Table of Contents

Inkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika isebenza kulungelelwano olululo phakathi komthetho obhaliweyo namava aphilayo abemi abaqhelekileyo. Entliziyweni yolu lungelelwaniso kukho inkqubo yabachopheli-mthetho, isiseko sobulungisa bedemokhrasi enika abantu amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba ngqo kulawulo lomthetho. Ngezigqibo zabo, iijaji zenza okungaphezulu kunokugqiba nje ngokuyila iimeko ngazinye ezingokwasemthethweni, zibumba imimiselo engekho sikweni, ziqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ihlala ihambelana nemilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni kunye nokuziphatha.

Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezisebenzisa ngayo izigqibo zejaji ekwenzeni imithetho esesikweni kufuna ukuba kuhlolisiswe ulwalamano oluneentlobo-ntlobo phakathi kokuthabatha inxaxheba, ukutolika kwezaphula-mthetho, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwemithetho. Olu hlolisiso lubonisa indlela izigqibo ezibanzi ezisebenza ngayo njengenkqubo ephambili yokuphendula inkqubo yejaji esemthethweni, iphembelela yonke into ukususela ekutolikeni komgaqo-siseko ukuya ekunyanzelweni komthetho nakumthetho wasekuhlaleni.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samandla oBujuku

Ilungelo lommi lokuchophela amatyala lilungu elisembindini lomGaqo-siseko wase-United States kwaye ligqalwa njengomgaqo osisiseko wenkqubo yomthetho waseMelika, okhankanywe kahlanu kuMgaqo-siseko: kanye kumbhalo wokuqala (Artle III, Icandelo 2) kunye nezihlandlo ezine kwiBhili yamaLungelo (kwisiHlanu, kwiSithandathu, kunye neSiphendumiso seNtlanganiso). Lo mGaqo-siseko ugxininisa imbopheleleko enzulu yomGaqo-siseko yokubambathisi athathe inxaxheba ekulawuleni nasekungathembani kwabo igunya likarhulumente eliphakamileyo.

Ukubaluleka kweejaji kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika kuvela ekungathembini abagwebi bamaNgesi, njengoko abaqulunqi bomGaqo-siseko babekholelwa ukuba umntu oqhelekileyo angawusebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo umthetho kunokusebenzisa ijaji emiselwe ngumthsaba. Le ngxelo yembali icacisa isizathu sokuba amaqumrhu ejaji anegunya elinjalo elibalulekileyo kwisiseko sethu esisemthethweni `ayilwe ngokuhlola nxamnye nobuzwilakhe obunokwenzeka bukarhulumente kunye nobugqwesi.

Okwangoku eUnited States, wonke umntu otyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho olugwetywayo ngokuvalelwa iinyanga ezingaphezu kwezithandathu unelungelo lomGaqo-siseko lokuchophela ityala, elivela kwiSiqendu seSithandathu soMgaqo-siseko we-United States, ilungelo leNkundla ePhakamileyo eliqulunqwe ngokuchasene namaphondo eDuncan kunye noLouisiana ngowe-1968. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abemi, kungekhona amagosa orhulumente kuphela, banelungelo lokugqiba ukuba banetyala okanye bamsulwa kwimicimbi enzulu yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Indima Yemibhiyozo Njengabapapashi Benyaniso Nabameli Boluntu

I Juries isebenza umsebenzi ophindiweyo kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Kumgangatho omnye, basebenza njengabachongi benyaniso abangakhethiyo, beqwalasela ngobuchule ubungqina obunikelwa ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala ukufumanisa oko kwenzeka ngokwenene. Bavavanya ubungqina kunye nokuthembeka kwamangqina, besebenzisa umgwebo wabo kunye namava obomi babo kwimibuzo esoloko iphikisana neempendulo ezilula.

Kodwa iijaji zisebenza umsebenzi obaluleke ngokufanayo wokomfuziselo noluncedo njengabameli bemilinganiselo yoluntu. IiJuries zaqanjwa ngokuyintloko ngo "oovimba" abasuka kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni kwaye zanikela iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuphikisana ngengenelo yokunikezela ngokusemthethweni. Olu melo loluntu luqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni azibonisi nje imigaqo engekho ngqiqweni engokomthetho, kodwa zibonakalisa isimilo nobulumko bokuziphatha kwabemi abaqhelekileyo.

Abameli baphikisa ngelithi ukupheliswa kwemiqathango kuvumela amajaji ukuba abonise imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yoluntu, ngoxa abagxeki bevakalisa inkxalabo yokuba kungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezingekho ngqiqweni okanye ezingekho mthethweni. Olu xinezeleko luphakathi kwemilinganiselo yoluntu kunye nokungaguquguquki komthetho lumela enye yeengxoxo ezisisiseko kwimithetho elawulayo yaseMerika, ibalaselisa indima entsonkothileyo ephunyezwa ekuqinisekiseni umsantsa phakathi komthetho njengoko ubhalwe nokusesikweni njengoko kuveliswe.

Jury Comition kunye nomelo lwedemokhrasi

Iintlawulo zidla ngokuba nabemi bazo zonke iintlobo zobomi, abangenabuchule bukhethekileyo okanye uqeqesho olufunekayo, kwaye izigidi zamaMerika zibizwa ukuba zisebenze kwimisebenzi yokuchophela ityala nyaka ngamnye. Oku kuthabatha izigqibo ezibanzi kuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ezingokwasemthethweni zibandakanya iimbono namava ahlukeneyo, nto leyo ethintela umthetho ekubeni ube ngummandla okhethekileyo wezigqeba zomthetho okanye amagosa karhulumente.

Ukwenziwa kwezigwebo zejaji ngokwazo bekungumxholo wezigqibo eziphawulweyo eziye zabumba umthetho waseMelika. Iinkundla ziye zabambelela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwisigqibo sokuba amajaji kufuneka amele icandelo elifanelekileyo elinqamleze uluntu, ekuthinteleni ukucalucalulwa okucwangcisiweyo okusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Le mithetho iyaqonda ukuba ukugunyaziswa kwezigwebo zejaji kuxhomekeke kwindlela emele ngayo, ``isigwebo sejaji) esikhutshwa ngabagwebi esikhutshwa ngamacandelo abalulekileyo angenalo gunya elifanelekileyo lokuyalela intlonelo nelo kuluntu lonke.

Indlela UJury Agweba Ngayo Impembelelo Yophuhliso Lomthetho

Izigqibo zikaJury zichaphazela ukuphuhliswa kwemithetho esesikweni ngobuchule obuninzi obungafaniyo kodwa obudityanisiweyo. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kutyhila indlela ukuba nenxaxheba kommi ngamnye kwiimeko ngazinye okunokubangela ngayo iinguqulelo ezingokwenkqubo esemthethweni ezichaphazela izigidi zabantu.

