Indima Ebalulekileyo Yezilingo Zobubhovu Kwinkqubo Efanelekileyo

Ityala labachopheli-tyala limi njengenye yezona mpawu zahlukileyo nezihlala zihleli zenkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Asiyondlela nje esesikweni kodwa sisiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko esisesona sisemzimbeni wenkqubo efanelekileyo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukubaluleka okunzulu kweemvavanyo zabachopheli ekulondolozeni okusesikweni, ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni, nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye nokufumana igunya likarhulumente. Ngokuqonda iingcambu zembali, iinzuzo zokwakha, kunye nocelomngeni lwexesha elinye lokuvavanywa kwejaji, ubani angaqonda isizathu sokuba eli lungiselelo lisoloko libalulekile kumthetho.

Isiseko Sengqiqo Senkqubo Efanelekileyo Nezilingo Zokuvavanywa

Imo yedinga elisisiseko ledinga elisisiseko lokuba urhulumente akasayi kuhlutha nabani na onegunya lobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwemigaqo elungileyo. Ityala labachopheli lisebenzisa esi sithembiso ngokubeka igunya lokwenza izigqibo ezandleni zabemi abaqhelekileyo kunokuba abadlali bakarhulumente. Oku kukhutshwa kwegunya kubangelwa yinjongo: ukuthintela ukufakwa kwegunya lobugqwesi kumgwebi omnye okanye umtshutshisi, onokuba phantsi kwengcinezelo yezobupolitika okanye ingxuba ephakathi. Ijaji isebenza njengovavanyo kwigunya eliphetheyo namasebe ejaji, iqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni zibonakalisa amaxabiso entlalweni kunokuba zibonakalise isenzo sobuso simongomthetho.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ilungelo lokuchophela ityala liyinkqubo efanelekileyo. Duncan v. Louisiana (1968), iNkundla ibambelele kwelokuba uHlaziyo lweSithandathu lunelungelo lokuqulunqwa lisebenza kumazwe kuMphetho-mva-mthetho we-14, ikuqonda njengokubalulekileyo kwicebo lokugweba. Oku kwagxininisa ukuba ityala lejaji aliyolahleko kodwa lingulungiselelo eliphilayo elikhuthaza inkqubo efunekayo kuwo onke amacandelo karhulumente.

Umsebenzi odityanisiweyo: Ukufumana Inyaniso kunye nokunyanzelwa kwengxowa-mali

Ijaji yenza imisebenzi emibini ebalulekileyo. Okokuqala, ifumana izibakala: abachopheli-mthetho bavavanya ubungqina, bavavanya ukunyaniseka, baze bagqibe oko kwenzeka ngokwenene. Okwesibini, abachopheli-mthetho basebenzisa umthetho njengoko uyalelwa ngumgwebi kwezo zibakala, benikela isigqibo esinxibelelana nomgwebo wengingqi ngehambo yomntu omangalelweyo. Le ndima idibene nekomiti yabachopheli-mvo yenza imemo phakathi kwemithetho engekho ngqiqweni nezibakalayo zentlalo. Xa ijaji igwebi okanye isalatha, ayipheleli nje ukugqiba ityala kodwa ikwaqinisekisa imigaqo ejongwa yinkululeko efunwa libutho.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Kwetyala Le Jury

Ityala labachopheli-tyala alizange livele ngokupheleleyo. Iingcambu zalo zibuyela eNgilani yamaxesha aphakathi, apho amajaji asebenza njengamagxeli kunye nezigqibo zomthetho wamandulo. Kwiminyaka emininzi, iso si siko lokwahlula iindima zabachopheli-tyala abazukileyo (ezithi zityholwe) kunye nejaji elithi lizame) nokumisela inkxaso nxamnye nezigwebo ezinyanzelekileyo. Abalawuli bamaphondo bathwala le sithethe ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantiki, kunye neMvukelo-Mvukelo yaseMerika yabhexelelwa ngokwenxalenye ngokugxaxamfa ngokungeniswa kwetyala abachopheli-tyala. ISindululo se-Suviko sigxeka uKumkani ngokungqalileyo “ukusigweba ngokweemeko ezininzi, ukusikhusela kwisigwebo setyala sikaJury.”

