Table of Contents

Irhuluneli zisebenza njengezilawuli eziyintloko kumazwe azo ahlukeneyo, zisebenzisa igunya elibalulekileyo kumsebenzi karhulumente, ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo, kunye nolawulo lweengxaki. E-United States, irhuluneli isebenza njengentloko yentloko nentloko yomphathi-mikhosi kumazwe angamashumi amahlanu nakwimimandla emihlanu esisigxina ehlala abantu, esebenza njengentloko karhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela izigqibo ezenza ngayo izigqibo zinika uluvo olubalulekileyo kwimisebenzi entsonkothileyo karhulumente kunye noothunywashe abachaphazela ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo echaphazela izigidi zabantu baseMerika.

Indima neembopheleleko zoorhulumente

Irhuluneli zijongene nokuzalisekisa imithetho karhulumente nokuvelela ukusebenza kwesebe eliphetheyo lesizwe. Le mbopheleleko ingundoqo ibandakanya imisebenzi emininzi engaphaya komthetho wokusayina nje. Irhuluneli iba ngummeli wesizwe sonke neqela lezobupolitika, iyamkela ityala okanye indumiso yokusingatha izigqibo ngamaxesha amanqam, ijonge ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo karhulumente, kwaye incede ulawulo lomalusi kwinkqubo yokwenziwa komthetho.

Umlinganiselo wamandla e-gubernonator wahluka kakhulu ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kurhulumente. Izinto zobuqu ezifana nomda woloyiso lwerhuluneli kunye nokuma kumbandela woluvo lukawonke wonke, ngelixa amandla ombutho afana nolawulo loqingqo-mali, igunya lokumisa, kunye namagunya eveto ebekwe endaweni ngokomthetho. Ezi ntlobo zithetha ukuba ezinye iijaji zinegunya elingakumbi kunamanye, kuxhomekeka kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe nomgaqo-siseko wemithetho karhulumente wazo.

Amandla namagunya

Irhuluneli ikhokela isebe elilawulayo likarhulumente kwiphondo ngalinye okanye kummandla ngamnye kwaye, ngokuxhomekeke kulawulo lomntu ngamnye, isenokuba nolawulo oluthe kratya kuqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, amandla okutyunjwa kwamagosa amaninzi (kuquka abagwebi abaninzi), kunye nendima ebalulekileyo ekwalathiseni umthetho. Eli gunya linegunya elilawulayo libumba isiseko sendlela abalawuli abazenza ngayo izigqibo baze baphumeze ngayo.

Inkoliso yeeRhuluneli zinegunya eliphangaleleyo kumagosa asebenza kwiindawo zesebe eliphetheyo lephondo, eliza kuqukwa kwikomiti yeRhuluneli, ebizwa ngokuba yi "cabinet". La magunya abalulekileyo kubuchule berhuluneli bokuphumeza umbono wawo kunye nocwangciso lwemithetho, njengamalungu ekhabhinethi kunye neentloko zesebe eziqhuba imisebenzi yorhulumente yosuku lwemini ukuya kutsho kusuku.

Isigqibo SeRhuluneli

Abalawuli abakwenzi izigqibo ngokuzikhetha. Inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo zabo ibandakanya intsalela eninzi yolwazi, ukujongana, uhlalutyo, kunye nokuqwalasela okulungelelanisayo. Olu cwangciso luntsonkothileyo lunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zivunyiwe kakuhle kwaye ziqwalaselwe iimbono ezahlukeneyo neziphumo ezinokubakho.

Ukuhlanganisa ulwazi kunye neenkqubo zokufundisa

Intloko yabasebenzi kukuqinisekisa ukuba irhuluneli ifumana ulwazi, uhlaziyo, kunye neembono eziyimfuneko ukwenza isigqibo. Lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo ubalaselisa ukubaluleka kokuba nesixokelelwano esiqinileyo endaweni ukuqokelela nokudibanisa ulwazi kwimithombo emininzi.

Phantse bonke abalawuli baye bamisela umphathi wabasebenzi ukuba asebenze njengomnye wabalawuli babo abayintloko kwaye, kumaphondo amaninzi, ukuphatha iofisi yerhuluneli jikelele, ngeli xesha abanye abasebenzi abakhulu kwi-ofisi yerhuluneli basenokuba baquka umalathisi wenkqubo kunye nomalathisi wonxibelelwano okanye unobhala wesicoci. Eli qela liqinisekisa ukuba abalawuli bafumana ubuchule obukhethekileyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nemisebenzi yorhulumente.

I-ofisi yerhuluneli iquka iindawo ezininzi ezingundoqo ezixhasayo ekwenzeni izigqibo:

  • I-[FTLT:0] Iqumrhu leStaff: Ilawula imisebenzi ye ofisi yonke kwaye isebenza njengentloko yesixhobo sokulungisa iziphumo
  • Umlathisi wobuPolitiki: Ukujonga inkqubo ephuhlisiweyo nokugcina unxibelelwano namasebe karhulumente
  • Umlawuli wohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali: Izicelo zemali zemali ze-athom ze zidibanise kwizicelo zoqingqo-mali oluphezulu
  • [[UMKC.:0] UmGaqo-siseko: udibanisa udweliso lomthetho lwerhuluneli kunye nemisebenzi yokukhuthaza
  • Icebiso elisemthethweni elingokwasemthethweni kwizenzo zolawulo kunye nomthetho
  • Umlawuli woluvo:[[FT:1] Ilawula uthungelwano lothumelo-magama lukawonke-wonke kunye nolunolwazi lwe-media

Uvavanyo lweKhabhinethi ne-arhente

Iirhuluneli zifeza iimbopheleleko zazo zolawulo nokhokelo kunye neenjongo zazo ngenkxaso noncedo lweziko kunye neentloko zeziko, ezininzi zazo ezinikwe amandla okuzimisela. La magosa anika ulwazi olukhethekileyo kwiindawo zawo, ukusuka kwimfundo nakukhathalelo lwempilo ukuya kwizithuthi nokhuseleko lwemeko-bume.