Ukuzilungisa Ngokuzimisela Okuyinyaniso

Nangona amajaji engathathi nxaxheba ngendlela efanayo nezigqibo zenkundla ezigwebayo, izinto ezifunyenweyo ziyinyaniso kwityala ngalinye zinokuvelisa imizekelo ephembelela indlela iinkundla eziwuchaza ngayo umthetho zize ziwusebenzise ngayo. Xa iijaji zisoloko zifikelela kwizigqibo ezifanayo kwiimeko ezithile ezibandakanya ihambo okanye iimeko ezithile, abagwebi kunye nemithetho bayaziphawula.

Ngokomzekelo, izigqibo zejaji kumatyala emveliso ziye zaphembelela ukuphuhliswa kwemilinganiselo yokukhusela abathengi. Xa abagwebi befumana abenzi bezinto ezinesiphene befumana ityala lemveliso, iinkundla zingalungisa iimfundiso ezisemthethweni ukuze zibonise ukulindela kwengingqi kokhuseleko lwemveliso. Le milinganiselo iphuculiweyo ikhokela amatyala exesha elizayo, idala ijelo phakathi kwemigwebo yejaji kunye nemfundiso esemthethweni.

Ukubonakalisa Inkcaso Yabantu Bonke Kwimithetho Engekho Sikweni

Isigqibo sabachopheli-tyala esichasene neleta yomthetho sixhomekeke kuphela kwityala elithile eliphambi kwalo; noko ke, ukuba umgaqo wokugweba uqalisa ngokuphendula amatyala aphindaphindiweyo okugweba ityala elithile, oku kunokuba nemiphumo ecacileyo yokungawuthobeli umthetho, yaye loo nto isenokubonisa ukuchaswa kwasesidlangalaleni ekumiselweni kwemithetho okungafunwayo.

Umzekelo ozinzileyo wokugwetywa kwetyala elithile unokuba nesiphumo esisebenzayo sokungawuthobeli umthetho, yaye, inyani inyani yokuphelisa ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala etyala lotywala yafak'ecaleni ngokusamkelwa koMgaqo-nkqubo wama-21, oye waphinda wanikezelwa. Lo mzekelo wembali ubonisa indlela ukuchasa abachopheli-tyala kwimithetho engathandwayo okunokuthi ekugqibeleni kubangele ngayo utshintsho olusesikweni lwemithetho yemithetho.

Ukupheliswa kwetyala — xa inkundla yabachopheli-tyala ingavumelani nomthetho yaye ikhulula ummangalelwa ekholelwa ukuba unetyala — inembali ende eUnited States yokukhonza njengelungu lenguqulelo yentlalo kwimithetho engathandwayo. Lo msebenzi uvumela iijaji ukuba zisebenze njengenkqubo yokulumkisa yamandulo, ukulumkisa abagwebi nenkundla xa imithetho iphulukana nenkxaso kawonke wonke okanye xa ukugcinwa kwezinto eziphambili kungqubana nemilinganiselo yoluntu.

Ukuqwalaselwa ngokukhawulezileyo kweMigangatho yoMgaqo-siseko

Izigwebo ze Jury zingenza ukuba abagwebi baphinde bahlolisise imilinganiselo ekhoyo yomthetho, ingakumbi xa izigqibo zisoloko zingqubana koko umthetho ubonakala kukufuna. Abagwebi bangaphendula ngemiyalelo yokusulungekiswa kwenkundla yabachopheli, bacacise imigaqo engokwasemthethweni edidayo, okanye bade bathandabuze enoba imizekelo ekhoyo iyaqhubeka isebenza kusini na ngenxa yemilinganiselo eguquguqukayo yoluntu.

Kwezinye iimeko, izigqibo ezingalindelekanga zenkundla egwebayo zikhokelela ekubeni inkundla egwebayo iphinde ihlole imigaqo ethile esemthethweni elawula iindidi zamatyala. Xa iijaji zizama ukusebenzisa imigaqo ekhoyo esemthethweni okanye zifikelele izigwebo ezibonakala zingavumelani nomthetho njengoko ubhaliwe, iinkundla ezilawulayo zisenokugqiba kwelokuba isiseko somthetho ngokwaso sifuna ukulungiswa ukuze kusebenze okusesikweni bhetele.

Ukunyanzelisa Utshintsho Oluqulunqiweyo

Abaququzeleli bomthetho banikela ingqalelo esondeleyo kwizigqibo zesigwebo, ingakumbi kumatyala e-profile ephezulu okanye xa imilinganiselo ivela ngapha nangapha kwemiba emininzi. Izigqibo zikaJury zingabalaselisa izithuba kumthetho okhoyo, zibonise iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga zolwimi olusemthethweni, okanye zityhile ukuba imithetho iye yahlulwa kumaxabiso akhoyo.

Ubuncinane ngamanye amaxesha, abagwebi bavakalisa iimvakalelo zabo kumgwebi obamiselayo, bekhumbula omnye ijaji ethetha `kuko kumajaji, ingakumbi kumagcisa amakhulu ajonge ezi tyala zivela phambi kwawo suku ngalunye," kuquka inkxalabo ngokunyanzelisa okungalinganiyo, ikhokelela ijaji ukuba ilinge amatyala ukuze ibonise iimvakalelo zikawonke wonke kwaye yazise izivumelwano ezifanelekileyo. Le ngxelo isuka ngqo kubagwebi ukuya kubagwebi nabatshutshisi inokuba nempembelelo kwizenzo ezithenjiswayo, ukucetyo, kunye nezinto eziphambili eziphambili zemithetho.

Xa ijelo lisoloko lingavumi ukubanjwa phantsi kwemimiselo ethile okanye ilahleko engaphaya koko kwakulindelwe ngabamisi-mthetho, abalawuli basenokusabela ngokulungisa imimiselo, ukuhlengahlengisa, okanye ukumisela ngokupheleleyo izakhiwo ezintsha ezisemthethweni. Oku kuvuma komthetho kuqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo ihlala ihambelana nolindelo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nezinto eziluncedo.

Ukwenziwa Kwezinto: Igunya, Impikiswano Nempembelelo

Mhlawumbi akukho mpawu yamandla abachopheli - tyala ebangela impikiswano engakumbi kunokupheliswa kwejaji — uqheliselo lokugweba abamangalelwa phezu kwabo nje ubungqina betyala elingokwasemthethweni ngenxa yokuba abagwebi bakholelwa ukuba umthetho ngokwawo awusesikweni okanye ukusebenza kwawo kwimeko ethile kuya kuba kokungekho sikweni.

Ukuqonda Ukusetyenziswa Kwento Ethile

Ukupheliswa kubhekiselele ekuziseni kwangabom ukuchasa kwejaji okanye ukungavumi ukusebenzisa umthetho mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba abachopheli betyala bafuna ukuthumela umyalezo malunga nomba wentlalo omkhulu kunetyala ngokwalo, okanye ngenxa yokuba iziphumo ezimiselwe ngumthetho zichasene nengqiqo yejaji yokusesikweni, ukuziphatha, okanye okusesikweni.

