Unyulo oluphambili lungabaphathi bamasango bedemokhrasi yaseMerika, bemisa ukuba ngoobani abatsha abavela kunyulo jikelele. Kodwa imithetho elawula olu khuphiswano iyahluka kakhulu ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kumbuso, ngokukhetha phakathi kovulo novaliweyo okubumba yonke into ukusuka ekuthatheni inxaxheba kovoti-nxaxheba kumalungu eengcamango. Kubafundisi, abafundi, kunye nabemi abaququzelelweyo, ukuqonda oku kuchasene kobuchule kuyimfuneko ekuhlalutyeni iziphumo zonyulo nokukhuthaza utshintsho. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iinzuzo, kunye neemeko ezingundoqo zokuvula nokuvala iinkqubo zengqondo, kunye nezingezo zonyango zemipuljini, kunye neempembelelo zazo zokwenene zehlabathi.

Ukuqonda Unyulo Olusisiseko: Ingcaciso nenjongo

Unyulo lokuqala lukhuphiswano lokuqala apho abavoti bakhetha abatshayeli ukuba bamele iqela lezobupolitika kunyulo oluzayo. Ngokungafaniyo nee-caucuuses, ezibandakanya iintlanganiso kunye nokucaciswa, iiprimenti zisebenza njengonyulo olucacileyo. Injongo yentloko kukuxinanisa umhlaba wabathathi-nxaxheba kwaye banike amalungu eqela (//a) kwimeko ezithile, abanyuli abathe ngqo baphatha ibhanile yeqela.

Iinkqubo eziphambili zamkelwa kakhulu ngexesha leNkathi eqhubekekayo (ii-1890-1920) njengotshintsho lokunciphisa amandla abalawuli beqela abakhetha abathathi-nxaxheba kwi "amagumbi agcwalisiweyo" namhlanje, iUnited States yenye yezizwe ezimbalwa apho amaqela asebenzisa unyulo oluphambili. Imithetho ekhethekileyo qha, ingakumbi ukuba amaPrimerimeriva avuliwe okanye avalwe ``neziphumo ezinzulu kwivotis', i-crocess, i-diaces, kunye nohlobo lokhuphiko lwezobupolitika.

Indaleko Yezicaka EUnited States.

Ngaphambi kwenkulungwane yama-20, inkoliso yabathathi-nxaxheba yakhethwa kwindibano zetheko kunye neekhomputha zesizwe ezilawulwa ngamalungu eqela eliphakamileyo. Ekuqaleni koo1900, ithetha njengoWisconsin kunye no-Oregon ukungenisa iprinsiaries ezithe ngqo ukunika i-avareji yomgangatho wokuvota ulawulo oluthe kratya. Ngoo1970, emva kweMcGovern-Fraser Commission yoHlulo lwezolawulo lwezomthetho emva kokuba kuvulwe iDemocratic National Convention, isidibanisi i-Pricial. Imigangatho-matriam yephondo yeBhunga lombuso kunye neeofisi zikarhulumente ilandele ii-tratories ezifanayo, nangona amazwe agciniweyo ukugqiba enoba iiNguqulo zawo zobucala zizakuvulwa, zivaliwe, okanye zivalwe phakathi.

Iibhanki Ezivulekileyo: Izixhobo Zokusebenzisa Umatshini Nezicebisi

Kwisiqalo esivulekileyo, nabani na obhalisiweyo angathabatha inxaxheba kwilungu lokuqala layo nayiphi na inxenye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba unxulumene nomvoti weqela. Umvoti ukhetha kuphela ukuba yeliphi iqela elicela ukucela ukuba lingene kwindawo yokuvota. Akukho kubhalisa kwangaphambili okufunekayo. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukwandisa ukuquka nokuvumela abavoti abazimeleyo .

