Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Lokwahlukana Kwamadolophana EJapan

Umhlaba wezopolitiko waseJapan kudala wakhiwe lulwahlulo lwezixeko ezicacileyo zasedolophini, ulwahlulo oluphembelela yonke into ukusuka kwiziphumo zonyulo ukuya kwizabelo zoqingqo-mali. Ngokwabangaphezulu kwama-35% babemi abajoliswe kwingingqi yeTokyo enkulu, amabamba asemaphandleni ajongene nokwanda okukhawulezileyo, amanani amanani abantu abalupheleyo, kunye nokudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho. Amaqela ezobupolitika athe acebisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucombulula oku kungalingani, ukanti amandla abangela ukwahlukana okuhlala kuhleli kusendele kakhulu. Ukuqonda indlela amaqela aseJapan ahambelana ngayo nezi zinto zidibeneyo, kunye nomgangatho wezo zoqoqosho kunye nemigaqo yawo yexesha elizayo.

Le ngxelo ayiyiyo intsha. Ukwanda kwezoqoqosho emva kwemfazwe kwatsalela izigidi zabantu kwimizi yezolimo needolophana zokuloba kwimizi-mveliso nakumasebe enkonzo, utyekelo olwayamene noqoqosho lwama-80%. Namhlanje, ngaphezu kwama-60% oomasipala baseJapan bachazwa “njengemimandla enabemi,” apho abemi beye bancipha ngaphezu kwe 10% kwishumi leminyaka elidluleyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amagumbi angama-23 eTokyo ayaqhubeka ebona umnatha kwimizabala yabantu abakhulile, ukuhluza izindlu kunye nezisekelo ngoxa egqesha izibhedlele, izibhedlele, kunye neenkqubo zoluntu.

Ukuqonda Ubunzulu Bokwahlukana

Ukuphalala Nokukhula Okubangelwa kukukhula

IJapan yasemaphandleni inengxaki yabemi exhaphakileyo esele iphumile. NgokweSiko loMbutho weSizwe soKhuseleko Lwabantu noLoluntu, ngo-2045, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha soomasipala baseJapan banokuba neminyaka yoomatiloshe engaphezu kwama-60. Iziko zamaphondo njenge-Akita, Shimane, kunye neKochi sele zinamanani aphezulu kakhulu amanani okwaluphala, ngoxa isantya seTokyo singaphezulu nje kwangama-23%. Oku kwahlukahlukana kuneziphumo ezingqalileyo zezobupolitika: abadala, abavoti-mali-mali-mali badla ngokubeka phambili kwimpilo, iimpempempe, kunye nemali yezolimo, ngoxa abatsha abavoti basedolokhweni bejolise ingqalelo ekukhathaleleni abantwana, ekuhambeleni, ekuhambeleni, nasekusebenziseni, nasekusebenziseni amanani.

IXesha lase-Japan [[[FLT: 1] linike ingxelo ngendlela imimandla yasemaphandleni enyanzeleka ngayo ukuqinisa izikolo, izibhedlele ezikufuphi, nokusika izithutho zikawonke-wonke (ukubeka kwazo ezona nkonzo zifunekayo ukugcina abemi. Oku kuhla kwenza kube nzima nako nakuphina ungenelelo lwenkqubo enye ukuguqula intsingiselo.

Uqhekeko Lwezoqoqosho

Impumelelo yemveliso yasemadolophini iye yadlula uqoqosho lwasemaphandleni ngemida ebanzi. Imveliso egqithisileyo yengingqi yeTokyo imalunga ne-1.8 ephinda-phindwa ngo1.9 yeyasemaphandleni enjenge-Amori okanye iNagasaki. Ngelixesha amashishini amancinci ukuya kutsho kwisiqingatha selizwe ekunzima ukulwa nokunqongophala kwemisebenzi enzima, iinkampani ezinkulu ziyaqhubeka zidibene kwimimandla ye-ingingqi. [[FLT: 0] UNPIdon.com[ inikela ingxelo yokuba i-70% yekomkhulu lezoshishino yezente eJapan ikwimimandla emithathu nje yesixeko esikwimimandla yesixeko esibanzi: Tokyo, iOsaka, kunye ne-Egoya. Le mibutho yorhwebo iyaqhubeka ukunyuka komsebenzi phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