Abachopheli besakhelo bajonga isalatha-mthetho njengesikhuseli sokukhusela ekucinezeleni. UAlexander Hamilton wabhala ku uLuhlu lukaNo. 83 ukuba ukuvavanywa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala “kwakuyi-palladium karhulumente okhululekileyo." Le mvakalelo yaqiniswa kwiSithandathu neSigqibo seSesixhenxe soLawulo, iqinisekisa ukuba zombini izigwebi kunye nezicaka-mali zamakhaya zinokuvuselela umgwebo woontanga babo. Kwimbono enzulu engokwembali, iZiko lomGaqo-siseko wesizwe [ ibonelela ushwankathelo esibalaseleyo semvelaphi kunye nokucaciswa kweSithandathu.

IJury Njengokhuseleko Ekuxhathiseni Urhulumente

Abaseki baseMerika babesoyika ukuba ngaphandle kwenkundla yabachopheli-tyala, abagwebi abatyunjwe ngurhulumente babe zizixhobo zokucinezela. Abachopheli-jaji bacela ingqiqo ebanzi yabantu phakathi komntu norhulumente. Le ngqiqo inamandla ngokukhethekileyo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, apho urhulumente esebenzisa ubuncwane obuninzi kunye nemvume yokugweba. Amandla abachopheli-mthetho okukhulula ubunzima bobungqina . /amaxesha amaninzi kuthiwa ukupheliswa kwetyala lichaziwe ngokupheleleyo.

Indlela Iimvavanyo Zobutsha Eziyixhasa Ngayo Inkqubo Efanelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ayifuni imithetho elungileyo kuphela kodwa kwakhona izicelo zobulungisa. Uvavanyo luka Jury lufak' isandla koku ngeendlela ezininzi zekonkrithi.

Khetha Icala Ngokukhetha

Abaququzeleli bakhutshwa kwicandelo elinqumlayo loluntu, bebizwa ngokuzenzekelayo ukusuka kuluhlu lobhaliso lovoti okanye kwiirekhodi zelayisensi yomqhubi. Oku kunciphisa ubungozi bokufumba ijaji nabantu abatsha ngethuba elithile bejonge kwisiphumo esithile. omabini amaqela anamathuba okuvavanya abajaji abangaphambili ngenxa yesizathu okanye ukuphuma kwesehlo, nangona ukukhutshwa kwemijelo kumele kungasetyenziswa ngokufihlakeleyo (njengoko kumiselwe BATson v. Keythkicky]).

Imigangatho yoLuntu nobuGcisa

Xa ijaji ikhupha isigqibo, ithwala igunya lokuziphatha kwebutho labantu. Oku kusemthethweni kubalulekile ukuze kwamkeleke ekuhleni iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni. Abantu badla ngokusihlonela isigwebo xa besazi abemi abangokwabo (hhayi i-drugractat okanye ijaji ephambukayo). Ijaji eligwebayo likwafaka izigwebo ezingokwasemthethweni, libeka imigaqo engqongqo yemfundiso engokwasemthethweni ngengqiqo eqhelekileyo. Njengoko iJaji Byron White ibhale kwi- Ditun v. uLouisiana [, ityala labagwebi], ityala “li likhusela abagwebi abagqekileyo okanye abagqekekileyo nabagwebi abagqe, okanye abagwebi.

Uphando olucace gca nolungokwabantu

Iinkundla zenkundla zithe chu kuwonke wonke. Inkundla evulekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba ityala liphantsi kokucinezelwa nokujoliswa koorhulumente, ukuthintelwa kokuziphatha okubi nokungathenjwa. Ukufihla imfihlo lutshaba lwenkqubo efanelekileyo, kwaye ukuvavanywa kwasesidlangalaleni kweenkundla zejaji kunceda ekubhenca iimpazamo, ikhethe, okanye iinkqubo ezingekho ngqiqweni. Ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala likawonke-wonke liqinisekiswe phantsi kweSindululo seSithandathu kwaye linxulumene ngokusondeleyo nendima yenkundla yabachopheli-tyala.

Ukwakhiwa komGaqo-siseko: IziHlaziyo Zesithandathu Nezesixhenxe

UMgaqo-siseko wase-United States ugunyazisa ityala labachopheli-tyala ngamalungiselelo amabini ahlukeneyo: IsiHlaliso seSithandathu samatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kunye noMphetho-mthetho weSebethisi kumatyala asekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda ezi Zibhalo kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe ngokupheleleyo umgangatho wokukhuselwa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo.

