Table of Contents

IJamani inembali ende nentsonkothileyo yokufuduka eye yaguqula ibutho labantu bayo, uqoqosho, kunye nenkcubeko. Ukusuka kwiinkqubo zabasebenzi abasuka emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi II ukuya kumanqam eembacu ka 2015 kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yokufumana abasebenzi abangoogqhinga, ukufuduka kuye kwaba luphawu oluchaza ubomi bale mihla yamaJamani. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, umxholo wokufuduka nonxulumano uthe lwaba yenye yezona ngxaki ziphambili nezinengxabano kwezobupolitika eJamani, kunye namaqela ahlukeneyo ezobupolitika aphuhlisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula ezi ngxaki.

Ukuqonda indlela amaqela ezobupolitika aseJamani athetha ngayo ngokufuduka nokudibana kubalulekile nabani na ofuna ukuqonda ibutho lamaJamani kunye nezobupolitika zale mihla. Iqela ngalinye lizisa indlela yalo yengqondo, inkqubo ephambili, kunye nokubona ikamva leJamani njengelizwe elandayo. Ezi zikhundla zibonisa iingxoxo ezibanzi malunga nobuzwe, iimfuno zezoqoqosho, inkxalabo zokhuseleko, kunye nezibophelelo zobuntu ezivakalayo kulo lonke ibutho lamaJamani.

Imbali Yokufuduka EJamani

Ulwalamano lweJamani nokufuduka luye lwavela ngendlela ephawulekayo kwiminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe edluleyo. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ilizwe lajamelana nokunqongophala okunzima kwemisebenzi ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwalo kwezoqoqosho. Oku kwakhokelela ekufumaneni abasebenzi "abasebenzi abaphezulu" (Gastarbeer) abasuka kumazwe aquka iTurkey, i-Itali, iGrisi, iSpeyin, neYugoslavia phakathi koo1950 kunye no 1960. Nangona abasebenzi babelindeleke ukuba babuyele kumazwe abo, abaninzi bazinza ngokusisigxina eJamani, bemisela uluntu oluza kutshintsha ukwakhiwa kwelizwe.

Ukuwa kodonga lwaseBerlin ngowe-1998 kunye nolobuJamani ngowe-1990 kwazisa amaza amatsha okufuduka, kuquka amaJamani asuka eMpuma Yurophu kunye neyayisakuba yiSoviet Union. Kuwo wonke ama-1990 kunye nama- 2000, iJamani ngokuthe ngcembe yatshintsha ukuzibona ngokwayo njengelilizwe elingenabemi abavela kwamanye amazwe" ukuvuma ubunyani babemi bayo abahlukeneyo nemfuneko yemigaqo-siseko ebanzi.

Ingxaki yeembacu ngo-2015 yaphawula ixesha elithe shwaka kwinkqubo yokufuduka yaseJamani. Ityala likaMnumzana u-Angela Merkel lokuvula imida yeJamani kwiimbacu ezibaleka iimfazwe eSiriya, eIraq, nase Afghanistan lazisa abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi abafuna indawo yokhuseleko kwilizwe. Esi sigqibo sabangela ukuba kubekho impikiswano enkulu yezopolitiko eqhubekayo yokubumba amaqela namhlanje. Inkcubeko ye-"Inflance Refugees" exhaswe ngo-2015 kunye no-2016 iye yathathelwa indawo yemodeli enkulu phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi ezobupolitika, ibonakalisa ukutshintsha isimo sengqondo sikawonke kunye nezinto eziphambili kwezobupolitika.

Ibali Lemibutho Ebalaseleyo Yezobupolitika YaseJamani

Inkqubo yeJamani yamaqela amaninzi iquka imikhosi emininzi emikhulu yezobupolitika, nganye inezikhundla ezihlukeneyo ekungeneni nasekudibaniseni:

  • UbuKristu iDemocratic Union/i-Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU)] - Amaqela abambelele kumgangatho ofanelekileyo
  • Iqela ledemocratic Democratic (SPD) - Umbindi- osekhohlo iqela ledemokhrasi
  • IParti eLuhlaza (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) - Ekhohlo-ekusingqongileyo okukhulayo kunye neqela eliqhubela phambili
  • Free Democratic Party (FDP) - Iqela elikhululekileyo leClarec lijolise kwiimarike zamahhala kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye
  • I-Alternal for Germany (AfD) - iqela elikhangela ekunene elinomqobo wokufuduka
  • Ikhohlo (Ikhonkco)[[FT:1] - Iqela elitsalayo elisekhohlo
  • [[FLT: 0] Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance - iqela elitsha lidibanisa uqoqosho olutsala ekhohlo nemithetho yokufuduka engqongqo

La maqela akhuphisana kunyulo lwamagunya, nolwasekuhlaleni, noorhulumente abamanyeneyo beminye into eqhelekile kumgangatho karhulumente.

I-Christian Democratic Union/ Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU)

Iindawo zomgaqo-nkqubo zaNgoku

ICDU neCSU ezimeleyo zithathe ukuma okungqongqo okuya kusilela kakhulu kwindawo yokhuseleko kunye nokufuduka, ngokukodwa kwimithetho engaqhelekanga yokufuduka. Phantsi kokhokelo lukaFriedrich Merz, eli qela liye lafuduka kakhulu ukusuka ku Angela Merkel kungenelo olubanzi lwemfuduko ngexesha leembacu zo 2015. ICDU kunye ne-Bavaria ikhuthaza ukufuduka okungqongqo okuya kusuka ku-Angela uMerkel's 2015 inkqubo yokuvula indlu, kunye ninkokeli yeCDU Friedrich Merz ifuna ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yokufuduka.

