Imfundiso Yokuhlalisana Nendlela Efikelela Ngayo Kubemi Abangekho Kubo

Imfundiso yoNxulumaniso lweNkqutyana yenye yemigaqo ephambili engomthetho-siseko waseMelika, egqiba ukuba luluphi ukhuseleko olukwiBhili yamaLungelo olusebenza kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Ngexa kuxutyushwa ngalo mongo wamalungelo abemi, le mfundiso ineziphumo ezinzulu kumalungu angengawo amaqela ahlala eUnited States — iquka abahlali abasemthethweni, abaxhasi be-visa, abafuni bekhusi, kunye nokungabhalwanga komcingiswa. Ukusetyenziswa kwemfundiso yokwahlula imbono yabemi abangeyo kukwa-ifazentseba phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi babo bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kwindlela abasebenza ngayo kunye nomthetho ukuya ekubeni bafikelele kwinkqubo efanelekileyo yokugxotha ityala. Ukuqonda le mfundiso kubalulekile ukuva ukuma kwabantu abangengongoo-ezeni.

Enyanzelweni yayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha ngoxinezeleko olusisiseko kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S.: iBhili yamaLungelo ekuqaleni yabeka imiqathango kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, hayi kumazwe. Ngolawulo lwe-144th Amend Amendment’ i-Sixokoxo esiTyelweyo kunye neSikhuseli-Silinganiselo sika-Cunitime Noonogamentius, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa uninzi lweSikolo samaLungelo kumazwe. KwiNkundla yamalungelo abantu, iziphumo zizinto ezintsonkothile ezixhomekeke kwinkuselo, i-&squo; imeko yokufuduka, kunye nemithetho ehlala kuwo.

Ukuphuhliswa Kwemfundiso Echaseneyo Nembali

Imfundiso yoHlahlo-lwazi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ayizange ivele ngokupheleleyo kodwa yaphuhliswa ngothotho lwezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezimalunga nenkulungwane. Incopho yotshintsho yafika ngokusetyenziswa kweMpanzi-Mpanzi weshumi elinesine; owathi wazisa ulwimi oluthintelayo kumazwana okuncitshiswa kwe “ umntu ongomnye &cquo; wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo inkqubo yomthetho. Ngokuyinyani, i-antemplite yasebenzisa igama elithi &lquo;person ” kuno “tizen, i” ukhetho oluyakuba neziphumo ezinzulu zokungahambi zizinto.

Ebutsheni benkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iNkundla yaqalisa ukusebenzisa iBhili yoKhuselo lwamalungelo eMthethweni ngokwetyala elibizwa ngokuba luququoti. Gitrow v. New York (1925), iNkundla yathi ibambe ukuba uKhuselo Lokuqala Lomthetho Olawula Iindalo quo; ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yokuthetha olusetyenziswa kumazwe kumazwe akwi 145 iDempmpleted &squo; uMbutho Wolawulo Oqhelekileyo ka-Clausceste. Izigqibo zeSine [M] [4], i-FLT] ukhuseleko lokungaqindiswayo nokukhuthuka ([FLT:]]]]]] Mpper.[FLT], VFT], u-196], ukhuseli oluqhelekileyo, olu-Genearderns (6]) [4], u-Exptions.[6], kunye ne-T.T.[64]

Kubantu abangengoma-i-intezi, umba ophawulayo Yick Wocs v. Hopkins (1886) waseka ukuba ukhuselo lwe 144th Amendment Conformation ’ lusebenza kubo bonke abantu phakathi kwe-U.S. ulawulo, hayi nje abemi. Ityala elibandakanya umTshayina obengavunyelwanga ukuba ahlambelwe phantsi komthetho wedesiki-mbhin-catary, kunye neNkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba uKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claussssquo; ii-”isonsons, i-” hayi nje kuphela i-zen.&cquo; Lo mgaqo wesiseko uyaqhubeka kumthetho-o-o siseko ongekho mgalelo-&quo; amalungelo omthetho-siseko namhlanje.