Ijaji yaseMerika ifumana amandla ayo okuphelisa ukufaneleka kwelungelo layo lokunikela isigqibo jikelele kwiinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukungakwazi kweenkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho ukwalathisa isigqibo kungakhathaliseki ukuba bunamandla kangakanani na ubungqina, iSigunyaziso seNtlanganiso seNhlanu, esithintela ukubhenela komGqibiso oNgamatyala, nesibakala sokuba abachopheli-jaji abanako ukusohlwaywa ngenxa yesigqibo esibuyayo. Ezi mpawu zenkqubo yomthetho yaseMelika zibangela ukuba kubhangiswe, nangona iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zingabaleli bagwebi abagwebi begunya.

Isigqibo sonyaka we-1895 iSpalf v. United States yathi ijaji egwebayo ayinambopheleleko yokuzisa abachopheli-mthetho ngelungelo layo lokuphelisa imithetho, kwaye iye yakhokelela iijaji zaseUnited States ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo zohlwaye nabani na ozama ukunikela impikiswano engokwasemthethweni kumajaji nokuvakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo ukuba impikiswano enjalo iye yanikelwa kubo. Phezu kwako nje ukuchaswa kwezo mpikiswano ezicacileyo, lo mkhwa uyaqhubeka ngenxa yezigwebo zobume ezingqongileyo.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yokwakha Utshintsho Olungokwasemthethweni

Iqhele ukusetyenziswa ukulwa noko abachopheli bejaji bakugqala njengemithetho engekho sikweni, njengaleyo yakha yangxengwa ngamakhoboka agxothiweyo phantsi koMthetho weSitsha sobukhoboka, ukwalela utywala ngexesha lobuGqeba, okanye ukubhukuqwa kwemiqathango yolwaphulo-mthetho ngexesha leMfazwe yeVietnam. Kwimeko nganye engokwembali, ukupheliswa kwabachopheli-mthetho kwasebenza njengohlobo lokungathobeli kwetyala okwathi ekugqibeleni kwanegalelo ekuguquleni ngokusemthethweni.

Ngonyaka we-1800 iBhunga leMibutho elawula i-Fugitive Slave Claus, eyanyanzela abemi bazo zonke iindawo ukuba bancedise ukunyanzeliswa komthetho "ngoloyiko lwamakhoboka athe abhadulayo," kwaye abanye abaphelisi-mthetho basebenzisa inkqubo yokuchophela ityala ukuqhankqalaza nokungavumi ukubeka abantu phantsi kwale mithetho; oku kwabonwa nangemithetho ethintelayo. Ezi zenzo zokuchasa abachopheli-mthetho zanceda ekupheliseni imithetho engekho sikweni kwaye zanegalelo kwimibutho yoluntu eyathi ekugqibeleni yafikelela kwinguqulelo yemithetho yowiso-mthetho.

Ingxelo yembali ikwaquka uphando olululo. Ityala lokucinezelwa kwejaji liquka ukupheliswa kwetyala lobuhlanga ekuthethelelwa phantsi kwetyala lobuhlanga kwiimeko zogonyamelo oluphakathi kohlanga, kunye noluntu olunobuhlanga oluye lwavelisa amapolisa, abatshutshisi, nabagwebi abanobuhlanga. Le mbali imnyama isikhumbuza ukuba ukupheliswa kwabachopheli-mthetho kusenokusetyenziselwa ukuphazamisa okusesikweni nokuyiqhubekisela phambili, kuxhomekeka kumaxabiso abantu abanobuhlanga abakhutshwe kulo.

Utshintsho OlungokweNtlalo - ntle Nomgaqo-nkqubo Weziyobisi

Kule mihla, ukupheliswa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala kuxhaphake kakhulu kwiimeko zeziyobisi, apho abanye abachopheli begweba ngenxa yokuba bekholelwa ekugunyazisweni ngokusemthethweni okanye bevakalelwa kukuba imithetho yeziyobisi iyacalula amaqela athile. Oku kuphelisa imicimbi kunegalelo kwingxoxo ebanzi ngokuhlaziywa kwenkqubo yeziyobisi kwaye kuye kwaphembelela amagunya athile ukunciphisa okanye ukucutha izinto ezithile.

Iingxelo zakutshanje zicebisa ukuba abagwebi bale mihla bangafuni ukuvavanywa apho ukunyanzeleka kwetyala kunokubangela izihlandlo ezithathu okanye esinye isigwebo esinyanzelekileyo, kwaye kuncedise ukuzibulala, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, kunye namatyala emipu. Oku kuxhathisa kwezigwebo eziqatha ezinyanzelisayo namhlanje kuye kwashukumisela abanye abenzi bemithetho ukuba baphinde bahlolisise imithetho yokugwetywa yaye kuye kwanegalelo kwimigudu yolungiso-mthetho ebanzi.

Ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yakutshanje yeziyobisi isetyenziswa eUnited States igxekwa ngokubanzi — isohlwayo esidla ngokuba sibi ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na ingozi eyenziwa sisiyobisi okanye umntu oyisebenzisayo, yaye uhlanga okanye iklasi yentlalo ngokufuthi yeyona nto ibonisa ukuba ngubani oya kubanjwa, agwetywe aze ohlwaywe — akumangalisi ukuba ukupheliswa kwabagwebi, nangona kusenqabile, kubonakala ngathi kuxhaphakile ematyaleni eziyobisi afikelela kwinqanaba lokuvavanywa, yaye kwanokuba amanani ahlala encinane, impembelelo yabo isenokubonakala ingaphandle.

Impikiswano Ngamagunya Okwahlula Umthetho

Ukupheliswa komthetho ngumthombo wempikiswano enkulu, abanye bebambelele kwelokuba kusisiqinisekiso esibalulekileyo sokuphepha ukuvalelwa ngokuphosakeleyo nokucinezelwa ngurhulumente, ngoxa abanye bekugqala njengokutyeshelwa kwelungelo lokuchophela ityala, okululaza umthetho; ngoxa abanye begqala inkundla yabachopheli - tyala njengequmrhu eligwetyiweyo ngokugweba umthetho nenyaniso.

Kukho impikiswano eqhubekayo kumthetho wamatyala waseMerika ethetha ukuba ukupheliswa kwetyala okanye akunjalo, ukuba kuthe kwathathwa kude kakhulu, kuya kukhokelela kwibutho labagwebi, kodwa kwelinye icala, ukuba akukho lumvo luvumelekileyo umchopheli-mgwebi ukuba aphelise oko akholelwa ukuba ngumthetho ocinezelayo, iziphumo zinokuba zezoburhulumente obusemthethweni kodwa zibe zezobugqwirha bokuziphatha. Olu xinezeleko phakathi kokungaguquguquki komthetho kunye nokulunga kobulungisa bokuziphatha lusentliziyweni yengxoxo emalunga namandla abachopheli.