Abalawuli abaninzi baseka inkqubo kwiofisi yerhuluneli ukulawula inkqubo kunye nonxibelelwano namasebe aphetheyo esebe, kunye nolwahluka-guquko olukukutyumbo kwimimandla enoxanduva olukhulu kwirhuluneli okanye apho kungekho sebe okanye baphathi-mikhosi abajongene ngqo nerhuluneli. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba irhuluneli igcine unxulumano olunamandla nabameli abaphumeza iinkqubo zikarhulumente.

Obona Buthunywashe Buphambili Obubangela Izigqibo Zokunxibelelana

Iirhuluneli kufuneka zilungelelanise izilangazelelo ezininzi ezikhuphisanayo neziqwalaselwayo xa kusenziwa izigqibo. Ezi zinto zingabalwa ngokweepolitiki, ngokomthetho, ngokwesithethe, kwaye ziqwalaselwe, nganye iphumeza indima ebalulekileyo ekuxonxweni kwesigqibo sokugqibela.

Iingcamango Zesidlangalala Neentswelo Eziyimfuneko

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lumele enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ekwenzeni izigqibo. Abalawuli bangamagosa anyuliweyo amele ahlale esabela kubemi abakhonzayo. Ukutshintsha amanani abantu nokutshintsha kweembono zikawonke-wonke kufuneke kuvumelane nokuvumelana kunye nendaleko kwimiba ephambili, ngokugcina ubuchule obufunekayo bokusabela kwimicimbi yabasebenzi, enokutshintshela ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yeenguqu zentlalo okanye zezoqoqosho.

Ibamba lifumana igalelo elisuka kuwonke-wonke ngamajelo ahlukeneyo. Ngokwesithethe, ii-ofisi zabalawuli zifumana umqulu omkhulu weposi kunye nomnxeba, ngelixesha kwiminyaka yakutshanje uluntu luqalise ukunxibelelana nabalawuli ngombane, nge-imeyili nangenkqubo ezifana ne-Facebook kunye no-Twitter. Oku kuhamba okuzingisileyo konxibelelwano kunceda abalawuli balinganise iimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke kwaye baqonde izinto eziza kuqala.

Iimfuno ezingokwasemthethweni nezezomGaqo-siseko

Sigqibo ngasinye solawulo kufuneka sisebenze phakathi komiselo lomthetho wesizwe nowezwe. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uchaza umlinganiselo wegunya le-gaberneria, ngelixa imimiselo inika ukhokelo olukhethekileyo ngendlela elinokusetyenziswa ngayo elo gunya. Isebe elilawulayo elidluliswa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho, namasebe karhulumente, okanye iibhodi ezisoloko zifundiswa ukuqulunqa imithetho nemimiselo yokuzalisekisa loo mithetho, ngelixa kumazwe amaninzi, iiofisi zeRhuluneli zimisele iinkqubo zokunxibelelana nokulawula ezi mithetho ye-promegameGenegamenti ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho eyamkelwe yiminyango kunye namaqumrhu abonakalisa izinto eziphambili zeGajineli nentanda-bulumko.

Icebiso elingokwasemthethweni linendima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba izenzo zomthetho zihambelana nemithetho esebenzayo kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo yohlolo-mthetho inceda ekuthinteleni ucelomngeni kwizenzo zolawulo oluphezulu nokuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zinokumelana nohlalutyo olusemthethweni.

Uxanduva lwesalathisi

Izinto zokwenene zemali zinyanzelisa ngokuphawulekayo ukwenza izigqibo. IRhuluneli zingajamelana nokuchitha imiqathango ngenxa yemozulu yezoqoqosho kurhulumente wayo kwaye kusenokufuneka zenze izigqibo ezingathandwayo ezidambisa inkxaso yabo phakathi kwabavoti. Ngokungafaniyo norhulumente wezwe, urhulumente omkhulu kufuneka alungelelanise uqingqo-mali lwabo, intengo yerhuluneli ayinakusuka nje inikezele ngeentshukumo ezintsha.

Umlawuli woqingqo-mali okhokela iqela elihlola izicelo zemali ezenziwa ngamasebe angomnye kurhulumente wephondo kwaye uziqinisa zibe sisindululo soqingqo-mali oluphezulu ngokubanzi ukwenzela ukuvunywa kwerhuluneli nokumiswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Le nkqubo ifuna abalawuli benze ukhetho olunzima malunga nolwabiko lwemirhumo, ngokufuthi baqale bamisele ezinye iinkqubo ngoxa benciphisa inkxaso-mali yabanye.

Inkxalabo Yezobupolitika Neqela Linamandla

Iimeko zezobupolitika ezingenakuphepheka ziphembelela ukwenza izigqibo zomthetho. Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe ingaquka inkoliso yamalungu angadlelaniyo neqela lerhuluneli, nto leyo enokwenza ukusebenza kunye kube lucelomngeni olungakumbi kwaye ikhokelele kwintsebenziswano encinci ngexesha lentlanganiso yowiso-mthetho. Le nto yezobupolitika ifuna ukuba abalawuli baqwalasele ngenyameko indlela izigqibo zabo eziza kufunyanwa ngayo ngabalawuli abafuna inkxaso ukuqhubekisela phambili amacebo abo.