Iqonga lokufuduka leCDU/CSU ligxininisa ukufuduka okulawulwayo ngemilinganiselo eqinileyo yokhuseleko. UMerz uthe uzakuyalela ulawulo olusisigxina lomda ngosuku olunye lomphathiswa wakhe nokwandisa ukuvalelwa kwee-"arvegeria", emela ukunduluka okubalulekileyo kwimithetho ye-EU eqhelekileyo. Le ndlela inzima ibonisa indlela umbutho osabela ngayo kwimicimbi yokhuseleko nolwandiso.

Ukuzimela Nokuhlala

ICDU/CSU ixhasa ukuhlanganiswa kweenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo eziquka izifundo zolwimi, amathuba emisebenzi, kunye nemfundo yoluntu. Eli qela lixhasa indlela elungeleleneyo egcina ukhuseleko ngoxa likhuthaza umanyano phakathi kwabo bahlala ngokusemthethweni eJamani. Noko ke, ithemba liye lazimisela ukubuyela emva nxamnye nokuzinziswa kwakutshanje komthetho wobumi. Ingili yengingqi yezopolitiko kuquka i-Chontller Merz izimisele ukuguqula imithetho yobumi, kwaye bafumana indlela yabo xa ubumi obukhawulezayo obuvumela abemi basemzini abamanyene ngokungaqhelekanga ukuba babe ngamaJamani emva kweminyaka emithathu basetyenziswa.

Inkqubo yonyulo lweCDU icebisa ukunqumamisa umanyano lwentsapho kwabo banokhuseleko olusezantsi, ukukhupha iinkqubo zokhuseleko kumazwe angengawo e-EU nokuphinda bagxothwe e-Siriya. Le nkqubo ibonisa ukugxininisa kweqela ekunciphiseni ukufuduka okungaqhelekanga ngeli xesha kugcinwa iindlela zabasebenzi abanobuchule kunye nabo banezibhengezo zokhuseleko ezisemthethweni.

Ukujongana Nezoqoqosho

Phezu kwako nje ukuma kwabo okungqongqo kwindawo yokhuseleko nokufuduka okungaqhelekanga, iCDU/CSU iyayiqaphela imfuneko yabasebenzi abanobuchule eJamani yokulungisa ukunqongophala kwemisebenzi kunye neengxaki zamanani. Eli qela lixhasa ukubhaliswa kweengcali eziqeqeshiweyo ngelinye ixesha zigcina ulawulo olungqongqo kwezinye iintlobo zokufuduka. Le migudu idibene nokulungelelanisa iimfuno zezoqoqosho kunye nenkxalabo yokhuseleko kunye nemigaqo yoluntu engqongqo ngakumbi.

Iqela ledemokhrasi (SPD)

Ukufikelela okuqulethweyo

ISPD ibonakalisa i-SPD ithi "iJamani ingenelwe kangangexesha elide kwisibakala sokuba siyilizwe labafuduki," eliyingcaciso kunye nembono engahlanganiyo namanye amaqela anjenge-AfD. Olu phawu lusisiseko lulolonga indlela yeqela ekungeneleni inkqubo yokufuduka, ukugxininisa ukudibana, intlalo-ntle, kunye namanyathelo alwa nokonakalisa uluntu.

Nangona ukhokelo lweqela kutshanje luye lwamkela imithetho engqongqo ejolise ekugxothweni, iSD ithembisa indlela ekhululekileyo yokuhamba kuneCDU/CSU kunye ne-AfD. Oku kubonisa imigudu yeqela yokulungelelanisa imilinganiselo yalo yesithethe eqhubekayo kunye nenkxalabo yoluntu ngokhuseleko nolwahlulo.

Ukuba ngummi Nokuphinda Umanyane Nentsapho

ISPD ifuna ukubambelela kutshintsho lwakutshanje kumthetho wabemi, okwenza kube lula kubemi basemzini ukufanelekela ukuba ngabemi baseJamani, nangona amaqela enkcaso ewaxelele ukuba asenokufuna ukuphelisa umthetho omtsha. Iqela lixhasa ugcino lwendlela zokufumana ubumi babemi abahlala kakuhle kwaye lichasa imigudu yokwenza ukuba ngokwemvelo kube nzima ngakumbi.

Nakubeni kuqhutywa ezopolitiko ngamaqela ahlukahlukeneyo ukunqanda okanye ukunqanda ngokupheleleyo ukudibana kwentsapho zabafuni bokhuseleko abaziwayo, iSPD ithi ayiyi kutshintsha imeko yemo. Le ndawo ibonisa inkolelo yeqela yokuba ukuphinda kudityaniswe intsapho kubalulekile ukuze kungenelwe intlalo-ntle kunye nokudibana kwentlalo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezolawulo

ISPD ifuna ukulungiselela ukutshintshiselana ngamanani ngolwazi phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente kwaye izimisele ukukhawulezisa ngokuphawulekayo iinkqubo zokhuseleko kwi-ofisi yokhuselo eFederal ye-Fragration and Refugees nakwiingxoxo zenkundla yezolawulo. Oku kugxininiswa kokusebenza kakuhle nokuzinziswa kwenjongo yokuthetha ngokufanelekileyo malunga nolibaziseko olusemthethweni lobundlobongela lo gama ugcina iinkqubo zokhuseleko ezifanelekileyo.