Ukwenziwa ngokomthetho komGaqo-siseko ofanelekileyo olondolozwe yinkqubo efanelekileyo egcinwe ngabagwebi nenkqubo yokugweba, kwaye nangona amajaji engafanele ayalelwe ngokucacileyo ukuba anamandla okuphelisa, abagwebi kufuneka basebenzise ubuchule babo ukuvumela ukupheliswa ngokusebenzisa iingcamango zokungathobeli nokucalucalula kunye nobungqina obuvunyiweyo obunxulumene nemibandela yokuziphatha. Le mbono ilungelelanisiweyo ibonakalisa ukubhangiswa njengempatho engokwemvelo yenkqubo yejaji ngelixa lokulawula ngokufanelekileyo.

Uphawu Lwemimangaliso Ewaguqula Umthetho WaseMerika

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, izigwebo ezithile zabachopheli - tyala ziye zaphembelela impembelelo ekuphuhlisweni komthetho, mhlawumbi ngokumisela imigaqo emitsha, ngokuvavanya iimfundiso ezikhoyo, okanye ngokuhlaziywa kwemithetho.

Izityholo zamvanje kwimeko yokungathetheki kwengingqi yezobuzwe

Juries eNew Mexico naseKhalifoniya wakhupha izigqibo ezibini zokufumana iinkomfa ezinkulu zobugcisa iMeta kunye noGoogle enokuba yingozi kubasebenzisi abaselula kwiindawo zabo, izigqibo ezinyibilikisiweyo ezinokuthi zivule umnyango ekumangalelweni okungakumbi, kunye nejaji eNew Mexico ifumanise ukuba inkampani yomzali weFacebook Meta yaphula imithetho yokhuseleko karhulumente ngokulahlekisa abasebenzisi ngeeplatifomu zayo, ifumana intlawulo ezizizigidi ezingama-375 zezigidi zemali kwimiqathango yamakhaya.

Ijaji yaseKhalifoniya yafumana iMeta neGoogle ethi YouTube ingenankathalo ekusebenziseni iimpawu ezikhobokisayo ezikhokelela kwingxaki yengqondo kwibhinqa eliselula, inika umklomelo umcimbi othe ngqo wama-3 ezigidi zeerandi kwilahleko, kunye neMeta ethwala inkcitho yendleko, kunye nenye eyongezelelekileyo kwilahleko yezigidi zeerandi. Ezi zigqibo zibonisa ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwetyala leenkampani zobugcisa kwaye zingaphembelela imigudu yokwahlula imicimbi yexesha elizayo kunye neyomthetho ukulawula imigangatho yezentlalo-ndaba.

Izigqibo ziqhubela phambili isibini seengcamango ezintsha kwinkqubo yomthetho eUnited States zokubeka iinkampani zobugcisa ezibeke ityala lomonakalo kubantwana nakulutsha olusebenzisa iimveliso zalo, enye isekelwe kumthetho karhulumente wokhuseleko lwabathengi kunye nenye kumthetho wokwenzakala komntu ngamnye. Ngokuqinisekisa ezi ngcamango zomthetho, amaqumrhu avule iindlela ezintsha zokuziphendulela ezinokuphinda ziqale indlela iinkampani zobugcisa eziyila nokusebenzisa iqonga lazo.

Ezi zigqibo kunye nomonakalo owenziweyo zisenokuvuselela ukumangalelwa okungakumbi ngokuchasene nobuninzi obuninzi beenkampani ze-intanethi, kwaye zide ziphumele kumthetho omtsha. Oku kusebenza kubonakalisa indlela izigqibo ezithe zathi gqi izigwebo ezingomnye zabachopheli-mgwebi zinokuyidibanisa ngayo iinguqu ezingokwasemthethweni nezomthetho, ziphembelela kungekuphela nje amaqela kwityala elithile kodwa kwimizi-mveliso epheleleyo kunye neenkqubo zokulawula.

Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni Nezigqibo Zobunyulu

Isigwebo somthetho kumalungelo abantu siye sanendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuliseni ukhuseleko nasekubekeni abaphula umthetho ekubapheni. Xa isigwebo sihlawuliswa ngokweemeko ezibandakanya ucalucalulo, ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa, okanye ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko, sithumela imiqondiso enamandla malunga nemilinganiselo yoluntu kunye nokulindela ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho.

Ezi zigwebo zingaphembelela ukuchazwa kwemigaqo yamalungelo abantu, zinyanzele izindululo zomthetho zokomeleza ukhuseleko, zize zichaphazele iinkqubo nezenzo zamasebe karhulumente kunye nemibutho yangasese. Umonakalo omkhulu kwiimeko ezithile ungenza iintshukumisa zemali zokuhlaziywa kwamalungelo abantu, njengoko imibutho izama ukuphepha ityala elifanayo kwixesha elizayo.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yasivala isigwebo sokwahlulwa kwetyala kubantu abamangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu kumqondiso 2020 olawula iRamos v. Louisiana, ilungisa ububi bembali obuqhutywa ngaphezu kwenkulungwane edluleyo bubungangamsha obumhlophe kunye ne-xenophob. Ngelixesha oku ekugqibeleni kwakusiso isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo, amatyala akhokelela kwesi sigqibo esibandakanya izigwebo zejaji ezibalaselisayo ezingezobulungisa zokuvumela iinkolelo ezingezo zecatshulwano ezizicalulo ezizicalucalulo ezibonisa indlela amava ejaji anokuzisa ngayo umgaqo-siseko.

Ukuthetha Ubuchule Bokwenza Imveliso Nokhuseleko Lwabathengi

Izigqibo ze Jury kumatyala emveliso ziye zaluncedo ekuphuhliseni imilinganiselo yokukhusela yanamhlanje yabathengi. Xa abenzi bejaji befumana abanokufumana ityala lemveliso enesiphene nezono ezithe kratya, bavelisa iintshukumisa ezinamandla ukuze iinkampani ziphucule ukhuseleko lwemveliso zize zinike izilumkiso ezaneleyo.

Ezi zigqibo ziye zaphembelela ukuphuhliswa kwemfundiso enetyala elingqongqo, ebeka abenzi bemveliso betyala ngeziphene kungakhathaliseki ukuba abakhathaleli. Ziye zabangela ukuba kusetyenziswe imithetho, kuquka ukudalwa kwamasebe okukhusela abathengi, imilinganiselo yokhuseleko enyanzelekileyo, kunye nokukhumbula iinkqubo. Isisongelo sesigwebo sabachopheli-tyala esibalulekileyo sisebenza njengenkqubo yokunyanzelisa esekelwe kwintengiso exhasa ulawulo.