I-Provice yezopolitiko, ingakumbi kumaphondo anorhulumente owahluleleneyo, ingathintela imveliso yomthetho, ithintele ukudlula kweenkqubo ezingundoqo, ngemfuneko yokulawula iingxwabangxwaba ezilwayo zokruthakruthakruthwano nokuyekelela izisombululo eziye zaba zeziphambili kwimiba eqhubela phambili yowiso-mthetho. Abalawuli abaphumelelayo kufuneka babe ngabaququzeleli abanobuchule abanokwakha iminqonqozelo baze bafumane izizathu ezifanayo ngaphaya kwemida yeqela.

Icebiso elinobuchule kunye nohlalutyo lobugcisa

Ulawulo lwale mihla lufuna ulwazi olukhethekileyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi. Irhuluneli zixhomekeke kakhulu kubaququzeleli bobuchule ukubonelela uhlalutyo lobugcisa kunye nengcebiso kwimiba entsonkothileyo esukela kwimpilo kawonke-wonke ukuya kwinkqubela-phambili. Ezi ngcungela zinceda abalawuli baqonde iziphumo ezinokwenzeka zokhetho lwenkqubo eyahlukeneyo kwaye baqonde ezona ndlela ziphumelelayo zokufikelela iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo.

Ngexesha leengxaki, icebiso lobuchule liba linzima kakhulu. Intloko yabasebenzi inendima esesikweni kwisicwangciso se-ofisi yerhuluneli songxamiseko, equka ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zolawulo lobunzima, ukudibanisa iqela eliququzelela i-ad hoc ukuthetha ngqo nakweliphi na ixesha likaxakeka, kunye nokwabela ukubonakala kwerhuluneli kwingxaki. Le ndlela icwangcisiweyo iqinisekisa ukuba abalawuli bafikelela kubuchule obulungileyo ngexesha elililo.

Inkqubo yokwenza isigqibo soMthetho

Igunya elikhulu lerhuluneli lokwenza izigqibo linxulumene nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. IGavereji idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni umthetho, ukuseka imithetho emitsha ukugqiba enoba kuza kutyikitywa okanye kukhutshwa iindleko ezidluliselwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho.

Ukumisela IAgenda Yomthetho

Kanye njengokuba umongameli enika intetho yeSizwe soMbuso weSizwe kanye ngonyaka, abalawuli banika uRhulumente wonyaka weSizwe phambi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho, apho bathetha ngeempumelelo zezoqoqosho nezezobupolitika, bacaphula khona iinkcukacha ezixhasa izinto zabo eziziintloko kwimimiselo yabo yowiso-mthetho, benika iziphawulo kumalungu endlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba ziziphi izinto eziphambili kuluhlu lwerhuluneli.

Le dilesi yonyaka isebenza njengexesha elingundoqo lokwenza isigqibo apho abalawuli kufuneka bafake ingqalelo phakathi kweenjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo okhuphisanayo kwaye bacacise umbono ocacileyo kunyaka ozayo. Izinto eziphambili ezicaciswe kule ntetho zikhokela umsebenzi wabasebenzi berhuluneli kunye nomqondiso kwimimiselo enokuba nenxaxheba kwinkxaso yempangelo.

Ukusebenza noMthetho

Ngenxa yokuba abalawuli befuna intsebenziswano yabamisi-mthetho bamazwe ukuze kuveliswe kuze kuhanjiswe amatyala abo kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho, benza ulwalamano oluhle nabamisi mthetho lube yinto yokuqala, nto leyo enokubandakanya ukuncedisa abenzi bomthetho bacombulule imicimbi yabaququzeleli babo, ukumema abenzi bemithetho kwimicimbi yezentlalo neyesidlo, nokucwangcisa iintlanganiso zeveki ngeenkokeli zomthetho nezihlalo zeekomiti ukuze baxubushe ngenkqubo.

Indima yomalathisi wemithetho ibandakanya ukuvelela uphuhliso locwangciso lwemithetho yerhuluneli, ukuququzelela imisebenzi yokukhuthaza ulawulo, nokuxubusha ngemibandela emininzi nendlu yowiso-mthetho, ukubandakanya izindululo zesebe eliphetheyo zowiso-mthetho nokulungiselela ukuxhasa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yerhuluneli. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziphambili zerhuluneli zifumana ingqalelo efanelekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Isigqibo Seveto

Enye yee-odonga eziphambili zamagunya owiso-mthetho abalulekileyo anawo kukukwazi ukumisela umthetho weveto. Kwamanye amazwe, irhuluneli ingawukhupha umthetho emva kokuba ugqibile, nangona oku kunqabile ($in California), kuphela i-7 ekhulwini lamatyala abhatalwayo. Isigqibo sokubiza ityala kufuneka siqwalaselwe ngenyameko kwimibandela emininzi, kuquka iziphumo zenkqubo, iziphumo zezobupolitika, kunye nokusabela komphakathi.

Kwamanye amazwe, irhuluneli inamandla omatshini omgca, onamandla okuphelisa izinto ezithile ezithile kuqingqo-mali lwelizwe olucetyiweyo. Eli gunya linika abalawuli utshintsho olongezelelekileyo kwimithetho yokubumba imigangatho yemali, livumela ukuba livumele uninzi loqingqo-mali ngelixa ligatya amalungiselelo athile abafumana axakekileyo.