ISPD igxininisa ukuphatha abantu ngentlonelo kungakhathaliseki ukuba bavela phi, ngemithetho ecacileyo neqondakalayo, imigaqo-mthetho encinci nelula ukuqwalaselwa kwamaqondo kunye nezifezekiso ezifunyenwe kwelinye ilizwe, ibhekisa kwiindlela ezisemthethweni zokufuduka ezifana noMthetho wokwehla kweSkill Immig.

Ukhuseleko Nokhuthuzo

Ngeli xesha iSPD ibonakala ifuna ukuqhubeka nezifundo zayo ezikhululekileyo zokufuduka nokudibana, i-o eboniswayo ikwanamagama angenakuphikiswa kubantu abenza umonakalo kwabanye, emva kothotho lohlaselo olubulalayo eJamani kwiinyanga zakutshanje. ISPD yongeza ukuba kumlo nxamnye nezenzo ezigabadelekileyo, iza kujolisa ingqalelo kuqala naphambili kwimilinganiselo yokuthintela ukulwa nongquzulwano oluchasene nedemokhrasi, ingakumbi ubuSilamsi kunye nobungangamsha.

IParti eluhlaza (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen)

Indlela yokufikelela yoluntu namalungelo asekelwe

IGreens igqalwa njengeqela labaxhasi bemekobume kunye nabantu abazama ukusukela ucwangciso lokungabikho kwemfazwe kuzo zonke iindawo, itsala amavoti ezikhulu zasezidolophini, ingakumbi abo banemfundo ephakamileyo kunye namaqondo aphezulu eyunivesithi. Esi siseko sengqiqo sibumba indlela abanokungena ngayo kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo, esigxininisa iimfanelo zobuntu namalungelo abantu.

Uxinzelelo lweGreens lokuba abafuni ukuphuhlisa nayiphi na imiqathango emitsha kwimithetho yokhuseleko ekhoyo, ukuchasana nekhondo lemithetho yokhuseleko eqinileyo eya kungxwelerheka kuphela kwabo bafuna ukhuseleko kwaye bathintele ukudibana. Oku kubahlula kwamanye amaqela kwaye kubonisa ukuzimisela kwabo ukugcina ukhuseleko oluqinileyo.

Ukuxilongwa Ngokuphazanyiswa

Uxinzelelo lweGreens lokuba umanyano lusembindini wenkqubo yabo yokufuduka, kunye neyona inamandla abaqhubi abakwaziyo ukufumana ulwimi, umsebenzi nomsebenzi, ngenxa yokuba apho abantu banokunxibelelana baze benze into kunye, ibutho labantu liyakhula kunye. Le mbono iphambili yokudibanisa igxininisa ukuqhelaniswa kunokusetyenziswa kolunye ulwakhiwo.

Ngoxa abanye abantu bekhangela iindlela zokuqinisa imithetho yokuhlanganisana kwentsapho kwabo bafuna indawo yokhuseleko, abaGreens bathi banqwenela ukwenza ukuphinda kudibane kube nzulu kwaye kube lula, ukugxininisa ukuba ukumanyanisa iintsapho linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekungeneleni. Olu phando lubonisa ukuba uzinzo lwentsapho lunegalelo kwiziphumo ezingcono zonxulumano.

Intsebenziswano YaseYurophu

IGreens' ebonakalisiwe ithi iinjongo zeYurophu kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokufuduka zingafikelelwa kunye, zikhuthaza inkqubo eqhelekileyo yokufuduka yaseYurophu elungele ukudibana, edibanisa kunye nomanyano lwabantu abafuna ukhuseleko eYurophu, ngokuhambelana nesivumelwano seEU sokufuduka esiqengqelekayo kumazwe ahlukeneyo.

IGreens ayivumi ingcamango yokuphuma kwiinkqubo zokhuseleko kumazwe esithathu yaye igxininisa ukuba isicelo ngasinye sokhuseleko naphi na kwiEU kufuneka sicaciswe ngokwaso, igatye imigwebo yengubo ekhuselekileyo kumazwe akhuselweyo. Oku kumiselwa komgaqo-siseko kubeka amalungelo abantu ngawona aphambili ngaphezu koncedo lolawulo.

Iqela Elikhululekileyo Ledemokhrasi (FDP)

Inkqubo yokususela esekelwe kwi-Murit

I-FDP exhasa inkqubo yokufuduka esekelwe kwimali efunekayo egxininisa ukutsala abasebenzi abanobuchule kunye noosomashishini ukunyusa uqoqosho. Imigaqo yabo ixhasa iinkqubo ze-vsavs kunye neenkqubo zomanyano ezicetyelwe ukunceda uqoqosho. Eli qela lithatha indlela yeshishini yokungena kwelinye ilizwe, liyijonga ngokuyintloko nge-lens yenzuzo yezoqoqosho kunye neemfuno zezorhwebo.