Izigwebo eziphezulu kwinkundla yetyala ezichasene neenkampani zecuba, abenzi bamayeza, nabasebenzi beenqwelo-mafutha abawahlawulelanga kuphela amatheko onzakala kodwa bakwakhokelele kwiinguqu ezisemgangathweni woshishino kwiprojekthi, kwimisebenzi yoshishino, nakwizenzo zorhwebo. Ezi meko zibonisa indlela izigqibo zejaji ezinokuqhuba ngayo uphuhliso lwenkqubo yokhuseleko oluyingenelo kubo bonke abathengi, hayi abo bamangalela abathengi.

Ukhuseleko Lokusingqongileyo nempilo Kawonke - wonke

Isigwebo esithathwa kwiimeko zemeko-bume siye saxhasa ukhuseleko olunamandla kwimpilo yoluntu nakwizinto zendalo. Xa ijelo linika ingqwalaselo eyingozi ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwendawo engqongileyo, ukuchanabeka kwetyhefu okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kobuncwane bendalo, ziqinisekisa ukubaluleka kokukhuselwa kwemekobume yaye zibangela imiphumo yemali kwabangcolisi.

Ezi zigqibo zingaphembelela ukuphuhliswa komthetho wemekobume ngokumisela ityala lomonakalo ongaziwayo ngaphambili, ukucacisa umlinganiselo wobutyala bequmrhu bomonakalo wemeko-bume, nokubonakalisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke yokhuseleko lwemeko-bume. Umonakalo omkhulu unakho ukukhuthaza inyathelo lomthetho lokomeleza imimiselo yemekobume kunye nokunyanzelisa inkqubo yokusebenza.

Izigqibo zobujukujelwa ezibandakanya ukungcoliswa kwamanzi asemhlabeni, ungcoliso lomoya, nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma eyingozi ziye zanegalelo ekuphuhlisweni kweemfundiso eziyingozi zemekobume kwaye ziye zaphembelela iindlela zokusingqongileyo. Ithemba lokujongana nejaji kwiimeko zemekobume likhuthaza iinkampani ukuba zisebenzise imali ekuthinteleni ungcoliso nokuthotyelwa kwemekobume.

Ubuchule Bempembelelo KaJury Kwimilinganiselo Yomthetho

Ukuqonda indlela izigqibo zabachopheli - tyala eziguqulela ngayo kwiinguqulelo ezingakumbi ezingokwasemthethweni kufuna ukuba uhlolisise iindlela ezithile umntu ngamnye anokuphembelela ngazo inkqubo engokwasemthethweni.

Uhlolo oluphunyezweyo nokuhlenga-hlengiswa komthetho

Xa amaqela esamkela izigwebo zetyala, iinkundla zetyala zihlola ilungiselelo elisemthethweni elalilawula ityala. Ukuba iijaji zisoloko zizama ukusebenzisa imigaqo ethile esemthethweni okanye zifikelela izigqibo ezibonakala zingavisisani nemfundiso ekhoyo, iinkundla ezilawulayo zingayilungisa okanye ziyiguqule loo milinganiselo ukuze zinike ukhokelo olucacileyo.

Iinkundla ezifumana izicelo zisenokusebenzisa izigwebo zomgwebi njengobungqina beendlela ezisebenza ngayo imilinganiselo esemthethweni. Ukuba izigqibo ezikhoyo zityhila ukuba imilinganiselo evelisa iziphumo ezingekho sikweni okanye isilela ukuphendula ityala elibalulekileyo, iinkundla ezilawulayo zingayiguqula le milinganiselo ukuze zisebenzise ngcono okusesikweni. Le nkqubo yomgangatho wokuvavanya kunye nokuphuculwa komgangatho ophantsi ivumela imfundiso esemthethweni ukuba iguqulelwe ekuphenduleni kumava okwenene ehlabathi.

Imiyalelo yoMququzelelo kunye nokucacisa okusemthethweni

Inkqubo yokuphuhlisa imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala, ngezantsi, abagwebi abagwebi abasemthethweni banika ijaji, ngokunjalo basebenzisa ezinye iindlela eziphembelela ngazo izigwebo zokuchophela amatyala. Xa amatyala ezama ukuqonda okanye ukusebenzisa imiyalelo ethile, abagwebi neenkundla zenkundla zenkundla zingayihlaziya le miyalelo ukuze kuphuculwe ukucaca.

Imiyalelo esetyenziswayo kwityala elininzi, esetyenziswa ngokwemigaqo esemthethweni, iguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha isekelwe kumava abachopheli-tyala nakwizigqibo eziqulunqwayo. Le ndaleko ibonakalisa umgudu oqhubekayo wokuguqulela imigaqo entsonkothileyo engokwasemthethweni kulwimi abahlali abaqhelekileyo abanokuluqonda baze balusebenzise, beqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo esemthethweni ihlala ifikeleleka kwaye iluncedo.

Umonakalo Wemivuzo Nokwehla

Umlinganiselo kunye nobuninzi bomonakalo wemivuzo yetyala ephembelela uphuhliso olusemthethweni ngokudala izikhuthazo zemali kunye nezithintelo. Xa amatyala esoloko echaphazele umonakalo omkhulu kwiintlobo ezithile zokuziphatha okubi, abonisa ukuba ihambo enjalo ichasene nezithethe nolindelo lwasekuhlaleni.

Olu monakalo ungaqhubela inyathelo lomthetho lokwenza umonakalo, imilinganiselo yotshintsho, okanye wenze izinto ezintsha ezibangela isenzo. Bangakwaphembelela ukuziphatha kwenkampani ngokungqalileyo, njengoko iinkampani zilungisa iindlela zazo ukuze ziphephe ubungozi besigwebo esikhulu sabachopheli-tyala. Lo msebenzi wokugcina umthetho osekelwe emarikeni unceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo esemthethweni iguqulela ekubeni kulandele imicimbi yehlabathi lokwenene.

Intetho Yasesidlangalaleni Notshintsho Olungokwasemthethweni

Izigqibo zenkundla ephezulu yetyala zidla ngokuvelisa ingxubusho yoluntu ngemibandela yomthetho, kuphakanyiswe iingxaki ngemithetho ekhoyo kunye nenkxaso yokwakha utshintsho. Ingxelo yamajelo ekwakheni izigqibo ezibalulekileyo enokubafundisa abantu ngeembambano ezingomthetho, ukubalaselisa ukungalungisi, nokuvelisa ingcinezelo yezopolitiko ukwenzela ukuba umthetho usebenze.

Lo msebenzi wentetho yesidlangalala ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwiindawo apho imiba engokwasemthethweni intsonkothileyo okanye inkcubeko. Izigwebo zikaJury ziguqulela imigaqo engekho ngqiqweni kwimiba yabantu, isenza iimbambano zomthetho zifikeleleke kwaye zinyanzele uluntu ngokubanzi. Oku kudityaniswa koluntu ngokubanzi kungenza imigudu yokuguqula imigudu engenjalo ingabi nampembelelo kwezobupolitika.