Umlawuli wemithetho ujongene nokucebisa irhuluneli namalungu olawulo ngezenzo ezifanelekileyo zolawulo kunye nomthetho ojongwayo, ngokufuthi enendima emandla ekucebiseni irhuluneli ukuba isayine okanye iveto kusini na. Le ndima yokwalathisa inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zeveto zimiselwe kakuhle kwaye ziveliswa kakuhle.

Ulungelelwano Olulawulayo Nezigqibo Zolawulo

Ngaphandle kwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, abalawuli benza izigqibo ezininzi ngemiyalelo yezolawulo nangezenzo zolawulo.

Xa Iirhuluneli Zisebenzisa Imiqathango Elawulayo

Irhuluneli zisebenzisa imiyalelo yabalawuli abalawulayo ukuze zifumane iinjongo ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka ukuxhokonxa okanye ukutshintsha amagunya ongxamiseko nezenzo ezinxulumene nemeko yemvelo, imozulu, iingxaki zempilo kawonke wonke, iingozi zempilo, iziganeko ezithe gqolo, nezinye iimeko ezifuna ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza; ukwenza iikomiti ezilawulayo, ukulungiselela, okanye ukuphanda okanye ukulungiselela; ukwenza okanye ukulungiselela okanye ukulungiselela amaqumrhu karhulumente, iibhodi, neekomishini; nokuthetha ngolawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo kunye nemibango efana nokulungisa ulawulo, ukuhlaziywa, ukuhla kwemeko, ukuqesha, ukucalucaluca, nokulungelelanisa.

Isigqibo sokukhupha umyalelo womphathi sibandakanya ukuvavanya ungxamiseko lwemeko ngokuchasene nobunzima bomthetho okanye bomthetho. Ngexesha lesifo solwaphulo-mthetho okanye se-19, abalawuli baseMelika bakhupha malunga ne-2,000 imiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu kwiiveki ezilishumi kuphela. Olu lwando luphawulekayo kwisenzo sokulawula lubonisa indlela abalawuli abasebenzisa ngayo esi sixhobo ngexesha lobunzima xa kuyimfuneko ukwenza izigqibo ngokukhawuleza.

Izigqibo zoqingqo-mali

Izigqibo zoqingqo-mali zimele ezinye zezibonelelo eziphambili ezilandelayo ezinokwenziwa ngabalawuli abalawulayo. Isicelo soqingqo-mali esilawulayo sibonisa izinto eziza kuqala zerhuluneli kwaye simisela indlela oovimba borhulumente abaza kwabelwa ngayo kwiinkqubo neenkonzo ezahlukeneyo. Ezi zigqibo zifuna ukulungelelanisa iimfuno zokukhuphisana kwiinkonzo ezahlukeneyo ngoxa zigcina imbopheleleko yemali.

Inkqubo yophuhliso loqingqo-mali ibandakanya ukunxibelelana kakhulu neentloko zesebe, iinkokeli zowiso-mthetho, kunye nabanye abangenisi-mali. IGavera-mikhosi kufuneka yenze urhwebo olunzima, ngokufuthi ikhethe ukuxhasa izinto eziza kuqala ngexesha lokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa inkxaso-mali yabanye. Ezi zigqibo zineziphumo zehlabathi zokwenene kubemi belizwe, ezichaphazela yonke into ukususela kumgangatho wemfundo ukuya kumgangatho wokulondolozwa kweenkonzo zentlalo.

Izigqibo Zedinga

Ukumiswa kwe-gbernator kunegalelo elibalulekileyo kumsebenzi karhulumente kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo. Elinye lawona mandla abalulekileyo alawulayo erhuluneli yaseTexas kukutyumba igunya, kunye nokumiswa kweRhuluneli ukuba ivumele iRhuluneli ibeke amaqabane ayo kwiindawo ezicwangcisiweyo kurhulumente wephondo, nto leyo eyinkxaso ebalulekileyo kwimigudu yokuseka nokuqhuba imigaqo. Ngoxa lo mzekelo ubhekisela ngokukhethekileyo kuTexas, lo mgaqo usebenza kumazwe athe qeleleneyo.

Xa kusenziwa izigqibo zokumisa, abalawuli baqwalasela oothunywashe abaninzi abaquka ii-arhente zobugcisa, ukunyaniseka kwezobupolitika, ukuma kwabemi, kunye nolungelelwaniso lwenkqubo. Ngokufuthi, la madinga amele aqinisekiswe yindlu enye okanye zombini zendlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kuphumeza enye imfuneko yolwakhiwo kwizigqibo zokumiswa, njengoko abalawuli kufuneka bakhethe abatyunjwa abanokufumana imvume yemithetho.

Ukwenza isigqibo sesengxubakaxaka

Irhuluneli zijamelene nezigqibo zazo ezinzima ngexesha lengxaki, xa kufuneka zithathe inyathelo ngokukhawuleza ngolwazi olungaphelelanga ngeli lixa izibonda ziphezulu kakhulu. Iimvavanyo zemeko zerhuluneli ezibangela ubuchule bokhokelo kwaye zingachaza ukuba zisebenza njani kwiofisi.

Ulawulo lwexesha likaxakeka nokusabela

Njengentloko yesebe, iiRhuluneli zijongene nokuqinisekisa ukuba imeko yazo ilungele iintlekele neentlekele zazo zonke iintlobo nobukhulu. Le mbopheleleko ifuna ukucwangcisa kusengaphambili, ukwabiwa kwezibonelelo, nokukwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezikhawulezileyo xa kufikelelwa iintlekele.