I-GDP yaseJapan ingunozala wemisebenzi yasemaphandleni, izityalo, amahlathi, kunye nokuloba, kwaye ngoku ityala ngentlawulo engaphantsi kwesithathu ekhulwini yeGDP. Nangona izizukulwana eziselula zibonakalisa umdla omncinane wokuthatha iifama zentsapho. Ngenxa yoko, uqoqosho lwasemaphandleni luxhomekeke kakhulu kwimisebenzi kawonke-wonke kwaye ludlulisela intlawulo kurhulumente ophakathi, ludala ukuxhomekeka kumalungu ezobupolitika amele alawule ngobuchule.

IMalapportion kunye nomqondiso

Inkqubo yokuvota yaseJapan engokwembali iye yaziphakamisa kakhulu iivoti zasemaphandleni kunezasedolophini, ingakumbi kwiNdlu yeBhunga (indlu ephezulu). Nangona inkundla ePhakamileyo yonyaka ka-2015 iye yanyanzelisa ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwephondo, imimandla yasemaphandleni isafumana inzuzo encinane. Oku kuthintela ukunqongophala kwe-ovimba basemaphandleni inika impembelelo engenakulinganiswa ne-Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), ekwakhe kwane sithethe ukuxhasa ngamandla ukulima, ukuloba, nokwakha.

Ngenxa yoko, ukwenza inkqubo kusoloko kuthambekela kwizilangazelelo zasemaphandleni ngezantsi kwemisebenzi emikhulu yezibonelelo, ukuxhasa intengo yezolimo, kunye nenkxaso-mali eninzi yeendawo ezihlalisa abantu.

Imida Yezobupolitika Nendlela Eyayithetha Ngayo

Iqela le-Liberal Democratic: Isithethe sobuPragmat ne-Pork-Barrel ezobupolitika

I-LDP, eye yalawula iJapan emva kwexesha elininzi lemfazwe, ixhomekeke kakhulu kwisiseko sayo sasemaphandleni. Icebo layo elingundoqo libandakanya ukuxuba ngokungqalileyo ukudluliswa, imisebenzi kawonke-wonke, kunye nentsebenziswano yengingqi. I-PURGULATIZAMENTING [ [i-Cho Seii - Fukin] inikezela ngemali yentlaluni-mpum kusomanisi, ivumela ukuba ive ingeniso yemisebenzi edityaniswe kwiimfuno zasekuhlaleni. I-LDP ikwakhuthaza ukuvuseliswa kobuyiselo].[FLT][FLD:3] njengendawo yokuqala yesizwe, imisela umlungiseleli kunye nemikhosi yonikezelo.

Phantsi kowangaphambili uMphathiswa weNkulumbuso uShinzo Abe, urhulumente wasungula iNkqubo yoMbutho wokuVuselelwa kweMfuno , eyakhuthaza amashishini ukuba atshintshe ikomkhulu kunye namaziko ogcino-lwazi kwiindawo zasemaphandleni ngezikhuthazo zerhafu kunye nenkxaso-mali. Kutshanje, ukwakhiwa kweKisida “kwiKapitalimstism” kubandakanya intsika ekusasazeni ulwando oluthe chatha, ngenyathelo elinjenge [ iphulo lokufaka iphulo lokuyila i-omatilo-menti.

Noko ke, abahlalutyi bathi indlela yeLDP ihlala ijoliswe kakhulu ekusebenziseni imali yehagu yehagu kwaye ayinayo iinguqu kwindlela yokuziphatha. Iiprojekthi zomsebenzi kawonke-wonke, ngelixesha ezithandwayo kwindawo ethile, zidla ngokusilela ukuvelisa umsebenzi ozinzileyo wezoqoqosho. A 2022 uhlalutyo lufumanise ukuba urhwebo lukawonke-wonke kwipropati ekude lungaphezulu kokuphindwe kabini koko kuseTokyo, ukanti abemi bayaqhubeka behla benyuka.