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

ISixth Amendment ithi: “Kuzo zonke iinkundla zamatyala, ummangalelwa uza kunandipha ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza nakuwonke wonke, ngenkundla engakhethiyo yeSizwe kunye nesithili apho ulwaphulo-mthetho luza kuba luphumile khona.” Esi siqinisekiso sisebenza nakweliphi na ityala eligwetywayo ngokuvalelwa iinyanga ezingaphezu kwezithandathu ([]] [Baldwin v. New York[[FLT]], 1970]). Ijaji yejaji kufuneka iqanjwe ngamalungu alishumi elinesibini kwiimeko zikarhulumente, nangona asenokusebenzisa amatyala amancinane angeyo kwityala angengomacawaboli, ukuba akhuthaza uquququzelo kwaye amele uluntu. Imfuneko yokungangeni kwiimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho zolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka ziqinise ukukhuselwa kokhuseleko.

Uhlaziyo Lwesixhenxe: Amatyala Aseburhulumenteni

ISichibiyelo seSebethi sigcina ilungelo lokuqulunqwa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala “apho ixabiso lempikiswano liya kugqitha kumashumi amabini eerandi.” Oku kulungisa kusebenza kuphela kwinkundla karhulumente, kodwa uninzi lwamazwe lunemiqathango egunyazisayo. Abachopheli-mthetho bagqiba ukuba bobabini batyala kunye nomonakalo, kwaye oko kufunyaniswe kukuba ityala linokurhoxiswa kuphela ukuba liphosakele. Ilungelo lejaji yetyala lasekuhlaleni liqinisekisa ukuba abantu kunye namashishini anokukhuphisana ngokunyanisa. Kwana nakwiimeko zorhwebo ezintluntlukwano, abacholathi bejaji abamiselweyo bangahlala besenza imvume.

Iingenelo Zovavanyo: Ngapha koko

Ngoxa inqaku lokuqala lidwelisa ukungakhethi buso, imilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni, nokubonakala kwelinye icala, ityala labachopheli - tyala linika iingenelo ezongezelelekileyo ababukeli abaninzi abangakhange bazibone.

Ukukhuthaza Ukulungiselela Ngokucokisekileyo

Ngenxa yokuba abachopheli-tyala kufuneka beyiseke, amagqwetha kufuneka anikele ubungqina obucacileyo nobunyanzelisayo. Le njongo inyanzela amacala omabini ukuba aququzelele iimpikiswano zawo ezingcono aze avelise amangqina anokuthenjwa. Isalathisi esitsha somchotho-mgwebi, singumlamleli-mkeli wetyala, siphakamisa ubunjani bobugqeba kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba amatyala abuthathaka angenakuphumelela. Abagwebi abahlala ngaphandle kwejaji bangazenza zithuze zizenze zivuleke iimpikiswano ezithile; ijaji entsha izisa ingqalelo entsha kwityala ngalinye.

Ukukhusela Iimfundiso Zomthetho

Akukho mgwebi ungakhethi buso ngokupheleleyo. Kwanesona sigwebi sinesazela sizisa amava obomi bonke, iinkolelo, kunye neziphumo eziqhelekileyo kwisitulo. Ijaji inciphisa naluphi na uqhekeko loMenzi wesigqibo omnye. Uphando lubonise ukuba iijaji zisoloko zifikelela kwizigqibo ezivumelana nobungqina obuthembekileyo ngakumbi kunabagwebi kwiimeko ezisondeleyo. Ngoxa izigqibo zabachopheli-mgwebi zingabopheleleki, inkqubo yeqhinga elidibeneyo isoloko ilungisa iimpazamo kunye nekhethe.

Ukuqinisa Ubungqina Besingqi

Inkonzo kaJury yenye yamathuba ambalwa kubemi abaqhelekileyo ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngqo kulawulo lobulungisa. Ifundisa abemi ngenkqubo yomthetho, ikhuthaza ukuhlonelwa komthetho, kwaye igxininisa iimbopheleleko zobumi. Iingxelo zisoloko zibonisa ukuba abo bakhonza kwiijaji bafumana intembelo engakumbi ekugqibeleni kweenkundla. Le mithetho yoluntu iluncedo oluphantsi kwenkqubo yabachopheli-tyala.

Iimvavanyo Zobuhlolokazi Zanamhlanje

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngcembe, ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala kujamelana nemiqobo enzulu kule nkulungwane yama - 21.

