseko)

Iinkundla zetyala ziinqobo zokuqala zokungena phantse kuyo yonke ityala. Ezi ziinkundla ezininzi ezibonwa kumabonwakude nakumfanekiso-bhanyabhanya, apho amangqina kunye neejaji zihleli khona. Zisoloko zibizwa [ iinkundla zephondo , [[[FLT:]], [[FLT]] iinkundla eziphakamileyo, okanye [FLT:] iinkundla zetyala [[FLT]], kuxhomekeke kwimimandla yasemaphandleni. Kumazwe asemaphandleni, zinokubizwa ngokuthi [[FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT]]

Iinkundla ezigwebayo zisingatha iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zamatyala:

  • Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho:[ apho urhulumente emangalela umntu ngokophula umthetho. Injongo kukugqiba ukuba netyala nokubeka isohlwayo (kuhle, ukugcinwa kwetyala, okanye ukuvalelwa).
  • [[FLT: 0] Ityala leCivil: Apho elinye iqela (ummangalelwa) limangalela omnye (ummangalelwa) ukusombulula impikiswano yangasese. Injongo idla ngokuba kukuhlawulwa kwemali (ityala) okanye ukuyalela umntu ukuba enze okanye ayeke ukwenza into (umyalelo).

Kwinkundla yetyala, ijaji okanye abachopheli - tyala bayabuphulaphula ubungqina, bahlolisise imiboniso baze baphulaphule ubungqina ukuze bagqibe oko kwenzekayo.

Umgangatho 2: IiNkundla eziphandayo (IziHluzi)

Ukuba iqela liphulukana nomyinge wokuvavanya kwaye likholelwa ukuba kwenziwe impazamo esemthethweni, lingabhenela kwinkundla ephakathi ekhupha ityala. Ezi ntena aziqhubeli matsha amatyala. Akukho mangqina, akukho majaji, akukho bungqina butsha bunikiweyo. Endaweni yoko, iqela labagwebi (ngokunokuba bathathu) lihlola ingxelo yokuvavanywa kwetyala `````imibhalo, imiboniso,', kwaye libone iimpikiswano ezibhaliweyo ukuba umthetho usetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo.

Kwenzeka ntoni ngexesha lesibheno? Amagqwetha angenisa iintsimi ezibhaliweyo ezichaza isizathu sokuba inkundla yetyala ilungile okanye iphosakele. Kwiimeko ezininzi, akwanikela iimpikiswano zomlomo, apho abagwebi banokubuza imibuzo ethile ngetyala. Inkundla ye-appellate ingenza enye yezenzo eziliqela:

  • [[FT:0] Isiqinisekiso: Ukuvumelana nesigqibo senkundla evavanyiweyo, ukuyivumela ukuba ime.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ubuyela emva: Ukungavumelani nesigqibo senkundla evavanyiweyo, ukubhukuqa.
  • [[UMTL:0] IRemand: Thumela elityala emva kwinkundla evavanyiweyo ukuze kuvavanywe ukuvavanywa okutsha okanye ukuqhubekeka kwetyala ukulungisa impazamo engokwasemthethweni.

Ukubhenela akulothuba lesibini lokuphikisa izibakala; kuhlolisisa iinkqubo ezingokwasemthethweni nokuchaza izinto.

ICandelo 3: INkundla Ephakamileyo (Igunya Lokugqibela)

Inkundla ephakamileyo kwinkqubo yinkundla ephezulu emalunga netyala engaphezulu (esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yeRhulumente okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S.). Le nkundla inegama lokugqibela kwimibuzo engokwasemthethweni elawulwa yiyo. Ngokungafaniyo neenkundla ezisezantsi, ezimele zive izibheno ezininzi, iinkundla eziphakamileyo zisoloko zisiba nohlolo lwezigqibo-mvumelo [. Oku kuthetha ukuba zikhetha ukuba zeziphi izigwebo ezidla ngokubandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-siseko okanye izigwebo ezingqungquthelana ezisuka kwiinkundla ezisezantsi.

Xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha ngetyala, isigqibo sayo siba ngumzekelo onyanzelisayo kuzo zonke iinkundla ezincinci kwelo gunya. Lo mgaqo, owaziwa njengo stare decis (ukuma ngokwezinto ezigqitywe), uqinisekisa uzinzo nokuxelwa kwangaphambili komthetho. Umba obhaliweyo wezimvo ezichaza indlela abacinga ngayo. Ukuba inkundla iyahlukana, uluvo oluninzi luba ngumthetho, ngoxa ukluvo lunika ezinye iimbono ezingo zomthetho ezinokuphembelela amatyala exesha elizayo.