Ukuba imozulu yobusika eyingozi ixelwa kwangaphambili okanye kwisiganeko sesiphithiphithi samakhaya, abalawuli banamandla okubiza umkhosi wesizwe ukuba uncede abemi kunye nabo baphendulayo kuqala okanye uncedo ekuchacheni koqhwithela, imikhosi yoMkhosi weSizwe ikwazi ukuvuselelwa ukuba iye kwiindawo zasekuhlaleni ize incedise ngemigudu yongxamiseko nangawuphi na umgangatho ofunekayo xa iirhuluneli zivakalisa imeko yongxamiseko.

Irhuluneli ziva ubunzima bezigqibo zazo njengoko zizama ukulungelelanisa iingozi zezobupolitika zokusabela ngokugqithisileyo kunye neendleko zabantu zokuvumela urhulumente abhaqwe engakulungelanga ukuhlasela kwendalo. Olu xinezeleko phakathi kolumko nesenzo lumela enye yezona meko zinzima ekwenzeni izigqibo zeengxaki.

Iimpendulo ezidityanisiweyo ezisuka kwii-asethi ezininzi

Ukusabela kwemeko yentlekele kudla ngokufuna ukulungelelaniswa koorhulumente abaninzi namanqanaba karhulumente. Ulawulo lwexesha likaxakeka nokhuseleko lwelizwe lusoloko lwabelwe abasebenzi be-ofisi yerhuluneli ngenxa yokuba kungumthwalo werhuluneli ukwenza isindululo esisemthethweni songxamiseko, ngokuphathwa kwemeko yongxamiseko imihla ngemihla kunye nokhuseleko lwelizwe lakubo, nangona umphathi wabasebenzi, icebiso elingokwasemthethweni namanye amalungu aphezulu eqela labaphathi-mikhosi abahlangeneyo ngexesha lengxaki.

Le ndlela ilungelelanisiweyo iqinisekisa ukuba irhuluneli inobuchule obuvela kurhulumente welizwe ongaphaya kolawulo lorhulumente ngeli lixa igcina imigca ecacileyo yegunya nokwenza izigqibo. Ngexesha leengxaki ezinkulu, abalawuli kufuneka benze izigqibo ezikhawulezileyo malunga nokuthunyelwa kwezixhobo, uthungelwano lukawonke-wonke, kunye neempendulo zenkqubo, ngokufuthi ngokungaqiniseki okukhulu ngendaleko yemeko.

Unxulumano lwezoburhulumente kunye nomanyano

Abalawuli abasebenzi ngokwahlukileyo kwezinye imigangatho karhulumente. Izigqibo zabo kufuneka ziphendule ngeenkqubo, iimfuno, kunye namathuba emali, kwakunye nolwalamano noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kumazwe abo.

Umanyano-Isizwe seeNgqino

Ekubeni i-United States inenkqubo karhulumente, izigqibo ezenziwe eWashington, D.C., ziyakuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kurhulumente wesizwe, nezigqibo zikarhulumente wesizwe ezichaphazela ukufikelela kukarhulumente kubuncwane, ngelixesha iinkqubo eziphuhliswa ngurhulumente wesizwe kufuneka zisetyenziswe kumgangatho karhulumente, ezinokuthi zibangele ubunzima obutsha kurhulumente karhulumente ukuze bungajongwe okanye bungajongwa njengeenguqu ezamkelekileyo.

Irhuluneli idlala indima ebalulekileyo kulwalamano norhulumente wesizwe kwaye isenokukhetha abasebenzi ukuba bakhankanye kulo msebenzi. Lo msebenzi wonxibelelwano lwamaqumrhu unceda abalawuli ukuba bahlale besazisiwe ngenkqubela-phambili yenkqubo karhulumente kunye nommeli wemiba yabo eWashington.

Urhulumente wesizwe angagunyazisa ukuba umsebenzi othile uwenze ngaphandle kokubanika nayiphi na imali yokwenza oko. Le miqathango ingagunyaziswanga idala iimeko ezinzima zokwenza izigqibo kubalawuli, abamele bamisele indlela yokuthobela iimfuno zikarhulumente ngoxa belawula oovimba borhulumente abalinganiselweyo.

Umanyano lorhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Ezinye iirhuluneli ziye zanika abasebenzi abakhethekileyo ukumisela ulwalamano olusondeleyo lokusebenza namagosa asekuhlaleni. Olu nxulumano lubalulekile ukuze lulawule ngokunempumelelo, njengoko imigaqo-nkqubo emininzi karhulumente isetyenziswa kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni ngemiba, izixeko, kunye nesithili esikhethekileyo.

Ibamba kufuneka lilungelelanise umgangatho karhulumente nemfuno kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo zasekuhlaleni. Oku kufuna unxibelelwano oluqhubekayo noosodolophu, abalawuli bommandla, kunye nabanye amagosa basekuhlaleni ukuqonda indlela izigqibo zikarhulumente eziza kuchaphazela ngayo uluntu lonke kulo rhulumente. Abalawuli abaphumeleleyo bakha umanyano olomeleleyo neenkokeli zasekuhlaleni, bedala ulwalamano olukhuthaza ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo.

Ucelomngeni kunye nezithintelo ekwenzeni izigqibo zobuGcisa

Ngelixesha abalawuli besebenzisa amandla amakhulu, kwakhona bajongene nemiqathango ebalulekileyo elinganisela igunya labo lokwenza izigqibo kwaye yenza kube nzima ukukwazi kwabo ukuzalisekisa imigaqo yabo ethandwayo.