Utshintsho Lolawulo

I-FDP ixhasa ukurhoxiswa kwawo onke amagunya karhulumente akhoyo ajongene neembambano zokufuduka kwaye ikhuthaza ingcamango yokumanyanisa zonke izinto zokufuduka kwigunya elinye, elisembindini elisebenza ngokuzimeleyo kwinkqubo karhulumente karhulumente. Esi sicelo sibonakalisa ukugxininisa kweqela ekusebenzeni kakuhle nokuncitshiswa kwemiba ye-bhureaucracy.

Amanyathelo Okunyanzelisa

I-FDP ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yokuhlala eJamani bayanyanzeleka ukuba bahambe, bacebise ukuba kubekho umkhenkce kuyo yonke inkxaso yentlalo-ntle kwabo banyanzelwe ukugxothwa, kwaye bafuna ukunqanda ukuphinda bamanyane kwentsapho kwabo banikwe isikhundla esincinci sokhuseleko olusezantsi. Ezi ndawo zibonisa ukuba nangona iqela lifuna inkxaso yezoqoqosho, kufuneka ijonge indlela engqongqo yokunyanzelisa abantu abafudukayo.

Enye indlela EJamani (AfD)

Ukuthintelwa koMda

Kunyulo lwama-2025 lwaseJamani, uAfD wafumana ingxelo yama-20,8% yovoti yaphela kwindawo yesibini emva kweCDU/CSU, ebonisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke ebalulekileyo kwiindawo zabo zokufuduka ezingqongqo. Iqela elithe ngqo le-AfD laziwa ngeembono zalo eziqinileyo zokulwa noxinzeleleko kwaye lihlola malunga nama-20 ekhulwini, kodwa onke amaqela amakhulu aphumele ekumiseni umbutho karhulumente kunye nabo.

IAfD ifuna ukuba iJamani iphume kwiNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ne-Pacts, iguqula iNgqungquthela ye-Geneva Refugee Countration ukuvumela abafuni bendawo yokhuseleko ukuba bamiswe kumda. Ezi zindululo zimele iinguqu ezingundoqo kwinkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe ye-Jamani yezibophelelo nezokhuseleko.

Imilinganiselo Efanelekileyo Nengakhuthaziyo

IAfD ifuna ukuba kumiselwe iziko lokuvalela kufutshane nomda nakumazibuko enqwelo-moya, ukwandisa uluhlu lwamazwe akhuselekileyo avelayo, ukucutha iingenelo zabafuni bokhuseleko abagatywayo kumgangatho ophantsi wokufumana iimfuno, endaweni yeemali ezivunyiweyo kwiimbacu ngemvume engqinelanayo, nokugxothwa ngokukhawuleza kwakhe wonke umntu egqala ukuba umbaleki onzulu nongqongqo, nto leyo eyibiza ngokuba "kukurhoxa".

NgoJanuwari 2024 I-Lelliv yaxela ukuba amalungu e-AfD aye adibana ngokufihlakeleyo namanani avela kumaJamani nase-Ostriya ekude ngoNovemba 2023, apho ayesithi athetha ngecebo lokugxotha abaphambukeli, elinokuquka abemi baseJamani abaphucukileyo. Le ngcamango idibeneyo ivelise ukugxekwa okusasazekileyo kwamanye amaqela nemibutho yasekuhlaleni.

Ukulungelelana Nempikiswano Yezobupolitika

Ngo-2025, iBfV yahlulelwa ngokusemthethweni i-AfD njenge "ingqinela ukuzama ukutsala intamo elungileyo," evumela amagunya ukuba andise ulawulo kwaye avumele ukusetyenziswa kwabalathisi nokujongwa konxibelelwano, nangona olu khetho lwayekwa ukulandela umyalelo wenkundla yama-2026. Oku kuchazwa kokubizelwa kwengqiqo yeqela kunye nobuchule bokuthetha phakathi kwamagosa okhuseleko.

Iqela Lasekhohlo (Unxulumano Lwasedie)

Iqela elisekhohlo libonwa ngokubanzi njengeqela elinezona zindululo zingqongqo nezivulekileyo, kunye nezicelo zenkqubo yokhuseleko, nokuthandwa kwalo okuphawulekayo kwiiveki zakutshanje, ngoku lihlola malunga nama-7 ekhulwini. Abameli beqela bebutho "lokufuduka" kwaye bagxininisa ilungelo lokufumana indawo yokhuseleko njengelungelo lomntu elisisiseko elingamele lihlengahlengiswe.

IQela Lasekhohlo lichasa ukugxothwa, lixhasa iinkqubo zomanyano lwentsapho, lifuna ukuba kube lula ukuba babe ngabemi kunye nomsebenzi ukuba bonke abaphambukeli bafumane imvume yokungena ngaphandle kwemvume yabo esemthethweni. Eli qela lilawula ukufuduka njengembambano yamalungelo abantu kunokuba lixhalabele izoqoqosho okanye ukhuseleko, lilenze lingabi nanxaxheba kumaqela amaninzi ezobupolitika aseJamani.

Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW)

I-BSW yeyona ntlanganiso intsha kunyulo lwamaJamani angama-2025, eyaziwa ngokubiza imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ekhohlo kodwa ikwanemigaqo-nkqubo engqongqo yokufuduka, ngoku ebhadula malunga nesihlanu ekhulwini. Le miba ingaqhelekanga izama ukubhenela kubavoti abaxhasa iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle kodwa abanenkxalabo ngokufuduka.

I-BSW ixhasa ukuveliswa kwemiqathango ebhekele phaya ekufudukeni kwaye ifuna ukwenza imisebenzi yamaJamani angasebenzi kunokuba izalise ezi ndawo nabasebenzi bangaphandle abanobuchule. Le ndlela yezoqoqosho yesizwe yahlula iqela kuwo omabini amaqela atsala ngasekhohlo kunye namaqela aqhelekileyo epropro-pro athe tye.

Inkqubo yodityaniso yeJamani kunye neenkqubo

Iindlela Zokuhamba

EJamani, izifundo zomanyano luqeqesho lolwimi lwasemthethweni kunye neezifundo zembonakaliso eziye zasetyenziswa kakhulu ekufundeni okungakumbi ngebutho lamaJamani. Ezi zikolo zimela isiseko solwazi lwendlela yokudibanisa iJamani, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela elilawulayo, nangona amaqela ahlukene kwimali emali, iimfuno ezinyanzelekileyo, kunye nezifundo.

Iizifundo zokurhweba ziquka imibandela yemihla ngemihla enjengemisebenzi, ezokuthenga, ezokuthenga, ezokubukela umabonwakude nezobuntwana, ezifundisa abantu indlela yokuqhubana neeofisi zolawulo, ukubhala iileta okanye iileta nokuzithwala ngokufanelekileyo kudliwano - ndlebe lwemisebenzi, ngoxa zikwabandakanya izithethe, ezopolitiko nokuhlala kunye eJamani, kwanemilinganiselo yebutho labantu baseJamani esekelwe kuyo.

Isifundo sokubonisa sidla ngokuba nezifundo ezili-100, ngoxa ikhosi yolwimi ibandakanya izifundo ezingama-600. Iizifundo zokudityaniswa kolwimi zinikezelwa zizikolo ezingaphezu kwe-1,600 zolwimi lwasekuhlaleni kwaye zixhaswa ngemali yi-ofisi yeFederal ye-Hugration and Refugees (BAMF).

Iinkqubo zodityaniso ezizodwa

Kukho izifundo ezikhethekileyo ezilungiselelwe amabhinqa, abazali okanye abakwishumi elivisayo nabantu abadala abaneminyaka engama-26 ubudala.

I-Federal Office for Hugration and Refugees inikela izifundo ezithe ngqo zamabhinqa anqwenela ukufunda isiJamani namanye amabhinqa, ukukhulisa abantwana, akakwazi ukuya kwizifundo zamaJamani sekunjalo okanye akanakuya rhoqo kwiklasi ngenxa yemisebenzi yentsapho, enika inkcazelo kwiziko nakwizikolo, amaziko acebisa ukuxhasa, umsebenzi, ubomi bobugcisa, kwakunye nemithetho, imicimbi yezobupolitika, inkcubeko nembali yamaJamani.

Ukuba ngummi Nokuzimela

Urhulumente waseJamani watshintsha iSivumelwano sobuCitizenshi ukuze aqinise uqhagamshelwano phakathi kokwenziwa kwendalo nokuhlaliswa okuzinzileyo, ephelisa ukhetho lokusetyenziswa kwendlela ekhawulezayo emva kweminyaka emithathu yokuhlala, kunye nabafaki-zicelo bobumi ngoku abafunekayo ukuba bahlale eJamani ubuncinane iminyaka emihlanu kwaye bahlangabezane nezinye iimfuno ezifana nobuchule bolwimi lwaseJamani kunye nokuzimela ngokwasemalini, ukuphazamisa inxalenye yomthetho welizwe wabami abangama-2024.

Ukufumana ngokuphumelelayo isiqinisekiso sezifundo zomanyano kuvumela abafaki bezicelo ukuba bafake isicelo sokuba ngummi waseJamani emva kweminyaka esixhenxe yokuhlala ngokusemthethweni eJamani, benikela indlela ecacileyo yokuba ngamalungu apheleleyo kwibutho laseJamani kwabo bagqibele ukudibanisa iimfuno.

Uphuhliso Lomgaqo-nkqubo Lwakutshanje Notshintsho

Amanyathelo Karhulumente Okuxhasana

NgoAprili 9, 2025, iDemocrates zamaKristu ezisembindini kunye nombindi-phakathi weNtlalo-ntle yavuma ukwenza urhulumente ohlangeneyo eJamani, kunye namaqela omabini ekhupha isivumelwano esidibanisayo esichaza iinjongo zawo zomgaqo-nkqubo wokufuduka kwamaJamani. Esi sivumelwano sidibene simele ulalanisa phakathi kweCDU/CSU indlela engqongqo ngakumbi yokusebenzisa i-SPD nemigaqo equka i-SPD.

Inkqubo yokufuduka iza kuba yeyona nto iphambili, kuquka izicwangciso zokuqalisa i-Agency yaMagetal yoMsebenzi onobuchule bokufuduka, iqonga elidityanisiweyo kwi-intanethi ukwenzela i-vsa, umsebenzi uvumela kunye nezicelo zolwaluko ezilindelekileyo ukuqukuqela inkqubo yokufuduka. Eli nyathelo libonisa ukuqaphela kwamabini ukuba ukukwazi ukukhutshwa kwemali enziweyo kungonakalisa amandla eJamani okutsala abasebenzi abafunekayo abanobuchule.