Indlela Evula Ngayo Umsebenzi Onzima

Imithetho ecacileyo yokuvula iiprim yahluka ngokwemeko. Amanye amaphondo, anjenge Michigan, avumela abavoti ukuba bachaze ukhetho lwabo lweqela kwindawo yokuvota ngomhla wokuqala. Amanye, njengoWisconsin, asebenzise i "pick-a-party" indlela apho umvoti kufuneka akhethe ekuhleni ukuba yeyiphi ibhola efuna ukuyifumana, kodwa olokhetho luhlala luyimfihlo (UWiscon akafuni ubhaliso lweqela). Kwamanye amazwe, njengase-Alama, uvoti angacela lula naliphi iqela ngaphandle kokukhetha idiski yeqela labo abathandayo. Ilungu elingundoqo kukuba nayiphi na umvoti obhalisiweyo ingathabatha inxaxheba, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iyaziwa na iDemocrat, Republican, okanye ukuzimela.

Iingenelo Zokuvula Iibhayisekile

  • [[FLT: 0] Isabelo se- Votal eBalulekileyo: Izahlulo ezivulekileyo zimema icandelo elibanzi lonyulo kwinkqubo yonyulo. Ugcino-lwazi olusuka ku Ingqungquthela yesizwe yomthetho wezwe [ lubonisa ukuba ngomava okuvulwa kwe-Primmthes kusoloko kufumana unyuso oluphezulu kunyulo olungundoqo xa kuthelekiswa noshicilelo oluvaliweyo kumazwe azimeleyo, ingakumbi phakathi kovoti abazimeleyo.
  • Inkqubo yokukhupha iziphumo: Kuba abatshayeli kufuneka babhenele kwicandelo elibanzi elinqumla uvoti `kuquka ezizimeleyo kunye namanye amaxesha amalungu eqela eliphikisayo] bakhutshelwa ukwamkela iindawo ezingaphezulu. Oku kunganciphisa impembelelo yenkcazelo encamini zenze abavoti abathathi-nxaxheba ngokubanzi ababonakalisa kakuhle umvoti wovoti wesixhobo sokuvota.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Abazimeleyo banelizwi: Malunga nesithathu sovoti baseMelika abachazwa njengabazimeleyo, ngokwe Iziko lophando [. Ukuvula iipringi kuqinisekisa ukuba aba bavoti abatshixwanga kwisigaba esibalulekileyo senkqubo yedemokhrasi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iphelise iParisan Polare? Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi ukuvula i-primetic kunganciphisa ukonakalisa ngokunyanzela abatshayeli ukuba bakhuphisane ngevoti ngaphaya kwesiseko seqela labo. Kodwa, le miphumela iyaphikisana kwaye ixhomekeke kwezinye izinto ezikhethiweyo.

Iingozi Zokuvula Iibhanki

  • Iparty Raiding: Enye yezona zigxeko zicatshuliweyo zinokwenzeka "kunyulwa"/_iivovo ukusuka kwelinye iqela ukunqumla kwelinye ukuze kuvote umvotelwano obuthathaka kwiqela eliphikisanayo. Umzekelo, abanye abavoti bedemocratic baye bamangalelwa ngokuvota kwiRiphabliki, ukunqanda i-GOPP, kwaye ngokuphikisana. Ngelixa ubungqina bucebisa ukuba ukuhlasela kunqabile, kuhlala kuyinto exhalabisayo kwiinkokeli zeqela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uchazo lweqela eliyekisiweyo: Xa nabani na enokuvota kwintloko yeqela, uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwamalungu eqela kunye noomineya bawo lungabuthathaka. I-Candidentite ingaba ncinci kwimigaqo yeqela elingundoqo, kwaye udidi lweqela lungaxutywa.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukudideka okusezantsi: Kumatyala avulelekileyo, abanye abavoti basenokungaqiniseki ukuba yeyiphi ibhola yokucela okanye bangathatha inxaxheba ngephandle kwiqela elinamaxabiso achaseneyo. Olu dideko lungakhokelela kumgangatho ophantsi wokhetho kwaye luthobe ingqibelelo yenkqubo.
  • [[NTLA:0] Icala elibalulekileyo lokuchola iMidlalo Ecwangcisiweyo: Abavoti abacuphi bangathatha inxaxheba ekuvoteleni okuqulethweyo ngaphandle kokonakalisa elinye iqela kodwa ukuphembelela ukunyanzelisa ukuma kwalo okulungeleleneyo. Ngexa oku kusenokuba yingenelo kunyulo jikelele, kunciphisa ingcamango yamaqela akhetha abathwali bawo abasezantsi.

