Umsebenzi Wokwenza Umthetho

Idemokhrasi nganye esebenzayo ixhomekeke kwinkqubo yomthetho-siseko ecwangcisiweyo ukuguqulela uluntu ngokubanzi kumthetho onyanzelekileyo. Ngoxa iindlela ezithile zokwenziwa zingafani kwiinkqubo zepalamente kunye nezomongameli, iintsika ezingundoqo (ii-introduduction, ukuhlolwa kweekomiti, ingxoxo, kunye nokuvota) ezihlala zihleli zithe tye. Le nkqubo ayiyonkqubo yomthetho engqinelayo; iyinjongo ezenzekelayo ukuthoba ukwenza izigqibo, ukunyanzeleka, ukunyanzeleka, nokubhenca izicelo zokuvavanya ngokungqongqo. Ngaphandle kokuvavanya ngenyameko, ukubeka umthetho ubeka engozini engafanelekanga, ukungqubana nokungavisisana nomthetho okhoyo, okanye ukungasabeli kwazo okuchaphazelayo.

Indlela esuka kwicebo ukuya kummiselo ibandakanya amagumbi amaninzi (kwinkqubo ye-bidamaral enjenge-United States, i-United Kingdom, ne-Jamani), amavoti amaninzi, kunye namathuba amaninzi okutshintshwa. Iqonga ngalinye lisebenza njengesixhobo sokucoca, liqinisekisa ukuba kuphela izicelo ngenkxaso ebanzi kunye nokuphuculwa okwaneleyo okusindayo. Ukuqonda esi siseko kunika abemi amandla okulandela izenzo zabameli babo kwaye kubaphendulise ukuba baphendule xa inkqubo ingaphumeleli.

Ukusuka kwisindululo ukuya ekugqitheni: Isiqhoboshi esingundoqo kwinkcukacha

Imposiso yeBhili. nawuphi na ummisi-mthetho angazisa ityala, nangona kwamanye amazwe isebe eliphetheyo likwaqalisa umthetho. Kundlu yabameli base-U.S., umthetho uvele ufakwe kwi-“mposiso"; kwiBhunga, umenzi wesicwangciso uvakalisa inombolo kwaye ushicilelwe. Ukusukela kulomzuzu, ungena kwingxelo kawonke-wonke-wonke . Imithetho emininzi ifuna izitya zokuthintela ityala elinye ukuze inqandwe“ ukuqengqeleka, apho imiqathango edityanisweyo ikhuselwe ukuvota.

Impinda yerhafu. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba “liliso lenaliti yowiso-mthetho.” Imithetho ibhekiswa kwikomiti enegunya elihambisana nomxholo wayo, ngokomzekelo, amatyala empilo aya kwiikomiti zempilo, amatyala erhafu emali yemali. Iikomiti zilapho ukuphakamisa uhlaziyo nokulungisa okunzima kwenzekayo. Zibamba amava ngamangqina obuchule, amagosa karhulumente, kunye namaqela ee-dvokicaze. Emva kokuva, ikomiti iphawula ityala elingu--(ingxoxo-line-line-line-line-ne-ne-ne-e-endicel novolution. Iinkqubo zomthetho zinokuba zithatha ixesha elide kwaye zingenziwa zitshintshe, okanye zibulale. Phaka nje malunga ne 1015% yezenzo ze-R. Abo bakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweBhunga lomthetho." Abo bancomond bencomela iNguqulelo epheleleyo."

Isenzo. Xa ixeliwe ngaphandle kwekomiti, ityala liya kwigumbi lokuyila. Ingxoxo yemithetho elawulayo iyahluka: kwindlu yase-U.S., iKomiti yemithetho imisela imida yexesha kwaye i-antementingments zinokunikelwa (imithetho efunekayo"evumela ukupheliswa; “umthetho ovulekileyo” uvumela abaninzi). KwiNxakithano, i-i-Cathentiney, ikhokelelwe kwi-filbu, inkqubo apho i-senter ebamba umgangatho ukuba ivimbele i-voti de kube zii-fftiess ezi-sceart (ukuxoxa). okanye ivumela amalungu asebenzisanawo asebenza kunye, ingcebiso lawo achaza, kwaye acebisa i-mine. "iced transmenting) (igne) (irced) exhasa i-te)

Ukuhlanganisa kunye nokudlulisela. Emva kwengxoxo, ityala liyavotwa. Ukuba lidlula, liya kwelinye igumbi, apho inkqubo iphinda khona. Ukuba igumbi lesibini ligqithisa uhlobo olwahlukileyo, ikomiti yengqungquthela (okanye “ukudlulisela imiyalelo”) ixolelanisa umahluko. inguqulelo yokugqibela mayiphinde ivunywe ngamagumbi omabini ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kumphathi-malala (umlungiseleli omkhulu, umlungiseleli omkhulu, okanye umlawuli omkhulu) ukuze ityikityelwe okanye i-mouse. Kwamanye amazwe, isigqeba esiphetheyo sinokuthumela isibhengezo emva nge-amfonts ezicetyikisiweyo; kwezinye, ukutsho nokusetyenziswa kwe-omforfma.