Ucelomngeni Lolawulo Oluphezulu

Olunye ucelomngeni kubalawuli lulawulo oluphezulu olukwisininzi, olubhekisela kwisibakala sokuba amagosa amaninzi karhulumente, anjengegosa elingumphathi-mikhosi, igqwetha kunye nonobhala wephondo anyulwa ngokwahlukileyo kwirhuluneli; ngenxa yoko, irhuluneli ayinakukwazi ukuwalawula ngokuthe ngqo ngendlela umongameli asenokuba wawalawula ngayo amagunya aphezulu e-U. olu lungiselelo lukarhulumente luthetha ukuba abalawuli kufuneka basebenze namagosa anyuliweyo azimeleyo asenokuba aneziphatho ezahlukileyo okanye anxulumene nezobupolitika.

Ulawulo oluphezulu olusezimbini lusike umda kubuchule berhuluneli ukulawula isebe eliphetheyo kwaye kufuneka ingxubusho eyongezelelekileyo kunye nomanyano ukuze kufikelelwe iinjongo zomgaqo-siseko. IRhuluneli kufuneka zakhe ulwalamano nala magosa anyuliweyo azimeleyo kwaye zifumane iindlela zokulungelelanisa imigudu yawo naxa zingavumelani kwimibandela ethile.

Uqeqesho lomthetho

Abalawuli abanakwenza nto ngokomkhethe kwimimandla emininzi yezomthetho. Kufuneka basebenzisane ngemithetho ukudlulisa imithetho emitsha, ukuxhasa uqingqo-mali, nokuqinisekisa ukumiswa. AmaGatya kufuneka afunde ukusebenza kakuhle nabanye abamisi-mthetho, abaphathi-mthetho, amagosa ekhabhathi, nabemi ababanyulela kwisikhundla kwindawo yokuqala. Le mfuneko yokusebenzisana ithetha ukuba kwanabona basemagunyeni banamandla kufuneka balalanise kwaye banxibelelane ukuze bafeze usukelo lwabo.

Imfuneko yentsebenziswano yowiso-mthetho iba lucelomngeni ngokukodwa xa irhuluneli nenkoliso yowiso-mthetho ingamalungu amaqela ezobupolitika awahlukeneyo.

Impinda yezeejaji

Zonke izenzo zolawulo ziphantsi kohlolo lwetyala. Iinkundla zingawisa imiyalelo yabalawuli, zikhuphe imithetho yolawulo, zibhukuqe ezinye izigqibo zolawulo ukuba zaphula umthetho okanye umthetho wesizwe. Olu lawulo lusebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulo kodwa lukwanyanzela abalawuli abalawulayo ukuba benze isigqibo.

Iirhuluneli kufuneka ziqwalasele ngenyameko isiseko esisemthethweni sezenzo zazo zize ziqinisekise ukuba izigqibo zazo zinokumelana nokuvavanywa kwenkundla. Oku kudla ngokufuna ukuba zixilongelwe kakhulu ngesiluleko somthetho kwaye zinikele ingqalelo enzulu kwiimfuno zesithethe.

Iimbono Zabantu Nobuchule Bemithombo Yezindaba

IRhuluneli zisebenza kwi-dollbowl, nezigqibo zazo eziphantsi kohlolo lwesazulu kunye nohlolo lukawonke-wonke. IGavera-mandla anamandla amakhulu kwisebe lowiso-mthetho kuba zisebenza unyaka jikelele kwaye zigcina iofisi kuphela, kwaye ziyayalela ukuba zikhutshelwe ngokuba ligosa eliphambili kwilizwe lazo. Oku kubonakalisa ukuba izigqibo zesikhululo zimele ngokukhawuleza zibekwe kwingxoxo kawonke-wonke kunye nokugxekwa.

Imfuneko yokugcina inkxaso kawonke-wonke inyanzelisa ukwenza izigqibo, njengokuba abalawuli kufuneka baqwalasele indlela abaya kuqonda ngayo ukhetho lwabo ngabavoti. Izigqibo ezingathandwayo zinokulonakalisa ikomkhulu lepolitiki lerhuluneli kwaye kwenze kube nzima ngakumbi ukuqhubela phambili amanyathelo exesha elizayo.

Ukuphumeza Isigqibo

Ukwenza isigqibo linyathelo lokuqala. Irula kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba izigqibo zazo ziphunyezwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zivelise iziphumo ezifunekayo.

Ukusebenza neZiqu zaRhulumente

Iirhuluneli zisebenzisana neendlu zazo zowiso-mthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziza kuqala, iinjongo zazo, kunye nezinto ezizifezile zichazwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye zamkelwe kakuhle ngexesha lobuveleli neminye imisebenzi yowiso-mthetho ethetha kwaye ivavanya ukwenziwa kweenkqubo neenkonzo zesebe elilawulayo ezigunyazisiweyo. Le ngxoxo iqhubekayo inceda abalawuli ukuba baqwalasele ukuphunyezwa nokucombulula iingxaki njengoko zivela.

Ukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo kufuna unxibelelwano olucacileyo lwezibonelelo kwiintloko nakubaphathi, oovimba abaneleyo bokuphumeza isigqibo, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola inkqubela nokulinganisa iziphumo.

Ukujongwa nokulungiswa

Ukwenza isigqibo esilungileyo akupheli xa inkqubo ibhengezwa okanye umthetho utyikityiwe. IiRhuluneli kufuneka ziqwalasele ukuphunyezwa komsebenzi zize zikulungele ukulungisa indlela eziqhuba ngayo ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo. Oku kufuna ukusekwa kwenkqubo yentsingiselo enika ulwazi olufike ngexesha elifanelekileyo malunga nendlela imigaqo esebenza ngayo.