Umsebenzi Nokuhlala Ungumngqibi

Olunye utshintsho olukhulu olucetyiweyo luqalwa yi-ofisi yomsebenzi ne-Slates Agency, ekufuneka iqukuqele i-lone yokufuduka yabasebenzi abanobuchule, ejolise ekuncedeni abasebenzi abangeyo-EU bahlale eJamani kwaye banike ulwazi olucacileyo nolukhawulezileyo, lusebenza njenge-"Inye-Indawo yokumisa" ukudibanisa ii-ofisi ze-vsaves, i-Arhente yeSebe leMsebenzi kunye nee-ofisi zobumatiloshe.

UmPhathiswa weLabour Bärbel Bas (SPD) wathi umsebenzi wamanani kunye ne-Ballet Agency yophule imiqobo ye-bhureaucrates ngaphambili eyenze kwaba nzima ukufikelela kumashishini e-Jamani, ngeplani eqinileyo kunye nocwangciso lokubekwa phambili ngamasebe karhulumente ngoMatshi 1, 2026, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenyathelo ngesantya okwenzeka kwiminyaka ezayo.

Utshintsho lojikelezo lwe-WCM

Umthetho weNtshona Balkan, oyindlela ekhethekileyo yokufuduka evumela abemi bamazwe aseNtshona Balkan ukuba basebenze eJamani, baza kulinganiselwa ku25 000 ngonyaka, ukusuka kumashumi amahlanu anesihlanu. Oku kuncitshiswa kwemigudu yengingqi yokulungelelanisa iimfuno zemali yemali kunye nemfuno yevo yokufuduka.

Ucelomngeni Oluyintloko Neingxubusho Eziqhubekayo

Ukusebenza ngokuhambelana

Iingxoxo ezimalunga nokufuduka eJamani zidla ngokubhekiselela ekusebenzeni kweenkqubo zomanyano nokuba ngaba iindlela ezisetyenziswayo zibandakanya abatsha abatsha ngempumelelo kwibutho lamaJamani. Ulwabelwano lwabantu abagqibe unxulumano lweklasi yeB1 nomgangatho luye lwehla ukusuka kuma-70 ekhulwini ngo- 2015 ukuya phantse kwisiqingatha, i-BAMF ichaza ukuthotywa ngokuyintloko kukwenziwa okutshintshayo kwabathathi-nxaxheba.

BAMF wathi kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwakukho abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi abanemvelaphi yeembacu ababenendawo ebanzi "yokuhlala" elulwimini yaye kwezinye iimeko kwakufuneka kuqala ukufunda iimpawu zesiLatini, nangona uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba abakwimvelaphi yeembacu luncipha. Olu celomngeni luye lwabangela iingxoxo zezobupolitika malunga neemfuno zomanyano kunye nemigangatho yenkxaso.

Inkxalabo Zokhuseleko

Inkxalabo zokhuseleko ziye zabonakala kakhulu kwingxoxo yokufuduka, ingakumbi emva kokuhlaselwa kwe-profile ephezulu eJamani. Onke amaqela ngoku agxininisa ukhuseleko kumgangatho othile, nangona ahluke kakhulu kwizisombululo zawo ezicetyiweyo. Amaqela agxininisa ulawulo lomda, ukugxothwa, nemiqathango kwikhusi, ngelixesha amaqela asekhohlo ajolise ekuthinteleni, ekudibaniseni, nasekuthetheni ngengcambu yemiqamza.

Imiphumo Yezoqoqosho Nokuswela Imisebenzi

Amagosa aseJamani azama ukukhuthaza ukufuduka ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nokunqongophala kwabasebenzi, okuya kukhula njengoko isizukulwana esikhulayo sithatha umhlala-phantsi, sishiya umngxuma kwinkqubo yokhuseleko loluntu. Oku kuyinyaniso kubangela uxinezeleko lukawonke-wonke kwimfuno yemithetho yokufuduka engqongqo, inyanzelisa amaqela ukulungelelanisa iimfuno zezoqoqosho neengcinezelo zezobupolitika.

IJamani ithatha ukuma okuqinileyo nxamnye nokufuduka, njengokuba kunjalo kumazwe amaninzi kulo lonke elaseYurophu nasehlabathini, ngoku kutshintshwa inkqubo efana nokupheliswa komanyano lwentsapho lweimbacu, ukuphelisa ubumi obukhawulezileyo nokuguqula inkqubo yokuzikhusela yonke ethetha ngokutshintsha kwezobupolitika nokukhula kokwanda, njengoko ukufuduka kukhula ngokukhula okubangelwa kukufuduka njengomthwalo kwibutho labantu.

Ukumela Kwezobupolitika Abaphambukeli

Uphando lwafumanisa ukuba izahluko ezininzi zasekuhlaleni zamaqela angundoqo ezobupolitika aseJamani azikabi namaqhinga okutsala amalungu abaphambukeli, kwaye ngelixesha inkoliso yamaqela aseJamani ngoku ithembisa ukubotshwa kwizahluka-hlukeneyo nokujolisa amarhamente amatsha namabhinqa, imigudu efanayo isekho xa kufikelelwa ekubandakanyeni abafuduki namaqela amancinane esizwe.