Ucelomngeni Nempembelelo Elinganiselweyo

Ngoxa izigqibo zabachopheli - tyala zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni imithetho esesikweni, le mpembelelo ijongene nocelomngeni oluninzi nezithintelo ezimele ziqwalaselwe.

Ukungaguqu-guquki Nokungaxelwa kwangaphambili

Oku kunokwenza kube nzima ukuqonda indlela ecacileyo okanye imigaqo ecacileyo kwisigqibo esivela kwijaji egwetywayo, yaye kunokwenza abantu bangaqiniseki ngendlela imithetho eza kusetyenziswa ngayo.

Abahlalutyi bathi oku kuguquguquka kululaza umthetho kwaye kubangela ukungalungisi, njengokuba amaqela akwindawo efanayo enokufumana unyango olwahlukileyo kuxhomekeke kwityala elithile labachopheli-tyala abalivayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi oku kuguquguquka komongo wobume bokusesikweni kwaye kuvumela ukuqwalaselwa komntu ngamnye kweemeko ezithile ezikhethekileyo.

Izigwebo Zomntu Omnye Ezilinganiselweyo

Isigqibo sabachopheli-mthetho sigqiba kuphela ityala elithile phambi kwenkundla kwelo tyala, kwaye aliwutshintshi umthetho. Izigqibo zomntu ngamnye aziwuqali umzekelo osisigxina ezinye iinkundla ezimele ziwulandele, zithintele iziphumo zazo ezithe ngqo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Ukuze izigqibo zabachopheli-tyala ziphembelele inkqubela-phambili engokomthetho, imigaqo kufuneka ivele kwiimeko ezininzi, okanye izigqibo zomntu ngamnye mazibe nempembelelo ekhethekileyo okanye eziphezulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba impembelelo yezigqibo zabachopheli-tyala kwimigangatho esemthethweni idla ngokungangqalanga kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe kunokuba ikhawulezile kwaye ibonakale.

Izixhobo Zokuvelisa Ikhethe

Imizekelo engokwembali yabamangalelwa abagwebi abagwebayo kwiimeko zogonyamelo lobuhlanga okanye abamangalelwa abagwetyelwe ngenxa yekhethe kunokuba babe nobungqina obubonisa ukuba izigqibo zokugweba zinokuqhubeka nokungekho sikweni kunokuba ziqhubele phambili.

Ikhusela njengevoir (ukhetho lobuxoki), imiyalelo yetyala, kunye nohlolo lokulungisa iziphumo zoncedo lokunciphisa ezi ngozi, kodwa ayinakuziphelisa ngokupheleleyo. Ucelomngeni lukulondoloza iingenelo zokuthabatha inxaxheba kubachopheli-mgwebi logama unciphisa ubungozi bomkhethe kunye nekhethe eliphembelela izigwebo.

Izilingo Zokucinywa

Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ase-United States awapheliswa ngesigqibo sabachopheli-tyala, kodwa kunoko ngokucela umngeni, njengoko abatshutshisi nabamangalelwa besoloko benomdla onamandla wokucombulula ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuphendula isicelo esithe sacelwa. Oku kucetyiswa kwesicelo kuchaza ukuba amatyala ambalwa agqitywe ngamatyala, nto leyo esenokunciphisa impembelelo yabachopheli-tyala ekuphunyezweni okusemthethweni.

Ngokufanayo, kwiimeko zamakhaya, ezinye iingxoxo zokucombulula imicimbi nokulungisa iingxoxo zicombulula iimpikiswano ezininzi ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Ngoxa ezi zinto zinikela impumelelo nexabiso eliyiyo, zikwathetha ukuba amatyala ambalwa afumana uphando lukawonke wonke kunye negalelo elinikelwa ziinkundla zabachopheli-tyala.

Ukukhusela Nokuphembelela Impembelelo Yomthetho Olungileyo

Xa kuqwalaselwa indima ebalulekileyo yezigqibo zabachopheli - tyala ekulungiseni imithetho elungileyo, ukukhusela nokukhulisa le mpembelelo kufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo nemigudu yokuguqula izinto.

Umqondiso Okhuthazayo

Ukugweba isigwebo sokubonakalisa imilinganiselo esemthethweni yoluntu, amajaji kufuneka abe ngabameli babantu akhonza kubo. Oku kufuna ukuba kufakwe imithetho ephaphileyo ethintela ucalulo ekukhethweni kwejaji, kwaye kufuneka kwenziwe imigudu yokwandisa inxaxheba kwabachopheli-tyala kuwo onke amaqela asekuhlaleni.

Utshintsho lokunciphisa imiqobo kwinkonzo yabachopheli-mgwebi − njengokunika imbuyekezo eyaneleyo, ukunikela imbuyekezo yokukhulisa abantwana, kunye nocwangciso lomsebenzi oluhlalisayo-ukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqula abachopheli-tyala aquka iimbono ezahlukeneyo. Izalathiso zomgwebi zibonakala ukuba ziyavumelana ngokwenyani kwibutho labantu kunokuba zinike iimbono zamacandelo anciphileyo abemi.

Ukuphucula Imfundo Nenkxaso

Ukunika abachopheli-mthetho imiyalelo ecacileyo, ixesha elaneleyo lokucamngca, nokuxhasa ubungqina obuntsonkothileyo kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zibonisa ulwazelelelo olululo kunokuba zibonise ukudideka okanye ukungaqondani. Iimali eziveliswa kwimfundo yabachopheli-tyala kwaye zixhasa ukuphuhliswa komgangatho wokwenziwa kwesigqibo sabachopheli-tyala nokunyuswa kwesigqibo.

Amanye amagunya aye azama ukuvumela abachopheli-mthetho ukuba babhale amaphetshana, babuze imibuzo, okanye bafumane imiyalelo yokuqala ngaphambi kokuba kuboniswe ubungqina. Ezi zinto zintsha zinokubanceda abagwebi baqonde baze bafeze iimbopheleleko zabo, baphucule ubunjani nokuguquguquka kwemimiselo.

Ukugcinwa kokufikelela kuvavanyo lwe Jury

Ukukhusela ilungelo lokuchophela ityala kufuna ukuxhathisa imigudu yokuphelisa okanye yokuthintela eli lungelo ngokusebenzisa imiqathango enyanzelekileyo yokulawula, imiqobo yemiqobo, okanye ezinye iindlela. Ngoxa enye impikiswano inendawo yayo, ukugcina ukufikelela ngamandla kwiinkundla zejaji kuqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo yoluntu iyaqhubeka iphembelela inkqubela engokwasemthethweni.

Imigudu yomthetho neyokugweba ukugcina ukufumaneka okunentsingiselo kwiinkundla zejaji − ngokwemo yecala elibandakanya amalungelo abalulekileyo okanye izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke ezibalulekileyo, -- inceda ekulondolozeni indima yabachopheli-mthetho njengokhangelo kumandla karhulumente kunye nenkampani kunye nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ihlala ihambelana namaxabiso oluntu.