UMthetho weCandelo we-14 njengeBhuloho ePhathiswayo

IsiHlanzo seshumi elinesine soMphetho-mvandedwa sisebenza njengendlela yokuqala apho iNkqutyana yemfundiso engqukuva idlulisela ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kumntu ongengowo. Inkundla Yayo Yolungiselelo lukaClaus noKhuselo Olulinganayo luka-Claus isebenza kwi- “ nawuphi na umntu okwigunya le-United States, i” ukwenza umgangatho obanzi wesikhuselo esigubungela wonke umntu okhoyo ngokwenyama lelizwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba umgangatho wokungena kwabantu. Inkundla ephezulu iqinisekisa ngokuqhubekayo ukutyhilwa kolu hlobo olu [FLT:] Plyler v. Doe [198], (1982], eyathi yabetha phantsi umthetho wokungakhuselwa kwemfundo yoluntu, kunye [FLDict:]] ne-FFF].[3]

Umahluko phakathi kwe “person ” kunye ne “citizen ” kuhlaziyiso lweshumi elinesine ayiyongozi. Abalayishi bolungiso lwenkqubo yokulungisa bakhetha ngabom ububanzi bolwimi ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu ababengamakhoboka namanye amaqela akwimiqathango banokuthi bafune ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Olu khetho lombhalo ludale isiseko esisemthethweni apho kungengo- siso siso ’ amalungelo aphumlileyo. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakathi ePhakamileyo iqaphele ukuba iBhunga linegunya elikhulu phezu kokufuduka nokuhla kwendalo, idala uxinzelo phakathi kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kunye namandla okufuduka koluntu.

Amalungelo Akhethekileyo Olulwelwe Kubantu Abangahlaliyo

Inkululeko Yokuqala Yokwenziwa Kohlaziyo

Imfundiso yeNkqutyana yokuHlaziya iYandisa ukukhusela koMgaqo-nkqubo Wokuqala, nokuhlanganisana ngendlela ephawulekayo. Inkululeko yokuthetha, ukusebenzisa unqulo ngenkululeko, kunye nenkululeko yokuhlanganisa isebenza kubo bonke abantu eUnited States, kungakhathaliseki ukuba banendawo yobumi bakhona. Abangaphili-mali bangathetha ngemiba yezopolitiko, baqhelisele unqulo lwabo, kwaye bahlanganisane ngemibhiyozo yoxolo ngaphandle kokujongana nothintelo lwabo loburhulumente ngenxa yokufuduko. Noko ke, kukho imida ethile. Inkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaxhasa imiqathango kwintetho yezobupolitika ngabangengoorhulumente kwiimeko ezithile, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele iminikelo yezandla nenkcitho, enegunya lokulawula phantsi kolawulo nokhetho.

Ngokwesiko, abo bangengobantu basebenzisa amalungelo oMphetho wokuqala woLawulo ngobulumko ngenxa yokuxhalabela ukufuduka kweziphumo. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwimibhiyozo yezopolitiko okanye ukuthetha kakubi ngeenkqubo zikarhulumente kungatsala ingqalelo kumasebe agunyazisa ukufuduka. [[FLT: 0]] Aliseen neSindululo Semisebenzi[ ibonise ixesha elibonisa indlela urhulumente anokuwusebenzisa ngayo umthetho wokufuduka ukuze athintele ukuthetha kwabantu abangeyo, kwaye amandla anjalo ayaqhubeka namhlanje. Noko ke, ukhuseleko olusemthethweni luhlala luqinile, yaye iinkundla zisoloko zibetha urhulumente kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni ezama ukugweba i-&zenstququ; intetho esekelwe kwimeko yokufuduka.

Ukhuseleko lwenkqubela

Amalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo phantsi koHlahlulo lwesihlanu nolweshumi elinesine loMthetho-nkqubo asebenza ngokupheleleyo kulezo zigwebo ezingekho kwinkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye ngamanye amaxesha axhotyisiweyo ekufudukeni nakwiinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho. INkundla Ephakamileyo ibambelele ekubeni abantu abangengobantu abajamelene nokugxothwa banelungelo lokuphawula nokuchotshelwa, nangona ukhuseleko lwezentengiselwano kwinkundla yabafuduki luncinane kunezo zenkundla zezaphuli-mthetho. Zaddas v. Davis, iNkundla ilawula ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuvala ngokungenasiphelo ityala elingangeni macala kodwa agxothwayo kodwa angenakugxothwa, kuba oko kukuthi ukuvalelwa kungabikho kuyingozi okanye kumngcipheko wokubhabhadula.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ikwadlulela nakwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zikarhulumente. IsiHlaliso sesiThathu sokunika icebiso, esiqukiweyo kuMphetho-Mdangaliso we-14th, siyasebenza nokuba kusini na ukuba ngabumi, ithetha ukuba abangengobahlaseli abajongene netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho banelungelo lokufumana igqwetha. Kodwa, Padilla v. Kentucky[ [2010] isigqibo samkela isahlulo esinzima: amagqwetha-mthetho olwaphulo-mthetho amele acebise abaxhasi abangengoonobugqhinga ngeziphumo zokurhoxina kwezicelo zetyala, kodwa ubunjani becebiso elingokwahluka-ninzi neloncedo olungasebenziyo lusaqhubeka kunzima ukungqina. [[FLT] [FLD] [FFFFF:]] ukumisela umthetho olungele ukudibana nomthetho ohlukeneyo