Xa iinkqubo zingavelisi ziphumo ezinqwenelekayo, abalawuli kufuneka bakulungele ukwenza ulungiso phakathi. Oku kungabandakanya ukunikezela ukhokelo olutsha kumaqumrhu, ukumisela utshintsho lomthetho, okanye ugcino-lwazi oluyinyani ukucombulula ukwenziwa kovavanyo.

Izigqibo Zonxibelelwano Kubantu Abaqhelekileyo

Unxibelelwano lukawonke-wonke lumela inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuzalisekisa izigqibo. Iirhuluneli kufuneka zichaze izigqibo zazo kuluntu ngokubanzi, zichaze inkxaso kwiinkqubo zazo, zincede abemi bakhona baqonde indlela izigqibo eziza kubachaphazela ngayo. Irhuluneli iyintloko yesithethe yorhulumente kwaye isoloko ivumela iindwalutho ezivela kwamanye amazwe okanye amazwe, isebenzisa isikhundla sazo ukuxhasa ukuma kukarhulumente ehlabathini, ukutsala amashishini amatsha namashishini, ukwenza unxulumano nabanye oorhulumente, ngoxa ikwaya kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, nakwiinkonzo kunye nokutyelela abantu abavela kulo lonke ilizwe.

Unxibelelwano oluphumelelayo lunceda abantu baqonde yaye baxhase izigqibo ezithe zaququzelelwa ngabantu. Kukwanika abalawuli ithuba lokufumana impendumiso evela kubemi nokulungisa indlela abayisebenzisayo ngokusekelwe kwinkcazelo kawonke-wonke.

Ukuvela Kwamandla Okutshintsha Izinto

Indima yabalawuli iye yaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika. IiRhuluneli ziye zaguquka ukusuka ekuthatheni imikhosi yoburhulumente baseBritane ngokugqithisileyo ukuya kwizikhulu ezinamandla nje okungenzi nto ilungileyo okanye embi kumarhulumente kwaye emva koko zisiya kwiinkokeli ezibalulekileyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo kumazwe nakwilizwe liphela. Le ndaleko ibonisa ukutshintsha kweembono ngamandla olawulo oluphezulu nokuntsonkotha okukhulayo kukarhulumente.

Iirhuluneli kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesihlanu zibalulekile ngokwenxenye kuba iimeko zazo zibalulekile. Njengoko amaphondo eye athatha iimbopheleleko ezinkulu kwaye uqingqo-mali lwawo luye lwakhula, abalawuli baye baba ngamadoda anempembelelo eninzi kwezobupolitika zaseMelika. Abalawuli abaninzi basebenzisa indawo yabo njengenyathelo eliya kwisikhundla esiphezulu, kuquka nomongameli.

Owona Mkhwa ulungileyo kwisigqibo sokuKhubazeka

Ngelixesha irhuluneli nganye iphuhlisa ubuchule bayo bokwenza isigqibo, ezinye iindlela ezingcono zivele kumava eerhuluneli eziphumeleleyo kulo lonke ilizwe.

Ukwakha Amaqela Akhuthazayo

Abalawuli abaphumelelayo bazibhijela ngezakhono ezivelisa iimbono nobuchule obahlukeneyo. Badala izakhiwo zentlangano eziqinisekisa ukuba inkcazelo ebalulekileyo iyafika ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye iimbono ezahlukeneyo ziqwalaselwa ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe izigqibo.

Abalawuli abalungileyo bagcina iindlela zokunxibelelana ezivulekileyo nabasebenzi babo, bekhuthaza ukuphendula ngokunyanisekileyo kunye neembono eziphikisanayo. Oku kudala imekobume apho iingxaki zinokubonwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ezinye iindlela zinokuhlolisiswa.

Ukugcina Ululamo

Ngexa abalawuli befuna imigaqo ecacileyo nezinto eziza kuqala, kufuneka bahlale bebhetyebhetye ngokwaneleyo ukuze balungelelanise neemeko ezitshintshayo. Ukunamathela kwisikhundla esimiselwe kwangaphambili kungathintela iirhuluneli ekusabeleni ngokunempumelelo kulwazi olutsha okanye kwiziganeko ezingalindelekanga.

Ukuthantamisa kukwathetha ukuvuma ukulalanisa xa kuyimfuneko ukuze bafikelele usukelo olubanzi. IRhuluneli ezinyanzelisayo ekufumaneni yonke into eziyifunayo zisoloko zingafumani nto, ngoxa abo banokuncokola baze bafumane indawo ephakathi benako ukwenza inkqubela kwezona zibalulekileyo.

Ukujolisa ekusebenziseni

Abalawuli ababalaseleyo bayaqonda ukuba ukuvakalisa isigqibo kuseqalisweni. Bachitha ixesha namandla ukuze baqinisekise ukuba izigqibo zabo ziphunyezwe ngokufanelekileyo, ziqwalaselwe, ziphuculwe, yaye ziphuculwe kangangoko kuyimfuneko. Olu cwangciso lokuzalisekisa lunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ezifanelekileyo zivelisa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo.

Ukwakha Iimali

Abalawuli abaphumelelayo ngamaqela aneziqu ezingooqoqo abanokuhlanganisa amaqela ahlukahlukeneyo ukuze baxhase iphulo labo.

Ukunxibelelana Ngokuphumelelayo

Ngokucacileyo, unxibelelwano oluzinzileyo lunceda iirhuluneli zakha inkxaso yoluntu kwizigqibo zazo zize zigcine ikomkhulu lazo lezobupolitika. Obona balawuli baphumelelayo ngabakwaziyo ukunxibelelana nabantu abanobuchule bokuchaza imicimbi entsonkothileyo ngendlela elula nokudibanisa izigqibo zabo nemilinganiselo nenkxalabo yabemi abaqhelekileyo.