IziHlaliso: Ubuchule Bokubuyiselwa Umthetho

Izihlaziyo zegazi lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Zivumela abamisi-mthetho ukuba balungise iimpazamo, balungise iinkcukacha, baquke inkcazelo entsha, kunye nokunye ukuxokelelwa. Ngaphandle kobuchule bokulungisa, amatyala anokuba lukhuni kwaye kungabi lula ukuhlanganisa umnqongo ofunekayo wokudlula. Inkqubo yokulungisa ikho kwiimeko ezininzi: kwikomiti, ngexesha lengxoxo yomgangatho, nasemva kokudlula (ngeendleko ezahlukeneyo zemali okanye imigaqo yobuchule).

IziHluzi-mali zingalutshintsha ulwimi lwemali, ubungakanani, inkxaso-mali, okanye iinkqubo zolawulo. Zicetyiswa ngabantu ngabanye abamisela imithetho, iikomiti, okanye ngamanye amaxesha kwisebe eliphetheyo. Imithetho malunga i-germanesy[. Ukuba ukubuyiselwa kufuneka kunxulumene nomxholo wemali-imali. Kwindlu yase-U.S. Housesl ifuna ukuba umva wesiseko sibe yi-i-i-imane, kodwa kwiBhathemi, engeyo-gene-andends zisoloko zivumelekile, zikhokelela ku “abatshati-" abadibanisa imigaqo enxulumene nemali ekufuneka i-oass (ngoko ukongeza umthetho wemeko-bume kwigunya-mkelo).

IziHlaliso eziBanzi neziHlakulelwa ngoBuChobe

Izilungisi ezithe tye zitshintsha inkqubo engundoqo yemali. Umzekelo, umthetho wezonyango ungalungiswa ukususa ukhetho lukawonke-wonke, wongeza umenzi wetyala kwiimeko, okanye utshintshe iimfuno zokungaguquguquki. Ezi zimo zithanda ukuphikisana kuba zitshintsha umlinganiselo wentlalo. Zinganikelwa ngoninzi lweqela ukwenza isindululo esilula, okanye ngabambalwa ukubhenca iimpazamo okanye ukunyanzela ivoti enzima.

Izilungiso zentengiso zetechnical ezilungisa iimpazamo zobomi, iirejistamenti ezichanekileyo, ulwimi lohlaziyo, okanye imigaqo engqubanayo. Ngelixesha ezingeyontlanganiso, zibalulekile kulungiso olusemthethweni. Igama elinye eliphosiweyo kumthetho lingavelisa iminyaka yokuzinzisa. Iintengiso ezininzi zobugcisa zidityaniswe kwi “izilungiso zobugcisa obungenazintlukwano” iindleko ezidlulayo ngengxoxo encinane.

Ukusetyenziswa Okufanelekileyo KweziHluzi

Ngaphezu kokuphucula umthetho, utshintsho lusebenzisa iinjongo ezicwangcisiweyo kunye nobuchule. ipetroli ye-“poisoson pill” yenzelwe ukwenza ityala lingamkeleki kwelinye iqela okanye kwinkxaso yemali. Umzekelo, utshintsho lokwenza inkqubo yenkcaso edidayo edityanisiweyo kwibhatal inganyanzela ukuba ivote ngokuchasene noqingqo-mali. [[FLT:] i-[FLT] i-“Klempersments" injongo yokuphelisa umbango ngokwalo lwemali ngokuyenza ukuba abaxhasi bangabina ngxaki. [FLT], [FFLT]

Izigqibo zoguqulo zisenokusetyenziswa ukuvavanya amanzi . Ummisi-mthetho anganika utshintsho lokuvavanya inkxaso yemali yexesha elizayo. Ukuba intengiselwano ayiphumeleli ngokufutshane, umxhasi uyazi ukuba kukho isiseko esiza kwakhiwa kuso. Ukuba idlula ngokugqwalasela, bangashukumisa ukuchaza umthetho opheleleyo. Le ndlela iqhelekile kwiikomiti apho izibonda zisezantsi khona kwaye impikiswano iqwalaselwe ngakumbi.

Esinye sezixhobo ezinamandla zokulungisa si ulungiso lwenkwili , oluthatha indawo yonke umbhalo wephepha ngolunye uhlobo. Oku kusoloko kusetyenziswa ngabambalwa ukucebisa ngeplani yabo. Ngexa kunqabile ukuba kuthathwe uninzi xa ludityanisiwe, lunyanzela uninzi ukuba lukhusele indawo yazo yokusondela ngencam.