Imizekelo Yaseburhulumenteni Yeebhayisekile

Ulawulo olucacileyo olunee-primpmeating luquka [ uMchigan (kukobuzwe nonyulo lobuzwe, kunye neendleko zomongameliimania Primerities), Wuconsin[[[FLT:], [[FLT]], [[FLT]], [[FLT], [FLT]], [[FLT] i-Mancana [[FLT], [FLT], [FLT], [FLT]] i-act, [[FLT] i-fLT:9], kunye [iiiiiiiiiiindlela elithenjiweyo, kwaye [iiiiiiiiindawo esezantsi] iyakwazi ukukhombisa imiqondiso esezantsi yokukhuthaza ukur'ilelwa kweqela, kodwa i-FLT: [FFFFF:] [FFM]]] [FLT]] [11] [i

Ii-Primes ezivaliweyo: Icandelo kunye ne-Rationale

Kwisiciko esivaliweyo, kuphela abavoti ababhaliswe ngamalungu eqela lezobupolitika abavumelekileyo ukuba bavote kwintloko-siseko yaloo maqela. Abavoti kufuneka badibane neqela phambi konyulo. Ngokufuthi iintsuku ezingama-30 okanye ngaphezulu (nangokunjalo) kwaye unxulumano lubhalwe kwiiroli zabavoti. Injongo yento evaliweyo ephambili kukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungu eqela azinikeleyo kuphela anento ethethayo ekukhetheni ii-minenone, ngaloo ndlela agcina ingqibelelo yengqondo kunye nolawulo lwentlangano.

Ubuchule Bokuvala Iibhanile

Ukuvota kwisiqalo esivaliweyo, ummi kufuneka abhaliswe njenge Democrat, iRiphabliki, okanye neqela elincinane eliqatshelweyo. I- Independent okanye abavoti abangasetyenziswanga banqandwa ngokuba nenxaxheba ngaphandle kokuba batshintshe ubhaliso lwabo kwangaphambili. Amanye amatyala, njenga New York[, ifuna ivoti ibhaliswe neqela iintsuku ezingama-25 phambi kokuba kuqale; FLORIDA[[FLT]], umgqibelo uyimihla engu-29. Isiphumo siwukuthi umvoti ophambili uqukiwe ngamandla.

Iingenelo Zokuhlala Uhleli Netyala

  • Ulawulo lweParti: Izivumelwano zingagcina ulawulo kwinkqubo yokukhetha okujoliswe kuyo, ziqinisekisa ukuba iimneine zikhethwa ngabo bathenjiswe kakhulu kwimpumelelo yeqela. Oku kungakhokelela kwiqonga elidityanisiweyo kakhulu leqela kunye nemigca yengqiqo ecacileyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuqinisekisa ukunyaniseka kweQela: Ngenxa yokuba eyona iphambili ithintelwe amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo, abaza kubhaptizwa banentshukumisa enamandla yokubambelela kumaxabiso eqela nakwizikhundla. Oku kunganceda unyulo lwabamele isiseko seqela ngenene.
  • Ukunciphisa ubungozi beQela elibizwa ngokuba yiRaiding: kungekho kuvota okunqamlezileyo kuvumelekileyo, impembelelo yangaphandle kwinkqubo yokukhupha ityum iyancitshiswa. Ilinye ithemba lokuba umnqobi wawo oyintloko ubonisa ukuthanda kwamalungu awo okwenene.
  • Iziphumo zokucacisa i Voter Votals: iziphumo zokuvalwa kweqela elinika inkxaso ephambili enogcino-lwazi oluchanekileyo malunga nokuba ngabaphi abafuna isiseko sabo esikhethekayo, ngaphandle kwengxolo yabavoti abanqamlezi.