Impembelelo Yezigqibo Zokunxibelelana

Izigqibo ezilawulayo ezizenzayo zineziphumo ezifikelela kude kumazwe azo kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, kuhlanga luphela. Abalawuli bangaphezulu kuneentloko; bangabathathi-nxaxheba abaphambili kumabala ezobupolitika karhulumente, apho basebenzisa impembelelo enkulu kwizigqibo zoqingqo-mali, ukusungulwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yemfundo, yempilo, yezothutho, kunye nezolawulo, kwanakusetyenziswa kwemeko yemekobume, kwanakumazwe anxulumene norhulumente worhulumente.

Njengeendlu zolawulo-mpukane, amatyala phantsi kokhokelo lwabalawuli bawo ayaqhubeka ezama kwaye elungisa, elungisa iinkqubo ezibonakalisa amaxabiso kunye nezinto eziphambili zengingqi ngeli xesha zifak' isandla kumava olawulo olumanyeneyo lwesizwe. Le ndlela yovavanyo ivumela amazwe avavanye iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela, kunye nolwandiso olunempumelelo oludla ngokunwenwa kwamanye amazwe okanye ukusetyenziswa kumgangatho wesizwe.

Izigqibo ezitshayelelweyo zichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bephondo, ukusuka kwizikolo nakwizitrato ukuya kumgangatho wezonyango neenkonzo zentlalo. Zibumba iindlela zokuphuhlisa izoqoqosho, imigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo, kunye neenkqubo zobulungisa zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imithombo yokuqonda ukwenza isigqibo sombutho

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngendlela abalawuli abazenza ngayo izigqibo nangendima yabalawuli bakarhulumente waseMerika, oovimba abaliqela banikela inkcazelo exabisekileyo baze bahlolisise.

I- Imanyano yamaGatya esizwe isebenza njengelizwi elidibeneyo leerhuluneli zesizwe kwaye inika ubuncwane obuninzi kumandla ombuso, iimbopheleleko, kunye nemisebenzi engcono. Iwebhsayithi yabo iquka iinkcukacha ngeendawo ezingafaniyo zegunya lesizwe kunye nezifundo zempumelelo yemigaqo-nkqubo.

I- Ikhonco yoorhulumente belizwe ipapasha "Incwadi yaMazwe," imbekiselo enegunya kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente, amagunya, kunye nemisebenzi. Le mveliso inika ugcino-lwazi olubanzi kumandla e-gabernerator kuwo onke amazwe angamashumi amahlanu.

Amaziko adibeneyo anjenge Iziko le-Eagleton kwiRhuluneli yaseMelika e Rutgers University enza uphando ngenkokeli yegabernerator kunye nokunika ugcino-lwazi lokufundisa ukuqonda indima yabalawuli belizwe.

Iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente zinika iinkcukacha malunga nezinto eziza kuqala kwirhuluneli yazo, izigqibo zakutshanje, kunye neenkqubo ezithatyathwe kwimiba. Ezi ndawo zisoloko ziquka umbhalo wemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, izicelo zoqingqo-mali, kunye neSizwe seedilesi zikaRhulumente, zinika ingqiqo engqalileyo ekwenzeni izigqibo zequmrhu.

Imibutho yamajelo eendaba egubungela ezopolitiko inikela ingxelo eqhubekayo ngezigqibo zolawulo neempembelelo zazo. Emva kokuchongwa kwezopolitiko ngurhulumente kunceda abemi baqonde indlela irhuluneli yabo ezenza ngayo izigqibo ize ibanze baphendule ngeziphumo zayo.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda indlela abalawuli abazenza ngayo izigqibo kunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo ngolawulo lwamaMelika kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo echaphazela ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. IGavera-mikhosi isebenza kwisiseko esintsonkothileyo samagunya omgaqo-siseko, izithintelo ezingokwasemthethweni, iinyaniso zezobupolitika, kunye neengqwalasela ezisebenzisekayo. Kufuneka balungelelanise izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo, ukwakha iminqongo, ukusingatha iingxaki, kunye nokusebenzisa iinkqubo zolawulo lo gama begcina inkxaso kawonke-wonke kunye nokusebenza phantsi kwemiqathango yoqingqo-mali.

Inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo ibandakanya ukuqokelela ulwazi kubaphathi-majoni kunye neengcaphephe, ukudibana nabagcini-matyala, ukuhlalutya iinkqubo, ukuqwalasela iziphumo zezobupolitika nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho. Iinkokeli zisebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukuzalisekisa izigqibo zazo, kuquka imiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo, izicelo zoqingqo-mali, amanyathelo omthetho, kunye nezenzo zolawulo.

Ngoxa abalawuli bejaji bejamelene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo kunye nezithintelo, bahlala benamandla kwezobupolitika zaseMerika bekwazi ukubumba iinkqubo zikarhulumente nokuphucula ubomi babantu abangoorhulumente babo.

Njengoko amazwe eqhubeka esebenza njengeelaboratori zedemokhrasi, ezama iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwiingxaki eziqhelekileyo, abalawuli bezonyulo abazenzayo baza kuqhubeka bephembelela kungekuphela nje amazwe abo kodwa kwanomgaqo obanzi wenkqubo yamaMelika. Ukuqonda le nkqubo yokwenza izigqibo kunceda abemi babandakanyeke ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi norhulumente wabo kwaye bagcine iinkokeli zabo ezinyuliweyo ziphendulile ngokhetho abalwenzayo kubo bonke abemi.