IQela leDemocratic: Ukuveliswa kwemali kubantu neenkonzo

I-CDP yeQela leDemocratic yeJapan (CDP), umkhosi omkhulu ochasayo, ucebisa indlela ejoliswe kumntu engakumbi. Kunokuba igalele imali ekwakheni, iCDP igxininisa ukunyanzela, imfundo, kunye neenkonzo zasekuhlaleni njengesiseko sokuhlaziya amakhaya. Iqonga layo lifuna ukwandisa ummandla wasemaphandleni wezibhedlele nezikolo, ukwandisa i-telemedicine, kunye nokunikezela ngemvume yokuba oogqirha nabafundisi-mayela abakulungeleyo ukusebenza kwiindawo ezihlala abantu abangekho mthethweni.

ICDP ikwaxhasa utshintsho lombane ukuhlisa ukukhutshwa kwe-appport kunye nokunika abavoti basedolophini ilizwi elomeleleyo. Oku kuquka izicelo zokwenza inkqubo esekelwe kulwahlulo oluthe kratya kwindlu ephezulu. Ngaphezu koko, iCDP icebise utshintsho lwamandla ombane”[[ icebo eliza kunyusa iprojekthi ezithi zifumanekethi zi-ooowe-aktrol ezithi zi-at shorts ezifana no-plank nomoya kwimimandla yasemaphandleni, ikhupha ingeniso yasekuhlaleni ngexesha unikezelo lwe-lonke.

Ngeli xesha i-CDP ikhuthaza abantu abahlala ezidolophini, isiseko sayo senkxaso sihlala sibuthathaka kwimimandla yasemaphandleni, apho iinkqubo ze-LDP ezimiselwe ixesha elide kunye nonxulumano lobuqu zidla ngokuxhaphaka. Eli qela lizama ukuqinisekisa abavoti basemaphandleni ukuba imigaqo yabo iza kuvelisa inkqubela ecacileyo kunenkqubo yangoku.

Komeito: Ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zasedolophini nasemaphandleni

Komeito, iqabane elincinane leLDP, lizoba inkxaso yalo eninzi kubalandeli basedolophini abaphakathi kunye nonqulo (Soka Gakkai). Iinkqubo zayo zizama ukubetha ulungelelwano phakathi kwemisebenzi yasedolobheni nozinzo lwasemaphandleni. iKomeito iye yasetyenziswa ekukhuthazeni inkxaso-mali kunye [FLT:] inkxaso ye- enceda iintsapho zasedolobheni, ngoxa iphinda iqhubela i- utshintsho lwe-D [FLT] olulungele ukutshintsha izinto kunye [FLT] nemilinganiso yokuthintela

Indima yeKomeito yomanyano lwesixeko ithetha ukuba isoloko isetyenziswa phakathi kwemibutho yengingqi ye-LDP yasemaphandleni nemfuneko yeenkqubo zobuhlobo basedolobheni. Umzekelo, yanceda ekukhuseleni inkxaso-mali yesixeko yocwangciso lwesixeko [ kumagumbi eengingqi, ejolise ekunikezeni uxinzelelo lwabemi ukwenzela ukugcina iinkonzo zikawonke wonke ezifanelekileyo. Iqela likwaxhasa [ iinkqubo ze-voucher ezivumela abemi basemaphandleni ukuba bangenelele kwiinkonzo kumaziko asedolokhweni xa iindlela zobulali zingekho.

Nippon Ishin no Kai: Decentralgation and Fiscal D evolution

Nippon Ishin no Kai (Iqela leNtshukumo yaseJapan), elisekelwe kakhulu e-Osaka nasentshona yeJapan, abaxhasi bento engundoqo [[FLT: 0]] unyuselo . Izicelo zayo zeflegi kukudalwa kwe [ kwemida yezoqoqosho][ kunye [FLT]] namakomkhulu eentloko-reginal [ anokuba negunya elifanayo lolawulo lwerhafu kodwa elizimela kakhulu. Ishin ithetha ukuba imiba emininzi yasemaphandleni isuka kulawulo olugqithisileyo eTokyo, kwaye ukunika oorhulumente bobulali obuninzi i-Exponesia bangabavumela ukuba baluleke kwi-[[FLT] igunya elino-okscentine.