Iinkundla zoManyano: Iinkqubo ezimbini ezihambanayo

EUnited States, kukho iinkqubo ezimbini ezikhoyo: iinkundla zenkundla zorhulumente kunye neenkundla zelifa lesizwe. Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi inkundla echophelayo engundoqo ekuqondeni indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo.

Iinkundla Zelizwe

Iinkundla zelizwe zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala asemthethweni aququzelelwa nguwonke-wonke. Oku kungenxa yokuba umthetho ulawula imisebenzi emininzi yemihla ngemihla. Iinkundla zelizwe zinoko kubizwa ngokuba jinigal jini jinga-jinga [ kumatyala abandakanya:

  • Imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho yaseburhulumenteni (ukuhlasela, ukubulala).
  • Imibandela yentsapho (uqhawulo-mtshato, ilungelo lokugcina abantwana, ukukhuliselwa umntwana wabanye abantu).
  • Izivumelwano kunye neengxabano zoshishino.
  • Umthetho wempahla (iimbambano zelizwe, ukuthengiselwana kwezindlu nezindlu).
  • Ukwenzakala kobuqu (iingozi zeenqwelo - mafutha, ukungaphili ngezamayeza).
  • Izakhono nelifa (imirhumo nempahla).

Urhulumente ngamnye unesakhiwo sakhe senkundla, esidla ngokubizwa ngokwahlukileyo, kodwa imodeli yesithathu (Trial -> Inkundla yezibheno ePhakamileyo) ikwimo esezantsi kulo lonke elo lizwe.

Iinkundla Ezimanyeneyo

Iinkundla zomanyano yinkqubo eyahlukileyo emiselwe phantsi kweGatya III lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Zisingatha amatyala abandakanya umthetho wesizwe okanye umGaqo-siseko wase-U. Ulawulo lwazo lungu olungenamda kwiintlobo ezithile zempikiswano, eziquka:

  • Amatyala abandakanya imithetho karhulumente (ukungahlawulwa kwemali, ukuwa kwemali, irhafu, ukugunyaziswa kwemali, ukukhutshelwa kwamaphepha, ulwaphulo - mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni olufana nokuphangwa ebhankini okanye ukuqhathwa kweposi).
  • Ityala apho urhulumente waseUnited States elithe phithi khona.
  • Iingxabano phakathi kwamazwe okanye phakathi kwabemi bomazwe awahlukeneyo (ooorhulumente abahlukeneyo) apho imali exabanayo ingaphezulu khona kumda othile.
  • Imibuzo yomGaqo-siseko (ii-arhente kwimithetho esekelwe kwinkululeko yokuthetha, kwikhuselo elinganayo, kwinkqubo efanelekileyo, njl.njl.).

Inkqubo karhulumente ibonakalisa inkqubo karhulumente neeNkundla zeSithili zase-U.S. (umthetho), iiNkundla zezibheno zase-U.S. (iNkundla ePhakamileyo) kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U. ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezingakumbi kula mazwe akhethekileyo, USA.gov inikezela umahluko oluncedo womahluko phakathi kwenkundla zikarhulumente neyorhulumente .

Abathathi - nxaxheba Abaphambili Kwigumbi Lenkundla

Amagosa asebupoliseni asebenza ngaphandle kweengcali ezizinikeleyo nabemi abanenxaxheba. Nazi iindima ezingundoqo oya kuzifumana kwinkundla eqhelekileyo:

Umgwebi

Ijaji ingumgwebi ongumxhasi-mgaqo-nxaxheba womthetho. Kwityala, ijaji ibeka umthetho ngokuchasa, igqiba ukuba bubuphi ubungqina obungamkelekiyo, kwaye iyalela abachopheli-mgwebi kumthetho abamele bawusebenzise. Kwityala lesihlalo (ngaphandle kwejaji), ijaji isebenza njengomfumani wento, igqiba iziphumo. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, umgwebi ugweba ummangalelwa emva kokugwetywa. Indima yomgwebi kukuqinisekisa inkqubo elungileyo yamacala omabini.

IJury

Ijaji liqela labemi abanyulwe kuluntu ukuba basebenze njengabafumane inyani. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, abagwebi bagqiba ukuba ummangalelwa unetyala [[FLT: 0] ngapha kwetyala elifanelekileyo ukuthandabuza . Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, ijaji igqiba ukuba liliphi icala elithembekileyo elisekelwe kwi [iityala] lobungqina [[FLT]]. Icala lokuvavanya ngetyala lilelombombo lenkqubo yokulawula, elikwiSithandathu nesiHlo esipheleleyo kwiUS.