Ukufundisisa Nokufunda Kwizigqibo Zobusela

Uphando olucwangcisiweyo lwemiqathango yetyala lunganceda ekuboneni imilinganiselo ekhoyo yemigaqo yomthetho, lutyhile iingxaki zemigudu yotshintsho. Abaphandi, abaqulunqi bemithetho kunye neengcali ezingokwasemthethweni kufuneka bahlolisise izigqibo eziye zasetyenziswa ngabachopheli-tyala ukuze baqonde indlela imilinganiselo esemthethweni esebenza ngayo, nokuba kutheni kufuneka kubekho utshintsho.

Udliwano-ndlebe lwasemva komgwebo, uhlalutyo lwemiqathango, kunye nophando oluqulunqiweyo lokwenziwa kwesigqibo sabachopheli-tyala lunganika ingqiqo eluncedo ngendlela amagosa ejaji ayiqonda ngayo kwaye ayisebenzise ngayo imigaqo esemthethweni. Olu lwazi lungazisa imigudu yokuphucula imiyalelo yabachopheli-mgwebi, ukucombulula iimfundiso ezisemthethweni, nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ihlala isebenza kwaye isesikweni.

Ikamva Lempembelelo KaJury Kuphuhliso Lwasemthethweni

Njengokuba ibutho lamaMerika liqhubeka liguquka, indima yamajaji ekulungiseni imithetho elungileyo isenokujamelana nocelomngeni olutsha namathuba. Ukudibanisa ubugcisa, ukutshintsha imilinganiselo yentlalo, kunye nokulungisa imiba esemthethweni kuza kuvavanya amandla enkqubo yabachopheli-tyala ukuqhelanisa ngoxa igcina imisebenzi yayo engundoqo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo sikaJury

Inkqubela kwezobugcisa idala imingeni emitsha yamaqumrhu eejaji, ukusuka ekuhloleni ubungqina obuntsonkothileyo bemivo ukuya kukuqonda amacandelo obugcisa antsonkothileyo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba amajaji anokubuqwalasela ngokunempumelelo ubungqina obunjalo ngeli xesha egcina indima yawo njengabameli bemigangatho yoluntu kuza kufuna ukuqhelaniswa okuqhubekayo kweenkqubo zokuchophela amatyala kunye nenkqubo zokuxhasa.

Kwangaxeshanye, ubugcisa bunika amathuba okunyusa isigqibo sokwenziwa kwetyala ngokunikela ubungqina obuphuculiweyo, imiyalelo engcono, kunye nezixhobo zokuqwalasela ezisebenzayo. Ukudibanisa ubugcisa kwinkqubo yabachopheli-tyala ngoluvo kungenza impembelelo esemthethweni kwinkqubela phambili yabachopheli-tyala ngeli lixa ukulondoloza ugwebo lomntu kunye nemilinganiselo yoluntu eyenza amatyala abe luncedo.

Ukucombulula Iingxaki Zentlalo Ezintsonkothileyo

Iimbambano zomthetho zexesha elizayo zidla ngokubandakanya imibuzo entsonkothileyo yentlalo, yenzululwazi neyokuziphatha ethanda ukucel ’ umngeni iinkqubo zesithethe zokuchophela amatyala. Iimeko ezibandakanya ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo, ubunjineli bemizila yezulu, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, neminye imiba eqhambukayo ifuna ukuphikiswana ngemibuzo engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili.

Ukuxhasa izigwebi ekuthetheni kule miba intsonkothileyo ngezantsi, ngobungqina obucacileyo, imiyalelo, kunye nexesha lokucinga ngokwaneleyo, kuza kuba yimfuneko ukugcina impembelelo yabachopheli-mgwebi kuphuhliso lwasemthethweni kula mimandla. Indima yejaji ekuguquleleni imiba yobugcisa kwimibandela yemilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni kunye nogwebo lokuziphatha ihlala ibalulekile kwanjengokuba le miba ithe shwaka.

Ukulungelelanisa Ubuchule Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Ngokwedemokhrasi

Uxanduva phakathi kwetyala elifanelekileyo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi ngokuvavanywa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala luza kuba lukhulu njengoko iinkundla zetyala zikhula kwaye izinto zihlala zithintelwa. Ukufumana iindlela zokulondoloza iingenelo zokuthabatha inxaxheba kwijaji lo gama ukuchophela ityala ngokunempumelelo kumela ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kwinkqubo esemthethweni.

Izindululo ezifana nokuvavanywa kwetyala elifutshane, amaqumrhu eejaji, nezinye iindlela ezixutyiweyo zinganika iindlela zokudibanisa igalelo loluntu ekwenzeni izigqibo zomthetho ngelixa kulawula izithintelo zezibonelelo. Isitshixo kukukhusela umsebenzi wedemokhrasi obalulekileyo wamajaji ngexesha ulungelelanisa iinkqubo zobomi banamhlanje.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Iinkqubo Zomngxuma Osehlabathini

Ngelixesha eli nqaku ligxininisa kakhulu kwinkqubo yabachopheli-tyala baseMerika, ukuhlolisisa indlela amanye amazwe asebenzisa ngayo amaqumrhu ejaji okanye amaziko afanayo anganika uluvo olubalulekileyo kwezinye iindlela zokudibanisa amaxabiso oluntu ekwenzeni izigqibo ezisemthethweni.

Amazwe amaninzi aqhelekileyo, kuquka iUnited Kingdom, iKhanada ne-Ostreliya, asebenzisa iinkqubo ezifana nezo zisebenza eMerika, nangona zinezinye iindlela ezingafaniyo kwiinkqubo nobungakanani. Amazwe omthetho wamakhaya axhomekeke kakhulu kubagwebi abangoogcisa, nangona amanye adibanisa iijaji okanye inkundla ezidityanisiweyo ezidibanisa abenzi bezigqibo nabenzi bezakhono.

Ezi mbono zithelekisayo zityhila iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungelelanisa ubuchule bomthetho nokuthabatha inxaxheba entlalweni, ukungaguquguquki kobubhetyebhetye, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ngokusemthethweni kwedemokhrasi. Ukuhlolisisa ezi zinto zinokuqhubeka zisetyenziswa kungazisa iingxoxo ngendlela yokulungisa inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala baseMerika ukuba incedise ngayo ukuba kubekho imithetho elungileyo.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zoogqirha Nabemi Abasemthethweni

Ukuqonda indlela izigqibo zabagwebi eziphembelela ngayo ukuphuhliswa komthetho kuchaphazela abo bagwebayo abahlukahlukeneyo kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni.

KwiiAttorney

Izabelo ezicwangcisiweyo ezijolise ekumiseleni imigaqo emitsha esemthethweni okanye ezicelw ’ umngeni zingangenelwa xa kuvavanywa iinkundla zejaji, njengoko izigwebo ezilungileyo zinokwenza utshintsho olunzulu olusemthethweni lusebenze.