Eli qela licebisa ukuthatha indawo yendlela yangoku yemivuzo ngemodeli enikwayo, ivumela ulawulo ukuba lwahlulele imali njengoko zibona kufanelekile. Likwaxhasa ukudibanisa oomasipala abancinane kumaqela amakhulu, asebenza ngakumbi ``a umxholo ochukumisekayo wezobupolitika kwimimandla yasemaphandleni apho uphawu lwasekuhlaleni lomelele khona. Ngelixesha umyalezo ka-Ishin uvakala edolophini kwaye usuka kwimimandla ephinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phindayo unganeliseki ngemo ye-mongomo ye-mongo, usafumana igatya elibalulekileyo kwi-methi elinzulu elikwi-macandelo lasemaphandleni.

IQela lamaKomanisi laseJapan: Igalelo lokuRedis kunye noBunikazi

IQela lobuKomanisi laseJapan (JCP) lithatha indlela ebanzi yokwakha, liphikisa ngelithi ulwahlulo lwasedolophini luluphawu lolwahlulo lobukhapitali. Lufuna ukuba ububanzi bemisebenzi engundoqo [ (ukungalawuleki, ukuphatha, ukubhanki) ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingeniso iphinde ibuyiselwe endaweni yasekuhlaleni kunokutsalwa eTokyo. IJCP ikwafuna ulwando oluphezulu kwinkcitho yempilo yasemaphandleni, imfundo, nezindlu zikawonke wonke, ezixhaswa yirhafuthelo ephezulu yenkampani kunye nobutyebi.

Ngeli xesha iqonga leJCP lithe gqolo kakhulu kubavoti abaphambili, inesiseko esincinane kodwa esinikezelweyo kwimimandla yasemaphandleni enezithethe ezinamandla zomanyano lwabasebenzi, ingakumbi phakathi kwentsebenziswano yezolimo (amaqela) kunye nabasebenzi borhulumente basekuhlaleni. Eli qela likwafumene ingqalelo kwizicelo zalo ukumisa idolophu ukuhlahlela okugqithisileyo ngokwemithetho ebekwayo [ enokuthi imisele inkqubela entsha yezorhwebo eTokyo naseKanagawawa.

Izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokuhlolwa kwetyala

Izixhobo zokuvuselelwa kweNtlalo

Esinye sezixhobo ezibonakalayo zenkqubo yindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi- yenkqubo yokuVuselela iGrant echazwe ngasentla. Ezi zibonelelo zinikezelwa kubo bonke oomasipala, kodwa iimali zinkulu ngokuphindwe kaninzi kwimimandla enabemi. Ngo-2023, urhulumente obekiweyo (malunga namawaka ezigidi ezingama-$2,000) phantsi kwalo nkqubo. Abancomi basebenzise imali yonke esuka kumaziko oluntu ukuya kuthoba iivenkile zobulali.

Enye inkqubo, [[FLT: 0] Ukudala okungundoqo kwingingqi yeNtlanganiso” inyathelo lokunika inkxaso-mali kwiinkampani ezifudusa ikomkhulu okanye iindawo ezivulekileyo zokubiza kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo. Umzekelo, i-NTTD [ isuse isiseko esikhulu kwi Yamagata Prefecture, iqesha abemi abaphakathi 500. Noko ke, 2024 Aswa Shimbug [[[FLT:]] uphengululo olufunyenwe ukuba imisebenzi emininzi edalwe phantsi kwezo nkqubo yayiphantsi kwe-'awulo kwaye ingaphumeleli, ukungaphumeleli ukufuduka kwabasebenzi abancinane.