Impikiswano: I-injini Yolawulo - melo

Ingxoxo iguqula inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ukusuka ekubenila nje iivoti zibe yindawo yokuzivotela ukuze kucaciswe. Kulapho abamisi-mthetho bechaza khona isizathu esivakalayo esisemva kweendawo zabo, bacel ’ umngeni iingcamango zabachasi babo, kwaye bazinikele ekuzibopheleleni ekuhleni. Kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho ezisebenza kakuhle, ingxoxo ifundisa abathathi-nxaxheba kunye noluntu. Iyakwazi ukuguqula iimbono, ukubhenca ii-ntengiso ezifihlakeleyo, kwaye yakha izivumelwano ezifihlakeleyo ezinqamlezeneyo.

Isiseko sengxoxo siyahluka-hluka kakhulu. Kwindlu yase-U.S., ingxoxo ilungelelaniswe kakhulu: iKomiti yeMimiselo ibeka inani elithile lemizuzu kwicala ngalinye, ngokufuthi yahlulelene phakathi kwabaxhasi nabachasi. Amalungu kufuneka anike ixesha elinye omnye komnye. KwiBhunga, ingxoxo ayiphekwanga, kwaye amalungu angathetha kangangeeyure ezininzi (angenasivumelwano sexesha). I-Difinbuster iyimbonakalo ephawulekayo yengxoxo engenasiphelo: i-sentenethi ingabamba umgangatho ngokuthetha rhoqo, maxa wambi usuku lonke, ukuvala okanye ukunqanda ukuvota.

Indlela Impikiswano Echaphazela Ngayo Imiphumo

Imizekelo yembali ibonisa amandla engxoxo. Ngexesha lengxoxo yoMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964, iSenator Strom Thurmond yaqhuba i-finbuster yama-24 eyure ngokuchasene netyala. Ngoxa intetho yakhe ingawusisanga umthetho, yavuselela ingqalelo kawonke-wonke kunye ne-arhente enyanzelelwayo kwimicimbi kawonke-wonke eyathi kamva yaphembelela ukuvota okugqibele. Ubude bengxoxo nabo bavumela ixesha lokuxoxa ngezizathu eziphambili, kuquka ukufakwa kwe-Thetwe VII (iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiindlela zokukhusela umsebenzi).

Kutshanje, ingxoxo ye-Affordble Care Act (ACA) ngo-2009-2010 yayibandakanya iinyanga zokuchongwa kweekomiti, iintetho zomgangatho, neeholo zedolophu ezinyuswe nge-telect. Ingxoxo enzulu yakhokelela kwiinguqu ezibalulekileyo . Ngokufana nokulahla ukhetho lukawonke-wonke kunye nofakelo lwe- “Cadillac irhafu” kwizicwangciso eziphezulu zemali.

Ingxoxo ikwasebenza umsebenzi wokwabelana nomsebenzi [[Nkqutyana:0]. Abenzi bomthetho bamela izithili zabo kunye namaphondo, kwaye impikiswano ibavumela ukuba bathethele izalathiso zabo. Kwanaxa ityala ligwetyelwe ukudlula okanye ukungaphumeleli, isenzo sokuthetha kwirekhodi simisela indawo abavoti abanokuyivavanya kunyulo olulandelayo. Oku kuphendula kusimbombo sedemokhrasi yabameli.

Iingxaki Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo Yale Mimiselo

Iinzuzo ezithelekelelwayo zokulungisa kunye neengxoxo zidla ngokuthotywa phantsi yimiqobo esebenzisekayo. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, izindlu zowiso-mthetho ehlabathini lonke ziye zajongana nokwanda kwelaphu lentlalo-ntle , okunciphisa ukuzimisela ukulalanisa nokunyusa ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokulungisa izinto ukuvala umthetho. IBhunga lase-U.S. ngokukhethekileyo liye labona unyuko oluphawulekayo ekusetyenzisweni kwe-ncindibibi ye-inbuster kunye nokusetyenziswa komgaqo oqhelekileyo wemithetho evaliweyo kwiNdlue, kunciphisa ithuba lokusetyenziswa komgangatho.

Olunye ucelomngeni luyi- impembelelo yezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo. Izinyibilikiso zisoloko zibhaliswa ngabaququzeli bengingi kwaye zinikelwa ngabaququzeleli bomthetho abanovelwano. Ngelixesha ukubhenela ngokwako kukhuselekile ukuthetha, ukungalingani kobuncwane phakathi kwamaqela oshishino aqhutyelwe phambili aphambili kunye noncedo lukawonke-wonke lungakhupha ingcinganiso yokuzinzisa. Uphando lubonise ukuba ukupheliswa okuxhaswa ngabani benkampani enkulu kunokwenzeka ukuba kwamkelwe, ingakumbi kwikomiti apho inkathalo kawonke-wonke apho isezantsi khona.