Ukuqonda iimbono nemilinganiselo yetyala kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukukhuthaza ukuqulunqwa. Abathathi-nxaxheba abanokumisela imiba engokwasemthethweni ngeendlela ezivumelana nemilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha banokufumana izigwebo ezintle ezinokuchaphazela inkqubela-phambili yomthetho kwixesha elizayo.

ABagwebi

Abagwebi kufuneka banikele ingqalelo kwimiqathango yesigwebo sejaji njengemiqondiso yokuba imilinganiselo yomthetho ifuna ukuphuculwa okanye imithetho ingaxhaswa ngabantu.

Ukunikela imiyalelo ecacileyo kunye nokuyila iimeko zokuququzelela inkundla yetyala ngokunempumelelo kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba izigqibo zibonakalisa ulwazelelelo olululo nokubaluleka koluntu. ABagwebi banendima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ukuchophela ityala kufanelekile kwinkqubo esemthethweni.

Abaququzeleli beMithetho

Abaququzeleli bemimiselo kufuneka bazijonge izigwebo zejaji njengengxelo exabisekileyo ngendlela imithetho esebenza ngayo ekusetyenzweni ngayo nokuba inxulumene namaxabiso asekuhlaleni. Imigaqo yokuphelisa ityala okanye izigwebo ezingalindelekanga ingabonisa ukuba imithetho ifuna ukutshintshwa okanye ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kufuneka kulungiswe.

Ukudibana nabagwebi, amagqwetha nabaphandi abachopheli-tyala kunokunceda abaququzeleli bahlulele umthetho baqonde indlela izigqibo ezibonisa ngayo amandla nobuthathaka kwiinkqubo ezisemthethweni ezikhoyo. Le nkcazelo inokwenza ukuba umthetho usebenze yaye uvukelwe.

Kubemi

Abahlali kufuneka baqonde ukuba inkonzo yabachopheli-tyala imela ithuba elinentsingiselo lokuthabatha inxaxheba ekulawuleni nasekuphembeleleni ukuphuhliswa komthetho. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba enzulu kubachopheli-tyala nokuyifikelela ngenkathalo nangengqalelo kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ihlala ihambelana nemilinganiselo yoluntu nokuba okusesikweni kulawulwa kakuhle.

Abahlali bangaxhasa utshintsho olomeleza inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala, njengembuyekezo eyaneleyo, imbuyiselo yabachopheli-tyala, ukhetho lwabachopheli-tyala, nokulondolozwa kwamalungelo abachopheli-tyala. Ukukhusela nokukhuthaza inkqubo yokuchophela amatyala kunceda ekulondolozeni eli lungiselelo libalulekileyo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kumthetho.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Ukuba Nenxaxheba

Ulwalamano phakathi kwezigqibo zabachopheli-tyala nemithetho esesikweni lumela enye yezona mpawu zahlukileyo nezibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Ngezigqibo zazo, amajaji afeza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo: agqiba ngamatyala ngamanye, amela imilinganiselo yoluntu, ahlole igunya likarhulumente, aze aphembelele indaleko yemilinganiselo esemthethweni.

Ngeli xesha inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala ijongene neengxaki ngezantsi kwemiqathango, inkxalabo ngokucalula, nokuntsonkotha kwemiba yangoku engokwasemthethweni, kusebalulekile njengakuqala. Kule thuba lokwanda kolwandiso nobuchule, amajaji anika unxulumano olubalulekileyo phakathi komthetho namava aphilayo abemi abaqhelekileyo.

Impembelelo yezigqibo zabachopheli-mthetho kwinkqubela-phambili engokwasemthethweni isebenza ngobuchule obuninzi: ukumisela imizekelo eyinyaniso, ukubonakalisa inkcaso yoluntu kwimithetho engekho sikweni, ukukhuthaza ukuhlaziywa kwemigaqo esemthethweni, nokuphembelela ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho elawulayo. Ezi nkqubo zisebenza kunye ukwenza inkqubo esebenzayo engokwasemthethweni enokuqhelanisa nokutshintsha kweemeko ngoxa kugcinwa igunya ledemokhrasi.

Imizekelo engokwembali .(ukusukela ekuxhathiseni ukuhambelana noMthetho we-Fugitive Slaves Slaves, ukuya kutsho kwingxoxo yale mihla ephathelele inkqubo yeziyobisi kunye nomthetho wezentlalo-ntle yezonxibelelwano).

Ukukhusela nokunyusa indima yejaji ekulungiseni imithetho elungileyo kufuna imbopheleleko eqhubekayo kukhetho lwabachopheli-tyala, inkxaso eyaneleyo ekwenzeni izigqibo zabachopheli-tyala, ukufikelela ngokunentsingiselo kwiinkundla zabachopheli-tyala, kunye nokuvavanywa kwesigwebo sejaji. Le migudu inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala iyaqhubeka ifeza imisebenzi yayo ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi kwinkulungwane yama-21 nangaphaya.

Njengoko sikhangela kwikamva, inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala kuza kufuneka ilungelelanise neengxaki ezintsha ngeli xesha igcina amandla ayo angundoqo. Ubugcisa bokudibanisa, imiba entsokothileyo, kunye nezithintelo zezibonelelo ziya kuvavanya amandla enkqubo okulondoloza inxaxheba enenjongo kumsebenzi wobumi wokwenza izigqibo ezisemthethweni. Ukuhlangabezana nezi ngxaki kuza kufuna ubuchule, ukubophelelo, nokugqalwa kokubaluleka okuhlala kuhleli kwidemokhrasi kulawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nemithetho elungileyo.

Ekugqibeleni, inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala iquka umgaqo osisiseko wedemokhrasi: ukuba abemi abaqhelekileyo, kungekhona amagosa karhulumente okanye iingcali zomthetho, mabathathe inxaxheba ekulawuleni okusesikweni nasekuphuhlisweni komthetho. Lo mgaqo uhlala ubalulekile namhlanje njengaxa uMndululi ofakelweyo ukumiselwa kwamalungelo abachopheli-tyala kumGaqo-siseko. Ngokuqonda nokuxhasa indima yejaji ekulungiseni imithetho esesikweni, sinceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba inkqubo yethu esemthethweni iyaqhubeka isabela, isemthethweni, kwaye ilungile.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwinkqubo yabachopheli-tyala baseMerika nendima yabo kuphuhliso olusemthethweni, tyelela i-website yase-U.S., enika iinkcukacha ezibanzi ngenkonzo yejaji kunye nenkqubo yenkundla yequmrhu lenkundla yesizwe. [ IZiko leMelika yeMelika Bar[ inika izibonelelo ezixabisekileyo kumsebenzi wejaji nakumsebenzi wendima yejaji kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Ngaphezu koko, Iziko zolwazi lolwazi olukwiSikolo soMthetho we-Cornell ]