Kwiziphumo zokususwa, abantu abangengobenzi bemali banamalungelo afanelekileyo okunikela ubungqina, amangqina anqamlezayo, kunye nezibheno ezingalunganga. Noko ke, la malungelo awafananga nalawo akwinkundla yakwaphuli-mthetho. Iinkqubo zokwaphulwa komthetho zingokwabantu kunokuba zibe zilwaphulo-mthetho kwindalo, ithetha ukuba urhulumente akunyanzelekanga ukuba anikele isiluleko esimiselweyo kwiziphumo ezingezo ze-intelligence. Lo msantsa uchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo iziphumo, njengokuba zingeyonxalenye engekho semthethweni ngaphandle komelo lwasemthethweni usenokuba uyayalelwa ukuba ushenswe, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokuqonda iziphumo ezipheleleyo zeemeko zabo.

Ukukhuselwa Ngokulinganayo Phantsi Komthetho

UKhuselo olulinganayo lweNkqutyana ye 144 YoMbetho luthi ukungaphiki na umntu okwigunya lakhe elilinganayo nokhuseleko lwemithetho. Ngoncedo lwe-Incorporation Doctrine, olu khuselo luneenkcukacha ezingeyozeze-emali kwaye lusebenza njengesixhobo esinamandla ekuchaseni imithetho ye-digrinsitive. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa uhlolo oluphangaleleyo olusekelwe ekuphambukeni, intsingiselo yorhulumente kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni akunakubalula ukucalula abangelwayo abangeyo ngaphandle kokuba benesingxengxengxezo. [[FLT:]] kwiGriffiters [[FLT:]] [12] [12] [7]], inkundla engenanto yenkonzo yoluntu, yabetha phantsi kwe-Constantioth-oth-baltiesties, ityala umthetho ongekho mthethweni.[Fog.[Fog.3]

Inkundla ePhakamileyo isenokufuna ukuba abemi ngokwezikhundla ezibandakanya ukuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi okanye ukwenziwa komgaqo-siseko kawonke-wonke, njengovota, umsebenzi wokuchophela ityala, kunye nezinye iindima zomthetho zokunyanzelisa. INkundla ePhakamileyo ikwaxhasa ukwahlukana korhulumente phakathi kwabemi kunye nabangengobemi phantsi kwemfundiso yamandla aphezulu, enika iBhunga igunya elibanzi ngokungenayo nokungena kwabantu nokuzinza. Oku kudala umgaqo-siseko: urhulumente wesizwe unokucalula abangeniswa nabangangeni-mali ngendlela oorhulumente abaninzi abangenakukwazi ngazo.

Intelekelelo elinganayo ethethwa ngabantu abangengobantwana ibaluleke kakhulu kwimfundo, iinzuzo zikawonke-wonke, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Plyler v. Doe ime njengeyona inkuselo ibalulekileyo yokhuseleko olulinganayo kubantwana abangabhalwanga, abanako ukuyikhanyela imfundo kawonke-wonke esekelwe kubume bokufuduka. Kwindawo yoluntu, iNkundla iphakamise imiqathango yesizwe kwimiqathango ethile engekho ngqinisi, i&squo; unikezelo kwiinkqubo ezithile phantsi koMthetho wobutyala noMsebenzi we-Ovective Reconvectory ka-19, kodwa amazwe anokukwazi ukunikezela ngenzuzo yawo kumbandela womgaqo-siseko.