Unxulumano lwamanani njengeBridge

Ingxolo ye-COVID-19 ekhawulezileyo iveliswa ngamandla kumsebenzi owenziwe kude njengesixhobo sokuvuselela amaphandle. Urhulumente waseJapan wavelisa i-“ I-digital Morical Revitation". intlawulo eninzi kwimibhobho ebanzi kunye ne 5G enemibutho ekwimimandla ekude. Ngoku oomasipala abaninzi banika “ ingeniso, ukuhlawula intlawulo lwemali yemali yemisebenzi yesakhiwo sedolophu esitsha, ukuhlawula iindleko zemali ezifuna ukuchitha iinyanga ezimbalwa emaphandleni.

IPhondo yeNagano i- inkqubo yeDenn” ithe yaba luhlolo lovavanyo: idibanisa i-intanethi ye-intanethi nezithuba ezisebenzayo kunye nenkxaso-mali yezindlu. Ukususela ngo-2021, ngaphezu kwama-3000 abemi basezidolophini baye bafudukela eNagano phantsi kwale nkqubo, ngesiqalo sasekuhlaleni sichaza ukufikelela okuphezulu kwetalente. Ngelikhulu inani, ezo nyathelo zibonisa ukuba ungeniso olucetyiweyo lunxulumene nonxibelelwano lungaqala ukulwahlula utsalo lwe Tokyo.

Utshintsho Olubalulekileyo Notshintsho

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, isalathisi solawulo siqwalaselwe ngokuyinxenye. Ngo-2020, iNdlu yabameli yamkela isicwangciso esitsha somgaqo-mva esinciphisa umahluko omkhulu wobukhulu bevoti ibe ngaphantsi kwesibini ukuya kwesinye. Noko ke, iNdlu yeBhunga isenomahluko ongaphezulu kwesithathu ukuya kwenye phakathi kweyona intsebenziswano yabameli abaninzi nabancinane. Zombini iCDP neKomeito zicebise utshintsho oluthe velisa utshintsho oluthe vetshe, kuquka [[FLT: 0]] lweziqalelo zomelo zomelo ezikhoyo kwindlu ephezulu, kodwa iinguqulelo ezinjalo zijongenenkcaso eqinileyo evela kumthetho wase-LDP abazantine abanokulahlekelwa zizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo.

Amanye abaphathi baye bazama ukusungula izinto ezintsha zokhetho ezisuka kwindawo ethile , njengokungenisa ukuvota okucetyiswayo kwemijaho yoomatiloshe ukukhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba okubanzi. Ezi zinyathelo zijolise ekunyuseni ukudibana kwezobupolitika kwiindawo apho inkcaso iphezulu.

Iingxaki Nekamva

Utyekelo Lwezoqoqosho Olumanyeneyo

Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka emigudu yomgaqo-siseko, ulwahlulo lwasedolophini lubonisa umqondiso omncinane wokuncitshiswa. Ubuninzi babemi baseJapan balindeleke ukuba banciphe ukusuka kwi 126 ezigidi ukuya ngaphantsi kwekhulu lezigidi ngo-2050, kwaye ukuncipha koku kuya kujoliswe kumandla angaphaya kwemimandla engeyo-urban. Ukuxinana kwamabhinqa aselula kwizixeko/imeko ebizwa ngokuba “ inqwelo-moya yamafama” [iyonakalisa kakhulu inani lamakhaya, njengoko inciphisa umtshato kunye nenani labantwana emaphandleni.

Iingcinezelo zezoqoqosho zomhlaba wonke, ezifana nokunyuka koshishino olusekelwe kwinkonzo kunye nolwazi olunento yokwenza, ziyaqhubeka zixhasa imeko-bume zasezidolophini ezixineneyo apho italente nekomkhulu lisebenza ngokugqithisileyo. Kwanjengokuba umsebenzi owenzelwe kude wandisa, imisebenzi ehlawulwa kakhulu ishiye iindawo zasemaphandleni zixhomekeke kwicandelo elinika umvuzo ophantsi nokhuseleko oluncinci.