Imiqobo Yeebhanile Ezivaliweyo

Imizekelo Yaseburhulumenteni Yeembaleki Ezivaliweyo

Iimeko ezisebenzisa amasuntswana avaliweyo ziquka i New York[FLT: 1], Florida, Pennsylvania[[[FLT:]], [[FLT:], [[FLT]]], [[6]] i-[FLT] i-ANTY], [i-NVAD , [[FLT]], [[FLT]] [iiiigog] [[FLT:] [iiiiiiiiifolawu], [[FLT: 11]., umzekelo, kwi New York, ivoti kufuneka ibhaliswe kwiqela elina 25 elincinane. [[FLDY] i-officlet syt sytting i- sync i- sync isting isting isting is travolut travolthiediation i

Iinkqubo Zecobrid Nezezinye Iindlela

Asingazo zonke iimeko ezilingana kakuhle kwizinto ezivaliweyo ezivaliweyo ezibini. Iimeko ezininzi zifumene iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo ezilungiselelwe ukuthatha ezona zilungileyo kuzo zombini ezi meko ngeli lixa zinciphisa ubuthathaka bazo.

Ii-Primes eziValekileyo

Kumalungu aphambili azivalelwe kancinane, abhalisiweyo angavota kuphela kwiqela lawo eliphambili, kodwa abavoti abangeniswanga bavunyelwa ukukhetha ukuba babe naliphi iqela eliphambili ukuba lithathe inxaxheba. Le nkqubo ivula ucango luye kungena ezimeleyo ngaphandle kokumema umnqamlezo-okluzela kumalungu eqela elichaseneyo. Amazwe anjenga [[FLT: 0] [amanzi] [[FLT: 1] asetyenziswa ngokuvalekileyo [[FLT]], , [[FLT]], [osavets[, [okanye [FLT], [FLT] nenkqubo eziqhelekileyo] i-New Hampreshi [[FFT:5] asebenzisa i-crited syted prities. Inzuzo inyuswa ngokuzibon'iediyo ngexesha lolawulo olungundoqo.

Iibhariri eziphezulu-sibini nezoMphezulu-Mntla

"phezulu-2" engundoqo, esetyenziswa ku iCalifornia, [FLT]], [[FTLT:2] Shahington, kunye Nébraska [kuze i-offisation compostation]] (kungeyomthetho weqela lecawa), ithatha indlela eyahlukileyo. Bonke abatshakazi bavela kwiqela elingundoqo lebhola ekhatywayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba idityaniswa naliphi iqela. U Voters angavota naliphi na ikhonkco. Abavoti becala, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iqela, kubhekise phambili kunyulo-wonke. Le nkqubo isusa imbono yeqela, injongo yokuvelisa abathathiweyo abanokucutha kwaye bancitshiswe. I-elwa yimeko efanayo enkulu (imeko enkulu).

Ephezulu-4 engundoqo, ngoku isetyenziswa kuphela i-Alaska kunye . Nevada (ukuqala 2025 kwi-presidential), inyusa ingcamango ngokubhekele phaya: unyuso lwevoti-4 lwenkqubela phambili kunyulo jikelele olusebenzisa uvotiso olucelwe ngokwemiqathango. Abaxhasi bathi oku kunika ivoti oluninzi kwaye kukhuthaza ukubhena ngaphaya kwesiseko sabo. Abachasi badibanisa ukuntsonkotha kwaye bangadibanisela uvoti.

Impembelelo Ebanzi Yeenkqubo Ezisisiseko Kukhetho

Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo engundoqo yokuhlisa isantya ngaphaya kweqonga lokumisa. Ibumba ukuziphatha komvotelwa, ukuvota, nempilo yedemokhrasi epheleleyo yabameli.