Amalungelo Ezaphuli - mthetho

I-Incorporation Doctrine isebenzisa ukhuseleko lwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi ukumisela izenzo zokulwa nokungabikho kwe-injini. IsiHlanzo sesine soMmiselo ’ sikhusela ekuphengululweni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, okuqukiweyo [[FLT: 0]]. i-Ohio[, isebenza kubo bonke abantu, ithetha ukuba ukuphendla okungeyo-intentezi kungacelw'ucel'ucelo olungekho mthethweni ngomthetho. Umthetho, othintela ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni, ufumaneka kwi-zinzi ekwaphula umthetho. IsiHlazithiso sesihlanu, esikhuselweyo ngokuzinziswa kokuziphikisa kwe-o-odwa, esikhuselwe [FOLD:2]. [bl.] v[FT]

IsiHlanu seSichibiyelo seSithandathu ekunene kwityala elikhawulezayo nelingokwabantu bonke, ilungelo lokujamelana namangqina, nelungelo lokunyanzeliswa konke kusebenza kubantu abangengobantu abajongene nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho zikarhulumente. Ulawulo lwesiHlemo-Mbendezi ’ lukhusela kwisohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nengaqhelekanga, esiqulunjwe ku Robinson- v. iKhalifoniyani[[FL:1] [1962], isebenza kubo bonke abantu abakwi-U.S. ulawulo.

Amalungelo Agcinelwe Abemi

Asingalo lonke ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko oludlulela kubemi abangengobemi kwiSifundiso soHlaziyo. Amanye amalungelo agcinelwe ngokungqalileyo abemi ngokubhaliweyo komGaqo-siseko okanye ngomzekelo weNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ilungelo lokuvota lingowona mzekelo ubalulekileyo. IGawulayo, ishumi elineshumi elinesibhozo neSityhefuthe, kunye neziHlaziyo zeSixeko zoMgaqo-siseko zandisa amalungelo okuvota kubemi, kwaye amazwe asenokufuna ubumi bobumi njengobume bokuvota kwesizwe, urhulumente, nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Abangavoti-oti-ku-vota abango oonobumba be-ontadoli abangoluvoti-mali belizwe nakumazwe asekuhlaleni, nangona ooomarhulumente abambalwa abavumele ukuvota abangolanga kwibhodi yesikolo okanye kwimidwa.

Ilungelo lokusebenzela isikhundla sikarhulumente lilinganiselwe kubemi, yaye umGaqo-siseko umisela iimfuno zobumi kumongameli, kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, nakwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMali. Ilungelo lokusebenza kwimibutho yabachopheli-mthetho likwalinganiselwe kubemi, njengoko inkonzo yejaji ithathwa njengomsebenzi ongundoqo wesizwe onxulumene nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. ISindululo sesibini soMmiselo-’ sinelungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo zisebenza kubantu abangengobameli, kodwa umthetho wasekuhlaleni uthintela ukuphatha izibhambhu ngezibambi-mali ezingengangeni, nabantu abangenamiqathango, yaye iinkundla zisoloko zixhasa ezi zimiqathango zomthetho zeBhunga-Angress &quo; iziphathiso mandla okufudula abantu.

Ilungelo lokungena nokuhlala eUnited States lahlukile ngokusisiseko kubemi nakwabangahlaliyo. Abami banelungelo elisemthethweni lokubuyela e-U.S. nasemva kolwaphulo-mthetho okanye emva kwexesha elide kwilizwe lasemzini. Abahlali abangoomatiloshe, kuquka abahlali abasemthethweni, bangasuswa ngenxa yokungathobeli umthetho ochaziweyo wokufuduka, kwaye umGaqo-siseko awubaqinisekisi ukungena. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ekufuneni ukungena kokuqala kwiU.S.

Abafuduki Abangaxelwanga Nemfundiso Yokuhlahlela

Abaphambukeli abangabhalwanga phantsi kweNkqutyana yeNkundla ePhakamileyo bakwindawo entsonkothileyo phantsi kweNkolo yoHlalo-lwazi. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibambelele kwelokuba ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko lweSinyulo seshumi elinesine sisebenza kubo bonke abantu abakhoyo ngokwasemzimbeni eUnited States, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yokufuduka injani. Wong Wing v. United States [18696] [186], iNkuvulo ivile ukuba abaphambukeli abangeniyo abanako ukubekwa phantsi kwesohlwayo isohlwayo ngaphandle kwesohlwayo sokhuseleko esikhuselweyo se-Uniti. Kutshanje, [[FLT:] kutshatiwe-Urdez [[FULT] [1990]), iNkucedomsthi ye-omatili epheleleyo ye-Uni.

Noko ke, abaphambukeli abangabhalwanga phantsi bajamelana nemiqobo eluncedo ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo. Ukoyika ukufunyaniswa nokususwa komGaqo-siseko kubathintela abaninzi ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi ekunxibelelaneni nomthetho onyanzelisayo. Umhlaba womthetho unzima ngakumbi ngemithetho yasekuhlaleni edala imiqathango engangqalanga kwi-actens ’ amalungelo. Umzekelo, amazwe akanakukhanyela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abawanyathelayo; amalayisensi asekelwe kubume bokufuduka, kodwa abaninzi baye benza njalo ngeendlela ezisinda kucelomngeni lwejaji ngaphantsi kwemiqathango emiselwe yemithetho.