Ukuzinziswa kwenqanawa

Ityala lesizwe saseJapan, elisele lingaphezu kwe-260% ye-GDP, likwenza kube nzima ukuxhasa imali eninzi yemali enikwa abantu basemaphandleni ngokungenasiphelo. Urhulumente ujongene nengxaki: mhlawumbi aqhubeke efaka imali enyibilikayo ekulondolozeni iinkonzo zasemaphandleni, ebeka engozini inkxwaleko, okanye umlinganiselo wenkxaso esemva kwaye amkele ukuhla kokwanda kwabantu. Iingcali ezininzi zixhasa i-“martgage”[ indlela, apho iinkonzo zidityaniselwa kwimibutho yasemaphandleni kunokuba zande zidibaniswe ngokucotha kuyo yonke imizana emincinane. I-LDP ibonise umdla kule ndlela, kodwa ukuchasana kwezobupolitika kudla ngokudityaniswa.

Umnqweno Wezobupolitika Neziko

Ulawulo lwe-LDP ludala ulwahlulo kwinguqu yolwandiso. Abavoti basemaphandleni bahlala benyanisekile kwiqela, kwaye naluphi na utshintsho olukhulu oluphazamisa izilangazelelo zabo lungaphulukana nezihlalo ezifanelekileyo ze-LDP. Okwangoku, amaqela abachasi ahlulekile ukuchaza enye indlela enyanzelisayo enokuphumelela kwientliziyo zasemaphandleni. Ukugxininisa kwemigaqo yengingqi yengingqi entle kuyabaqhatha abavoti basemaphandleni, ngelixesha iphulo lika-Ishin lokuzibeka kwisidima esingeyo, alikho ngqicingi ngendlela ezinokuhamba ngayo iidolophane ngaphandle kwenkxaso ephakathi.

Uqhwithela lwangaphandle − njengentlekele yendalo enkulu okanye ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho okunzima .--inganyanzelisa utshintsho lwezopolitiko. Okwangoku, ulwahlulo lusenokuqhubeka, kwaye amaqela ezobupolitika aseJapan aqhubeka ezama ukuphelisa imigaqo-nkqubo ebuthathaka emazantsi kunokuba aqhubeke notshintsho olungundoqo.

Isiphumo: Ukulungelelanisa Okuqhubekayo

Amaqela ezobupolitika aseJapan ayazi kakuhle iiyantlukwano ezibukweni kwaye enze uthotho lwezigqibo, ukusuka kwinkxaso-mali yenyama yehagu ye-LDP ukuya kunyuselo lwe-CDP kushishino lwe-Ishin lokuzinzisa. Kodwa akukho qela elifumene imbumbulu yesilivere. Amandla aqhubela ulwahlulo lwabemi kwizixeko-"ithuba lezoqoqosho"", imfundo, izithethe ze-omentyretys", zinamandla kangangokuba kwanezisusa eziphandle zasemaphandleni zizama ukubuyisa unyuko.

Kwikamva elinokubonwa kwangaphambili, iJapan kuza kufuneka ilawule ulwahlulo kunokuba iluphelise. Oko kuthetha ukuveliswa komgangatho wobomi basemaphandleni ngoxa kuvunywa ukuba iidolophana ezininzi zisenokufuna ukuqinisa. Kukwathetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zezobupolitika zihlala zilungile ngokwaneleyo ukuba zinike idolophana nabavoti basemaphandleni ilizwi elinentsingiselo. Indlela amaqela ayisebenzisa kakuhle ngayo olu celomngeni iza kugqiba kungekuphela nje ukulungelelanisa umhlaba waseJapan kodwa kwanempilo yedemokhrasi yawo kunye nokuzinzisa kwemimandla yawo.

Njengoko inani labemi liqhubeka lincipha, iza kunyuka. Izigqibo ezenziwa ziinkokeli zaseJapan kwishumi leminyaka elizayo ($_akhona, iinguqu zonyulo, kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemeko-bume yelizwe kunye nezobupolitika ziza kuguqula izizukulwana ezizayo.