Izithintelo zexesha zikwathoba ucoselelo. Ngokuqinisa iikhalenda zomthetho kunye neendleko ezininzi zokusebenza, impikiswano zisoloko zingenamsebenzi. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zepalamente, ixesha lengxoxo linikwa ngurhulumente, elinokulinganisela ixesha lokuchasana. Ukukhupha amatyala ngelixa elininzi qha, njengeepakethe ezinkulu njenge omnibus ezichitha iindleko . "ukuvavanya ngokucokisekileyo ukupheka kwemiphetho-injini-injini efakwayo". Oku “kubangela i-esoplueding" kushiya igumbi elincinane lokuthetha ixesha. Ukunika inkqubela ecwangciselwe ukubonelela.

Ukwenziwa Kwelanga Kunye Nemiphumo Yako

Ulungiso lwendawo luye lwalungisa kwakhona indima yokulungisa kunye neengxoxo. Kwindawo eziqhekekileyo, ukutshintshwa kwemeko-bume akusoloko kusetyenziswa ukuvelisa ulalaniso kwaye kusetyenziswa kakhulu ukuqokelela iingongoma zobupolitika. Iqhinga eliqhelekileyo liyi i-“vote-rama” kwinkqubo yoqingqo-mali yendlu yerhamnntyela, apho uninzi lwezingathanga jineli zinikezelwa ngokukhawuleza, inyanzelela ukuba zithathe izikhundla ezinzima zezobupolitika. Ezi zi-antentens zidla ngokudlula, kodwa zibhalwa kwaye zinokusetyenziswa kwizandi ezibhengezo zentengiso.

Ukwenziwa kwelanga kukwakhuthaza izithintelo eziqhelekileyo. I-filbuster, eyayigcinelwe imiba yemigaqo ephezulu, ngoku isetyenziswa rhoqo ukuvala nawuphi na umthetho ophikisayo. Kwi 113th Congress (2011-2015), ngaphezulu kwama-200 iintshukumo zehlwili ezibekweyo (zibekwe kuma-16 kuphela koo 60-vote efunekayo kwinkokhelo ezinkulu, inciphisa amandla ezinto ezingundoqo ukudlulisa umthetho kwaye ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ixabiso lomgangatho, ekubeni nakuphina ukususwa kwezixhobo kufuneka kusinde kwisiso se-Frionbuster.

Ezinye iziguqulo zicetyiwe ukucombulula ezi ngxaki. utshintsho oluzenzekelayo olukhoyo , uvuko loluhlu "lomyalelo" (apho iindleko zidlula kwikomiti engaphantsi kwekomiti kunye nephawulo lekomiti phambi komsebenzi wesemgangathweni), kwaye ucwangciso lwemiqathango [ olo myalelo wexesha le-arhente kunye nengxoxo ingabuyisela i-antement- kunye-debate esebenzayo. Noko ke, naluphi ulungiso lwezomthetho kufuneka luhambe phambili phambi komsebenzi wesemgangatho), kwaye [FLT] lufuna ukucombulula.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokwenza Umthetho Ongaphucukanga

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kunye nokulungisa kwayo kunye neengxoxo, ihlala ingumsebenzi obalulekileyo wolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ngexa imingeni yale mihla , iminqweno ekhethekileyo, uxinzelelo lwexesha , `ukucinezeleka' kwayo, ingcamango engundoqo ihlala ihleli: ukuba imithetho ilunge ngakumbi xa ivavanywa kukugxekwa, ilungiswe ngokulungisa, kwaye igwetyelwe ngempikiswano kawonke-wonke. Le nkqubo inciphisa ukwenza izigqibo, kodwa ukulibazisa luphawu, hayi yingxaki. Inqanda ukungxama, imithetho kunye nemikhosi engalunganga ukuba yakhe imixokelelwano esekelwe ekukhondweni kunokuba inikwe amandla kuphela.

Kubemi, ukuqonda le nkqubo linyathelo lokuqala elikhokelela ekugananeni ngokunentsingiselo. Ngokulandela ukuchotshelwa kwekomiti, ukulandelelwa kwemiqathango, nokubukela iingxoxo zomgangatho (ngokufuthi zikhona kwiiwebhsayithi zendlu yowiso-mthetho ezisemthethweni ezinjenge IKonrever.gov[] okanye iPalamente yemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho [[FLT:]]]]), abavoti bayakwazi ukubona kakuhle indlela abameli babo abasebenza ngayo nabathetha ngayo. Advocyrieski, njengaye [[FLT:] Brenan] iziko zeJanum lomthetho kunye nemithetho yemithetho elawulayo, kunye nemithetho esetyenziswayo yokusebenza ngamandla.[FLT][FLD]