Amaqela athathi-nxaxheba akhetha amalungu amatsha anemvelaphi esemva kolunye uhlanga ngeli xesha amaqela achasene nofuduko ekhethelwe amalungu angawasebenzisiyo amava, kodwa zimbalwa izahluko ezijolise ekudibaniseni nemicimbi yelinye ilizwe okanye kwiindlela zokwenza oko. Oku kunqongophala kokudibana kwezobupolitika kungafak' isandla ekuqhawuleni unxulumano phakathi koluntu olusuka kwelinye ilizwe kunye nokwenza izigqibo zobupolitika.

Umxholo we-European Union kunye nenkqubo eqhelekileyo ye-Asylmu

ISPD ithi inkqubo eqhelekileyo ye-European Asylmum (CEAS), ngenxa yokusebenza ngowama-2026, yindlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba iimbacu ziphathwa kakuhle kungakhathaliseki ukuba kuliphi ilizwe lesicelo. Olu tshintsho lwe-EU lomgangatho luza kubumba indlela onke amaqela amaJamani aphumeza ngayo iinkqubo zokhuseleko, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zikhetheke kangakanani na iingcamango zawo.

I-EU ilungisa imithetho yokhuseleko kumazwe angama-2026, apho iJamani, njengelizwe elingamalungu ayo, ivumile ukuzalisekisa. Olu tshintsho luza kudala imilinganiselo eqhelekileyo kwii-EU ukwenzela ukhuseleko, ulawulo lwemida, kunye nokuhlahlela umthwalo phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu, nto leyo enokuthi inciphise ezinye iingxaki zezobupolitika kumazwe afudukayo kumazwe ngamanye.

Noko ke, ukuphunyezwa kotshintsho lwe-EU lokhuseleko kuhlala kuphikisana, namaqela anjenge-AfD aphikisanayo nentsebenziswano yeYurophu kwimibandela yokufuduka nokukhuthaza ulawulo lwesizwe ekulawuleni umda nezigqibo zokhuseleko. Uxinezeleko phakathi komanyano lwaseYurophu nolawulo lwesizwe kwiinkqubo zokufuduka luza kuqhubeka lubumbanisa iingxoxo zezobupolitika zamaJamani.

Iimbono Zoluntu Nezixhobo Zokulwa

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngokufuduka eJamani luye lwatshintsha kakhulu kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo. Ngeli xesha ukusabela kokuqala kumanqam eembacu ngo-2015 kubandakanya inkxaso kawonke-wonke nemigudu yamatsha - ntliziyo, kwiminyaka eyalandelayo kuye kwabonakala ukuxhalabelana okukhulayo ngeengxaki zokudibanisa, ukhuseleko, kunye nokutshintsha kwamanani abantu. Oku kutshintsha kwachaphazela zonke izikhundla, kwanamaqela amkela intetho nemigaqo ecwangcisiweyo ngokuqhelekileyo.

Unyulo lwamashumi amabini anesihlanu lungaba yeyona iphumelela kakhulu kwiMalathishi Enokusetyenziswa Kukunye (AfD), iziphumo zangoku ezibeka iqela elikwindawo yesibini elimalunga nesihlanu levoti, nangona i-AfD ingenakuba yinxalenye karhulumente olungelelanisiweyo ekubeni onke amaqela athembise ukungangeni kwingxoxo nawo, nangona kuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo wayo opheleleyo kunye nokuma kweBoundstag, iAfD inokuba nempembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yokufuduka njengeqela lenkcaso.

Ukunyuka kweAfD kuye kwanyanzelisa amanye amaqela, ingakumbi iCDU/CSU, ukuba athathe izikhundla ezingqongqo ngakumbi ekufudukeni ukuze akhuphisane nabavoti abaxhalabele le miba. Oku kubangele ukuba intetho yezopolitiko itshintshe ngokufanelekileyo ekufudukeni, kwananjengoko amaqela egcina ukungavisisani kwawo okusisiseko kweengcamango.

Ikamva Nemikhwa Ekhulayo

Ukwenziwa kwamanani notshintsho lolawulo

Onke amaqela amakhulu ngoku ayayiqonda imfuneko yolawulo olusebenza kakuhle lokufuduka. Amanyathelo acwangcisiweyo okulungisa amanani, kuquka i-Work and Ballai Agency kunye neeplatfomati ze-intanethi ukwenzela izicelo ze vhisa, amela iindawo zokuvumelana okunqamlezileyo. Olu tshintsho lujolise ekwenzeni iJamani ikhuphisane ngakumbi ekutsaleni abasebenzi abanobuchule ngoxa igcina ulawulo oluyimfuneko nolawulo.

Ukulungelelanisa Izinto Eziza Kuqala

Amaqela aseJamani ahlala ejongene nocelomngeni lokulinganisela izinto ezininzi ezibaluleke kakhulu: iimfuno zezoqoqosho zabasebenzi abanobuchule, iimfanelo zokunceda iimbacu, ukuxhalabela ukhuseleko, ukudibanisa, kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke. Amaqela ahlukeneyo alinganisa umlinganiselo wezinto eziza kuqala, kodwa onke amele alwe noxinezeleko olungundoqo phakathi kwemfuno yokufuduka nenkxalabo kawonke-wonke ngesantya kunye nolawulo lwawo.