Ukuziphatha Okunempembelelo Neqela Elinamandla

Abangenisi kwizindlu ezivulekileyo kufuneka babhenele kwi-odoli ebanzi nelungeleleneyo, enokuthi ikhokelele kubuchule obuncinane bephulo lezakhono. Kwizipringi ezivaliweyo, abaza kufumana ingcinezelo yokukhupha izikhundla ezigqithisileyo ukuze baphumelele kwiqela labaxhasi abathembekileyo. Le mpembelelo isoloko ikhankanywa njengomqhubi wemimandla engaphandle: ukuvuza ingcamango ecocekileyo, ngexa kuvule izigcawu ezinyusileyo zivuzwa ngokunyuswayo ngaphandle kwepaseji.

Noko ke, ulwalamano luntsonkothile. Ezinye izazinzulu zezobupolitika ziphikisa ngelithi iziphumo zenkqubo eziphambili zokuthath' icala zincinane xa zithelekiswa nezinye izinto ezifana nokuqhekeza, ukwahlulwa kwamajelo eendaba, kunye nemali yelizwana. Noko ke, uphando oluninzi lufumanise ukuba iinguqu ezivulekileyo zinxulumene neengxelo zokuvota eziphakathi kancinane.

Igalelo

Ujikelezo lokuqala eUnited States ludume ngokuphantsi qhaqha-10-20% lwabavoti abafanelekileyo kumaziko omongameli kunye nangaphantsi phakathi kwamanqanam. Ukuvula ama-primend atyekele ekunyuseni ukuthatha inxaxheba phakathi kwezizimeleyo kunye namavoti ngamaxesha athile. Umzekelo, umbutho u-Fairvote uphawula ukuba amaphondo avula-macarimary asoloko ejika amanqanaba aliqela aphezulu kunalawo avaliweyo. Noko ke, amaPrimente avalayo angakhuthaza ukuqhagamshelwa kweqela kunye nokubotshwa ngokuzithandela, njengoko abava ukuba ukuvota kwawo kuthwele ubunzima obungakumbi phakathi kweqela lawo.

Ukucacisa Nokulinganisela

Ingxoxo emalunga neenkqubo ezingundoqo idityaniswe ngokusondeleyo kwinkxalabo yamacandelo ahlukeneyo. Abameli be-primetic baphikisa ngelithi baphazamisana nokusuka kwizithuba ngokunyanzela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba bakhuphisane nabavoti. Abaxhasi bezinto zokucima ezivaliweyo abagcina ukhetho olunentsingiselo kwaye bathintele "ukugalela phantsi" kwamaqonga amaqela. Ubungqina budityanisiwe: amanye amajelo afana neKhalifoniya aye abona utshintsho kumalungu aphakathi ukusuka ekuthatheni amasuntswana amabini aphezulu-Primprim, lo gama amanye amaphondo ezinto avulekileyo ehleli ephezulu enziwe akwindawo entle.

Ufundo lwetyala: Iziphumo zokwenene- zehlabathi

Iqela eliphambili leKhalifoniya

Iproposition 14, edlulileyo ngo-2010, yamiselwa inkqubo ephambili ephambili enezibini zonyulo lwalo lonke urhulumente kunye nonobumba ngaphandle kolawulo. Iinjongo ezichaziweyo yayikukwandisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kovoti, ukunciphisa i-gridlock, kwaye zibonelele imigaqo-mthetho elungeleleneyo. Uvavanyo lubonise iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo. Ezinye izifundo, ezifana neqela eliphambili iPublic Policy Institute of California[FLT] , zifumaniwe ukuba inkqubo ikhokelele ulwando oluncinane kukhuphiswano lono lonononono-voti nokwehla kakhulu kwiNtlanga. Noko ke, ukuvota okungalwa akunyukangandiswanga ngokuphawulekayo, kwaye inkqubo yokungacimi kungayicimi. Abagxeki belukile ukuba kwimimandla emininzi, unyuso lwelizwe lonke, uRiphabliki lunganye oluthemba lutshintshiswe luguqulo.