Iingcebiso zokususwa kombutho zinikela ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo kuba zilucelomngeni olukhethekileyo kunokuba zibe lulwaphulo-mthetho, okuthetha ukuba ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko olukhoyo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho alusebenzi ngokupheleleyo. Abaphambukeli abangaxelwanga ekususweni kwemiqathango banelungelo lokuqaphela nokususwa kwenkqubo yokuphawula nokuchophela, kodwa abanalo ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokumisela icebiso. Isigqibo se-Padilla[] isebenza kuphela kumagqwetha olwaphulo-mthetho akhusela abangeni-mthetho abawayo abawa-’ icebiso elingezotyambo ezimele ukufuduka, hayi ukufuduka kwenkundla ngokwayo. Lo msantsalo udala inkxalabo abangenabuchule bokufuduka, abadlali abafunda, okanye ulwazi olusemthethweni.

Impikiswano yeNkcubeko neMigangatho eHluzileyo

I-Incorpoation Doctrine ’ ukusetyenziswa kwee-ongeyo-zimboni kuyaqhubeka kuvelisa ingxoxo enzima kwiinkundla, kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, nakwintetho kawonke-wonke. Izigqibo zeNkundla yaNgokutsha zikwandisiwe zaza zafumana ii-octens ’ amalungelo, abonisa ukuntsonkotha kwemfundiso kunye nokuqondana kwezobupolitika kule mibandela. ICurt’ isigqibo [kuFLT:0] iSivumelo sokhuseleko lwasekhaya lweHomeland v. IiRegents zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia[FLT:] 2020] zaxhasa iDefectorier Developtions Acts for Childhooms, iqonda ukuba abangengoonobuntwana bezenyulu nyakalo lobuntwana be-othongasese. U.S.

Iimeko ezininzi neendawo ziye zamisela imithetho eyenzelwe ukumisela imithetho engeyoyo-ziphene i’ amalungelo, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukufikelela kwiinzuzo, izindlu, kunye nomsebenzi. Le mithetho isoloko ijongene neengxaki zomgaqo-siseko phantsi kweSuprematy Claus, enika urhulumente oyintloko kulawulo lokufuduka, kunye ne-Linganiso lwe-Libala lokukhusela u-Claus, ethintela isenzo sombuso sokubulala urhulumente. Iinkundla jikelele ziye zabetha imithetho karhulumente ephazamisana ngqo nokunyanzelisa ukufuduka kwamazwe okanye zibangele urhulumente ohlukeneyo osemthethweni ongongoo-o-kitanizen, kodwa zixhasile imithetho elawulayo engeyo i-o-omatika &quo; ihambo yesithethe.

Indawo ephumayo yelithatha- tyala libhekisele kumalungelo abantu abangengowo-indawo ekwakheni imeko ye-orchithe kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathi abangengobango-bango babanjwa njengamajoni otshaba abanamalungelo omgaqo-siseko okuvavanya ukuvalelwa kwabo enkundleni, njengasekumiselwe HAmdi v. I-Rumsteld [2004] [200]) [[FLT] [[FLT]] Boumediene v. Bush [2008] [2008] [iiiiiiiiinkcukacha zomthetho ezi-Diactries &quo; imigaqo esisiseko ibekwe nangaphandle kwe-oingingqi ye-United States, inika unxibelelwano olungomthetho lwezomthetho lwezomthetho.

Imisebenzi Esebenzisekayo Kubantu Abangengomashishini Nabameli Babo

Ukuqonda iNjongo yeNkcubeko kuyimfuneko kubantu abangengobemi kunye nabo babacebisayo. Ukwazi ukuba ngawaphi amalungelo asebenzayo kurhulumente nakummandla ohlala kuwo kungenza umahluko phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwesizwe nokuphoswa kwamathuba asemthethweni. Abangengobantu abajongene netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka baqonde ukuba ukhuseleko olufanayo olukhoyo kubemi abasebenzisa kwiimeko zabo, kuquka ilungelo lokucebisa, ilungelo lokuhlala buthule, nokukhuselwa ekuphengululweni okungekho ngqiqweni. Bafanele baqonde ukuba ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lineziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezibangela ukufuduka, kwaye kufuneka bafune amagqwetha anokufumana iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho zolwaphulo-mthetho zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nomthetho wokufuduka.

Urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, iNjongo yeNkqutyana ibeka imiqathango yesiseko somgaqo-siseko kwimigaqo-siseko echaphazela abantu abangeyoyomfuneko. Imithetho yokulawula esekelwe kwimiqathango yolunye uhlanga ayisebenzi kakuhle kwaye iphantsi kovavanyo olungqongqo lomthetho, intsingiselo yokuba phantse iza kusoloko zibethelelwa phantsi ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente abonise umdla onyanzelekileyo karhulumente kunye nenkcitho elinganiselweyo. Oku akuthethi ukuba iimeko azinakulawula izinto ezingeyo kwi-— zinokufuna ubumi kwiimfuno ezithile zikarhulumente zomgaqo karhulumente kwaye zimisele iimfuno ezithile zeenzuzo ze-&mmasdas; kodwa kufuneka zenze njalo kwimida yomgaqo-siseko.

Abaphathi bomanyano lwabafuduki basebenza kwimiqathango enxulumene nomGaqo-siseko, nangona imfundiso yamandla ibanika isibanzi esibanzi. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yacacisa ukuba kwaneNkundla i’ igunya lokufuduka elibanzi alinakuwugqitha umgaqo-siseko osisiseko. Abangengomalungu ajongene nokususwa kwetyala anamalungelo afanelekileyo ekuchotshelweni ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye bangakucel ’ umngeni ukuvalelwa okungekho mthethweni, ukwenza izigqibo ngokungekho mthethweni, kunye nocalucalulo ekusetyenzisweni kwemithetho yokufuduka.

Ukukhangela phambili: Ikamva lemfundiso yoHlahlo-magama yeNjikelezo

Imfundiso yoHlahlo-lwazi ayimi ndawonye, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwimibutho engeyoyayo iza kuqhubeka iguquka njengoko iNkundla Ephakamileyo iphendula imibuzo emitsha nanjengotshintsho lwezopolitiko kunye nentlalo. Utyekelo luninzi lucebisa inkqubela yexesha elizayo. Okokuqala, umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wokhuseleko olufanelekileyo kwinkqubo yokufuduka uya kuqhubeka ukhuphisana, nabaxhasi abatyhalela phambili ukukhusela okuphezulu okuquka ilungelo lokumisela icebiso elingeyo elwenziwa ngabantu abaphambukeli. Okwesibini, amalungelo okungengoo-zizenqikelelo kumazwe aya kuqhubeka evelisa ukukhutshwa njengoko amaphondo evavanywa ngoooooooonqanda kwaye kwimigaqo equququzelela abaphambukeli.

Okwesithathu, ukudibana komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nomthetho wokufuduka i— okusoloko kubizwa ngokuba yi-“crimmigation” i— ithetha ngeminye yemibuzo enzima yomgaqo-siseko. Iziphumo zokufuduka zininzi ezinokuthanani nehambo yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nengozi ephindwe kabini, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye nokufakwa kwemiqathango yenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho kwimicimbi yokufuduka. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iqalise ukuphendula le miba, kodwa emininzi ihlala ingaphenduli. Okwesine, inkqubela yomthetho wezizwe kunye namalungelo abantu isenokuphembelela ukutolikwa komGatho-siseko wasekhaya, ingakumbi njengoko iinkundla ziqwalasela amalungelo abo bangengoo-manzi ekuvalweni nasekususweni kwemiqobo.

Ekugqibeleni, iNjongo yeNkqutyana yeSigqibo soMgaqo-siseko ibonisa ukuzimisela okusisiseko: ukuba ukhuseleko lweBhili yamaLungelo lusebenza kubo bonke abantu abangaphakathi kwe-United States, hayi kubemi kuphela. Lo mnqophiso uneengcambu ezinzulu zembali kwaye uyaqhubeka ubumba umgaqo osemthethweni welizwe ongengo-inteni. Ukuqhubeka ufunda, bona ingxoxo yeNkqutyana yoHlolo lwemfundiso ePhakamileyo kumo-Mongo we- ukhokelo oluphezulu [ okanye uhlalutyo lwe-[FLT:] ukuququlutyo oluphakathi kweZiko lomthetho [Foctal Information Information Institute . Abaxhasi bezomthetho banokufumana ukhokelo oluthe kratya kwi-IPGenelgners syms syms, kunye neNt lwabiwo-ogcipt]