Ukuntsonkotha Kwamatyala Okukhula

Ukubekwa kwetyala kwamakhaya okubandakanya ukugunyaziswa, ukuvalwa kwetyala, okanye iimbambano zeshishini ezintsonkothileyo zisoloko zibandakanya ubungqina obungobuchule obunokusongamela abagwebi abaqhelekileyo. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ubungqina obungokweziko, ubungqina bemivocalulo, kunye namangqina obuchule bamanani kusenokuba nzima ukuba abachopheli-mthetho bavavanye ngokungqongqo. Iinkundla ziye zaphendula ngokuvumela abachopheli beejaji ukuba bathathe amaphetshana, babuze imibuzo ebhaliweyo, baze bafumane imiyalelo ebhaliweyo. Eminye imiqathango isebenzisa izigqibo ezikhethekileyo ukukhokela abalawuli bejaji ngemibuzo enzima. Kodwa ke, ezi ndawo aziwuphelisi ngokupheleleyo umngcipheko wokungaqondisi bungqina bobugcisa.

Imbono ye-Jurier

Izixhobo zekhompyutha zale mihla kunye nezolwazi lwezentlalo zibhenca ulwazi lwezijungqu phambi kokuvavanywa. Imigudu enzima (yokukhetha) yokufanisa nokukhupha abantu abachaphazelekayo, kodwa ikhethe elicacileyo ``i-racial', intlalo-meko-ntle, okanye inkcubeko-kondla-ngokwamasiko-mhlaba) iqhubekeka ingabonakali. Iimeko eziphezulu ze-propati zinzima kakhulu ukufumana iijaji ezingakhethiyo. Imikhosi efana neyo kwandisiwe i-voirdad, engaziwayo, kunye nonyuselo lokusetyenziswa kweengxaki zokuzingcibisa eziyekileyo zisetyenzisiweyo, kodwa ingxaki iyaqhubeka isetyenziswa. Ilungu le-American Bay Commote ye-jurs [[FLT] i-Dilot] isoloko ikhupha uqheliselo olungcono kwezi ngxelo.

Ukusetyenziswa kukavimba noxinzelelo lokuzinzisa

Ityala le Jury libiza kakhulu kwaye linika ixesha lokulungisa. Indleko yokulungiselela ukuvavanywa, ukuhlawula amangqina obuchule, kunye nokukhupha imvume yokugweba ingathintelwa ngabantu ngabanye kunye namatyala amancinane. Ngenxa yoko, ityala elininzi lihlala phambi kokuvavanywa okanye liphambukiselwe kuxinzelelo loxinzelelo. Uthotho lwetyala oluphantsi lwetyala eliphantsi kwemiqathango ephantsi kwemiqathango ephantsi kwemiqathango netyala. Inkundla ephakamileyo yaphawula kwi-[FLD:] Lafler. v [FFFF:] [20]

Iinguqu ezicacisiweyo

Isifo se-COVOID-19 esiyingozi sokunqanda ukuvavanywa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala. Iinkundla ezininzi zayekisa ityala okanye zatshintshela kwiifomati ezibonisayo, ziphakamisa imibuzo yokuba amatyala angaphandle angowanelisa na ukukhusela komGaqo-siseko. Inkxalabo ngokweenkcukacha zejaji ekude, ii-engile zekhamera, nokungakwazi ukuqwalasela iimpawu zobuntu kuye kwakhokelela ekubuyeleni kancinci kwiityala ezingenamandla. Isifo sabhenca ubuqhetseba benkqubo yejaji kwaye sabangela ukuba iinguquko ezinokuqhubeka, njengokusetyenziswa okude kusetyenziswa kwe-irvoir ehlala ikhohlo-mfa.

Ukwenziwa kwemihlathi: Ikrele elinemigca emibini

Ukupheliswa kwetyala kwenzeka xa ijaji ibuyisela isigqibo sokungabekwa tyala phezu kokukholelwa ukuba ummangalelwa unetyala ngokusemthethweni, ngokuqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuba abagwebi bafumana umthetho ofanelekileyo ungekho sikweni okanye ukuphathwa kakubi kwityala elikhethekileyo. Eli gunya lisemthethweni wejaji (isigqibo asinakupheliswa) kwaye ngokwembali iye yasetyenziswa ukulwa nemithetho engekho semthethweni, njengabo bamisela ubukhoboka okanye iBhodi. Noko ke, ukulahlwa kwetyala kungasetyenziswa kakubi, njengaxa ummangalelwa wetyala ekwahluleleni ngenxa yekhethe lobuhlanga okanye ityala elingenaluvelwano. Iinkundla zisoloko zifundisa ukuba kufuneka basebenzise umthetho, nabamangali bangamele bafundiswe ngokungekho nto. Nangona oku kusithiwa, ukukhunjululwa kolawulo olungenamsebenzi.