Iiattorney

Iattorney imela amatheko abandakanyekileyo kule meko.

  • Umnqumli: Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, umtshutshisi umela urhulumente (abantu) kwaye uthwala umthwalo wokungqina ityala lommangalelwa.
  • IAttorney ePlactiff: Kwimeko yasekuhlaleni, eli gqwetha limela umntu okanye umbutho ozisa ukumangalelwa.
  • I-Attorney e-Defen-Actney: imela ummangalelwa kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho nawabemi. Umsebenzi wegqwetha elikhuselayo kukukhusela amalungelo omxhasi, ukuvavanya ubungqina becala elichaseneyo, nokuveza unotyala womxhasi.

Inkxaso yeNkundla

Ngasemva kwembonakalo, abanye abantu abaninzi bagcina inkundla isebenza. umabhalane wenkundla ulawula amaphepha enkundla, izicwangciso, kwaye anike izifungo. [ ubailifur[ inika ukhuseleko nolungelelwano kwinkundla. [[FLT:] intatheli ye-libre idala irekholitim yento yonke ethethwayo ngexesha leziphumo, efuneka nasiphi na isibheno. Imanyano yaseMelika inikela ulawulo olunentsingiselo kwezi misebenzi. [FLT:]

Indlela Imeko Ehamba Ngayo Ngendlela Esetyenziswayo: Isikhokelo Senyathelo Ngenyathelo

Ngoxa imeko nganye yahlukile, abaninzi balandela indlela efanayo ukususela ekuqaleni ukusa ekugqibeleni.

Inyathelo 1: Ukujija kunye nokukhokela

Ityala ngalinye liqala ngoxwebhu. Kwimeko yoluntu, ifayile ye-acttiff i- ichaza ityala layo. Kwimeko yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente ufakela uxwebhu olukwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, uxwebhu olukwityala [ olukwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa ungena kwisibongozo ( (ingcaciso okanye ulwazi). Ummangalelwa uyaphendula. Kumbalelwa ubizwa ngokuba yi-'[FLT:] [FLT]]; kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa ungena kwisicelo (i-mkhalazo, hayi ityala, okanye ungena sobutyala) kwi-'ityala

Inyathelo lesi-2: Ubhaqo

Phambi kokuvavanywa, omabini amacala abandakanyeka ekufumaneni. Le yinkqubo eqhelekileyo yokunikana ulwazi nobungqina. Abalawuli bathumela ucweyo (imibuzo ebhaliweyo), amaxwebhu okucela, ihambo [ ukwenziwa kwento [[FLT]] (udliwano-ndlebe lwamangqina), kwaye baneingcali ezibuhlola ubungqina. Uvavanyo lunceda icala ngalinye liqonde amandla nobuthathaka bemeko yabo lize likhuthaze ukuphendulana okanye ukuncelelana.

Inyathelo lesi-3: Intshukumo yangaphambili kunye nokuvakala

Abalawuli befayile bacela ijaji ukuba ilawule kwimiba ethile phambi kokuba kuqalise ukuchotshelwa. Intshukumo eqhelekileyo yi imvakalelo yokurhoxa , ixambulisana ngetyala ngokusemthethweni akwanelanga. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukhuphiswano lokucinezela icela umgwebi ukuba abufaki bungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Ijajinga ukuva ukugqiba le ntshukumo, enokuyicutha le miba yokuvavanywa okanye ukusombulula ityala ngaphandle kokuvavanywa.

Inyathelo lesi-4: Ukuvavanya

Ukuba ityala aliconjululwanga ngokucombulula okanye ngokulicebisisa, liya kuvavanywa. Ityala lilandela ulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo:

  1. [[FLT: 0] Ukukhetha (Indawo yesandi):[[FT:1] IAttorney umbuzo onokuba ngabachopheli bejaji ukukhetha indawo yolawulo engakhethiyo.
  2. [[UMTL:0] IiNgxelo eziVulayo: AmaLawuli achaza ukuba azimisele ukungqina ntoni.
  3. Ukunikezelwa kobuBonakaliso: Umtshutshisi uhamba kuqala, ebiza amangqina kwaye enika imiboniso. Ukhuselo lunganqamleza i-examine. I-state inikela ubungqina bayo.
  4. [[Umthetho:0] Impikiswano ezichazayo: Abalawuli bashwankathela ubungqina kwaye baphikisane kwicala labo.
  5. Imiyalelo ebhaliweyo: Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala kumthetho ofanelekileyo.
  6. Isigqibo sokwaphula umthetho: Abachopheli-mthetho bayashiya inkundla yetyala ukuze baxubushe ngetyala elifihlakeleyo. Kufuneka bafikelele isigqibo esimanyeneyo kwiityala zolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye ngokufuthi kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni.