Uvalo lwaseNew York

I-New York yenye yezona ndawo zingqongqo ezivaliweyo. Iincwadi zemiyalelo kufuneka zibhalise neqela ubuncinane iintsuku ezingama-25 phambi kwesiqalo, kwaye ezizimeleyo zivalwe ngokupheleleyo. Isiphumo sibe sisiphumo esisezantsi ngokungapheliyo esingundoqo ngezantsi kwe 10% , kwaye indlu yowiso-mthetho esoloko ibekwe phantsi phakathi kweqela elipheleleyo kumazwe. Amaqela oTshintsho atyhafileyo okanye avula ii-prigrims, kodwa imigudu iye yasilela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwindlu yowiso. Isifundo se- sisoloko sibekwe phantsi kwe 10% ifumaniwe ukuba inkqubo evaliweyo i-transkis ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-3 ze-New Yorkerves kwaye incedisa ukurhoxisana.

Uvulo lukaWisconsin

UWisconsin usebenzise inkqubo evulekileyo esisiseko ukususela ekulawuleni, evumela abavoti ukuba bacele nabani na umvoti weqela ngosuku lonyulo ngaphandle kokubhalisa i-interunt. Le nkqubo ikhuthaze ukuvela okuphezulu ngokunxulumene nesithethe sabalawuli baseRiphabliki abaphakathi abafana noTommy Thompson noTommy welandela likaScott Walker (ngaphambi kokuba ashenxe ekunene). Noko ke, ngexesha lowama 2012 unyulo lokukhumbula unyulo, abanye abalawuli bedemocratic Coptation banqamleza ukuvota kwirhuqo lobumpulu, kuthiwa baxhasa irhuluneli elungele ukuchola. Iziganeko ezinjalo zibonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kuvotelwe kwana nokuvula ii-Primmaters. Inkqubo ka-Wisconison iyanconywa ngenxa yokunga kweqela kodwa ngamaxesha athile ngenxa yokunga kweqela lokuphendula.

Isiphelo: Ikamva Lotshintsho Oluyintloko

Ukuqonda amaplanga avulekileyo navaliweyo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda amandla onyulo lwaseMelika. Ukusuka kokungena kolu nyulu kodwa olunokuba buthathaka kusuka kwisiqalo esidibeneyo kodwa esivaliweyo, inkqubo nganye ithwala urhwebo phakathi kokuthabatha inxaxheba, ukuthembeka kweqela, kunye nolungelelwano lwamabhayisekile. Iinkqubo zeHybrid njengeevalwa kancinane kunye neziphezulu-injini ezizama ukubetha umlinganiselo, kodwa akukho ndlela inye yokuzilungisa.

Ingxoxo emalunga notshintsho lokuqala iyaqhubeka ikhula njengoko ukunganeliseki kukhula ngonyulo olusuka kwenye indawo nokhetho olungaqhutyelwanga. Amanye amaphondo sele ejongise ekuvulweni okanye ekungasondeleni; amanye acinga ngokuvota okuphezulu okanye okumiselwe ngokweziqu ezibini. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, nabavoti, beqonda indlela le mpembelelo yemithetho ekhokelela kukwenza ukhetho olunolwazi ngohlobo lwedemokhrasi esilufunayo. Njengoko imijikelezo ye-2024 ne-2028 ehambayo isondela, abakhankampasi bezindlu eziphezulu okanye abalawuli abaphezulu baya kuhlala kumbandela ombindi wencoko emalunga notshintsho lokhetho kunye nempilo yedemokhrasi yaseMelika.

[[UMTL:0] kufundo olubhekele phaya, uphando lwezibonelelo ezisuka kwiNgqungquthela yesizwe yoMthetho weSizwe kunye Fairvote.