Iimbono Zamazwe Ngamazwe Ngeemvavanyo Zobusela

IUnited States lelinye lamazwe ambalwa agcina ityala lejaji njengenkalo ephambili yetyala letyala letyala letyala letyala lamadoda ahlukeneyo nawasekuhlaleni. Amazwe amaninzi aye ashiya okanye awamkelanga abagwebi, endaweni yoko exhomekeke kumacandelo abagwebi okanye kwiinkundla ezidibeneyo zabagwebi abaqeshiweyo. INkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo yoLuntu ibambelele kwelokuba ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni phantsi kweSigqeba 6 seNgqungquthela yaseYurophu ayisifuni inkundla yetyala; umgwebo oqikelelekayo ngabagwebi abangolwazi abangochwepheshe uyanela. Kodwa ke, amazwe aqhelekileyo njengeKhanada, i-Australia, kunye noManyeneyo ayaqhubeka esebenzisa izigwebo ezinzulu zolwaphulo-mthetho, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwawo kumatyala asekuhlaleni kuphelile. Ukuthelekisa ezi nkqubo zokunikezelwa kwe-America ekuvavaneni ngabagwebi kuyinto ekhethekileyo, yaye le komiti yetyala le komiti yesizwe.[0]

Ikamva Lezilingo Zobu Juliya Ngendlela Elifaneleyo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ityala lenkundla liza kugcinwa kufuneka imigudu esebenzayo yokulungisa ubuthathaka balo ngoxa lixhasa amandla alo. Utshintsho olucetyisiweyo luquka:

  • [[UKWENZIWA:0] Ukuqondwa kwentloko-mali: Ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yolwimi olucacileyo, uqeqesho lwangaphambili kwiinkcubeko zomthetho, kunye nokuvumela abagwebi ukuba baxubushe ubungqina ngexesha lokuvavanywa (kwimimandla ethile) kunganyusa ukuqonda.
  • Ukunciphisa isigwebo sokuchotshelwa: [ Isenzo soMthetho sokunciphisa ukwahlula phakathi kwengqinisekiso ezihlawulwayo kunye neenkolelo zokuvavanywa zingenza ukugwetywa kwetyala kube lukhetho olusengqiqweni ngakumbi kubamangalelwa.
  • Ukusasaza iinguqu zejaji: uludwe oluphuculiweyo lwemvelaphi yejaji nokuncitshiswa kokukhululwa kunokwenza ukuchotshelwa kwejaji kube ngummeli ongakumbi, ukwandisa ilungelo lako.
  • Ubugcisa bokwahlula-hlula: uboniso lwamanani, iinkundla zenkundla zenene kwimicimbi yangaphambi kwetyala, kwanosetyenziso olulinganiselweyo lwendlela ebekelwe kude yokukhetha ijaji lungacutha iindleko ngaphandle kokuthoba umbindi wasekunene.

Ezi nguqulelo, ukuba zicatshulwe ngokusengqiqweni, zinokuqinisekisa ukuba ityala labachopheli - tyala lihlala liyigcina ngamandla inkqubo efanelekileyo kunokuba ligcinwe libubungqina bembali.

Isiphelo

Ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kungaphezulu kakhulu kunento ethethwa yinkundla; lilungelo lomGaqo-siseko elibandakanya umgaqo wenkqubo efanelekileyo. Ngokubandakanya abemi abaqhelekileyo ekulawuleni okusesikweni, ijaji ihlola igunya likarhulumente, inika izigqibo ezingokwasemthethweni ngemigangatho yoluntu, kwaye ikhulisa ukubonakala nokufaneleka kweziphumo zenkundla. Nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ngeziphumo... Nangona ityala liqulunqe lineendleko lomthetho, ukunyuka, nokusetyenziswa kwetyala, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwalo kuhlala kusisiko esingenakubekwa endaweni yayo. Ukugcinwa kwalo kufuna ingqalelo oluqhubekayo, ukufumaneka, nokuphumelela nemfundo. Njengoko iNkundla Ephakamileyo iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ilungelo lokuchophela kwetyala lisisiseko kwimbono yenkululeko yaseMerika esemthethweni. Kwihlabathi elihlala likhundlekileyo, inkundla ye-gqweleti ihlala ingube ingumkhuseli-omeli-ontala