Inyathelo 5: Isibheno nokubhenela emva

Emva kwesigqibo, iqela eliphulukana nemithetho yezomthetho linga lungisa iintshukumo zasemva kwetyala licela ijaji ukuba ibhukuqe isigqibo sejaji okanye ibeke ecaleni isigqibo. Ukuba ezi zinto aziphumelelanga, inyathelo elilandelayo lisisicelo kwinkundla ephakamileyo. iCornell Legin Information Institute inikeza ucaphulo oluneenkcukacha lwenkqubo yokubhenela [.

Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo kunye nenye indlela

Iinkundla ezininzi ezikhethekileyo zicebe ukusingatha iindidi ezithile zamatyala ngendlela ephumelelayo nenovelwano.

INkundla Yentsapho

Iinkundla zentsapho zigxininisa kuphela kwimibandela ebandakanya uqhawulo - mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukuxhaswa kwabantwana, nokukhuselwa kogonyamelo lwasekhaya.

Inkundla

Iinkundla eziphethe inkqubo esemthethweni yokuphatha umhlaba womntu emva kokufa. Zilawula ukwenziwa kwemiqathango, amatyala aqinisekisiweyo, zize zisasaze iimpahla kwiindlalifa. Zingaphatha neenqanawa zokukhusela abantwana okanye abantu abadala abangakwazi ukuzenzela nto.

Inkundla Encinane

Inkundla yamatyala encinane yeyokuthetha okulula kwenkundla yamatyala enzelwe ukuphelisa iimbambano ezibandakanya iimali ezincinane (ngokomlinganiselo amawaka ambalwa eerandi, kuxhomekeka kurhulumente). Iinkqubo azicwangciswanga, kwaye amaqela adla ngokuzimela engenamagqwetha. Le yindlela ekhawulezileyo nephantsi yokucombulula iingxabano ezifana nokungaboni ngasonye kwamnini-ndlu okanye ukuboleka ngemali engahlawulwanga.

Enye iNkxaso

Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zikhuthaza okanye zifuna amaqela ukuba alinge ukuphendula okanye [[FTLT:2]] ulwahlulo phambi kokuba aye kuvavanywa. I-Media ibandakanya iqela lesithathu elingathathi-nxaxheba elinceda amaqela aphikisanayo afikelele isivumelwano sokuzithandela. I-Arbitrotion ifana ne-'tricard''', apho umchasi-mmentality afumana ubungqina kwaye enza isigqibo, esinokuba yisidibanisi okanye esingabopheleli. I-ADR isoloko igcina ixesha, imali, kwaye inciphisa inani lemvakalelo. .No.com unika izikhokelo ezintle kwizinto ezincinci kunye neenketho-AD [FLT]

Indlela Iinkundla Ezibuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla

Usenokungatyeleli kwinkundla rhoqo, kodwa iinkundla ziphembelela ubomi bakho ngeendlela ezininzi. Ukhuseleko olufumanayo xa usayina isivumelwano, ilayisensi yokuqhuba onayo, ukhuseleko lwemveliso oyithengayo, nelungelo lakho lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo zonke zixhaswa ngamandla enkqubo yenkundla yokuchaza nokunyanzelisa imithetho. Amalungelo empahla akhuselekile ngenxa yokuba iinkundla zicombulula imida. Ingingqi zikhuselekile kuba abaphuli-mthetho baphenduliswa yinkundla. Inkqubela yentlalo idla ngokubekwa kwimithetho yenkundla yencwadi enika amalungelo abantu nenkululeko.

Ekugqibeleni, inkqubo yenkundla ibonisa imilinganiselo yengingqi esetyenziswayo. Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo linyathelo lokuqala lokuba nenxaxheba kuyo, / nokuba ngaba ngokuvota abagwebi, ngokusebenza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala, okanye ngokuthobela umthetho.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yenkundla yenzelwe ukuxhasa okusesikweni. Kwinkundla yasekuhlaleni esingatha itikiti lezithuthi ukuya kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. igqiba ngembambano yomGaqo-siseko, umgangatho ngamnye unomsebenzi owahlukileyo ofak' isandla kwibutho labantu elinobulungisa nelilungeleleneyo. Ngokuqonda ii-siseko sokuchotshelwa kwetyala kunye neenkundla ezilawulayo, umahluko phakathi korhulumente norhulumente, kunye neendima zabathathi-nxaxheba abaphambili, ukulungele kakuhle ukuqhuba imicimbi esemthethweni kwaye uxabisa iinkundla ezibalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo akho nokucombulula ingxabano entlalweni.