Uphambuko njengenkqubela yexesha elide

Amanyathelo aphambili aquka ukwandisa ulwimi kunye nezifundo ezinxulumeneyo kubantu abafudukayo, ukudibanisa ukufunda ulwimi nokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi, nokunyusa ukuqondwa kweemfaneleko zangaphandle. Le migudu ibonakalisa ukuqwalaselwa okukhulayo kwiindlela zezobupolitika ezifuna ukugcinwa kotyalo-mali nenkxaso, kungekhona nje ukwamkela kokuqala.

Ukugxininiswa kokudibana kwabantu kubonakalisa izifundo ezifundwa kumaza angaphambili okufuduka, apho inkxaso engeneleyo yokufunda ulwimi nokunconywa kolwimi kwabangela iingxaki ezinde. Ngoxa amaqela engafani kwiinkcukacha, kukho ulwamkelo olubanzi lokuba unxulumano lubalulekile ukuze kubekho umanyano kunye negalelo loqoqosho.

Ukuthelekiswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nezenzo Ezibalaseleyo

Indlela yeJamani yokungena nokudibana kwabantu nokungena ingafaniswa namanye amazwe aseYurophu kunye namazwe aqhelekileyo okufuduka. Inkqubo yonxulumano, ngeli xesha ingumsebenzi ocwangcisiweyo kunamazwe amaninzi. Ukugxininisa ekufundeni ulwimi, imfundo yezentlalo-ntle, kunye nendlela yokungena kubemi kunika isiseko esiye safundwa kwaye ngamanye amazwe ngamanye amaxesha sixeliswe.

Noko ke, iJamani ijongene neengxaki ezixhaphakileyo kulawulo-melo lwamaNtshona: ukunyuka kwemibutho elwayo yokufuduka ephikisayo, iingxaki ezidibanisa iimbacu ezinemfundo elinganiselweyo okanye ubuchule bolwimi, kunye noxanduva phakathi kweenjongo zenkcubeko kunye nemfuno yenkcubeko. Indlela amaqela aseJamani asebenzisa ngayo ezi ngxaki ayiyi kuchaphazela ikamva leJamani kuphela kodwa kwanendlela yokungena eYurophu.

Indima Yoluntu Lwasekuhlaleni Nabathathi - nxaxheba Kulo

Iinkqubo ezininzi eziphumelelayo zokudibanisa abantu zisebenza kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, apho kuthe kwaxoxwa iingxaki ezikhoyo zezindlu, imfundo, nemisebenzi. Amaqela ezobupolitika ayaqonda ukuba imigaqo yesizwe imele ixhase kwaye ilungelelene nale migudu yasekuhlaleni kunokuba ithatyathelw ’ indawo yiyo.

IiCawa, iiklasi zemidlalo, imibutho yenkcubeko, kunye neenkqubo zokuphuhlisa intlalo, kunye nenkxaso eluncedo ebangela umanyano. Ngoxa amaqela ephikisana ngeenkqubo zesizwe, le migudu iyaqhubeka kungakhathaliseki iinguqulelo zezobupolitika, inika uzinzo nokuqhubeka komsebenzi wokudibanisa.

Umgangatho wezoqoqosho womgaqo-nkqubo wokufudusa

Iimeko zezoqoqosho zokufuduka zidala impembelelo entsonkothileyo kwezobupolitika. Iinkampani zezoshishino nezoqoqosho zidla ngokuxhasa iinkqubo ezivulekileyo zokufuduka ukuphelisa ukunqongophala kwemisebenzi nokuncipha kwamanani abantu. Imibutho yoshishino ibisoloko ilumkile ngokwembali, ixhalabele ukhuphiswano lwemivuzo kunye neemeko zokusebenza, nangona abaninzi ngoku beqonda ukuba ukufuduka kubalulekile ukuxhasa iinkqubo zokhuseleko

Amaqela awahlukeneyo ahambelana nezilangazelelo zezoqoqosho neembono ezahlukeneyo. I-FDP kunye namalungu eCDU/CSU igxininisa iimfuno zeshishini kubasebenzi abanobuchule, ngelixa iSPD kunye neQela Lasekhohlo lijolise ekukhuseleni amalungelo abasebenzi nasekuqinisekiseni umvuzo ofanelekileyo kwabasebenzi baseJamani nabafuduki. I-AfD iyalwamkela impikiswano yezoqoqosho zokufuduka, isithi i-othority kunye nomvuzo ophezulu wabasebenzi baseJamani unika izicombululo ezingcono ekunqongopheleni kwemisebenzi.

Impikiswano yenkcubeko neyokwazi ukuba ngubani

Impikiswano ekhoyo ngokufuduka yimibuzo enzulu malunga nokuzichaza kwamaJamani, inkcubeko nemilinganiselo. Kuthetha ukuthini ukuba sisiJamani kwibutho labantu elalahluke ngakumbi? Luluphi utshintsho lwesithethe olumele lulindelwe kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, yaye ingakanani ibutho labantu baseJamani elifanele litshintshe? Le mibuzo ayinazimpendulo zilula kwaye ayibonisi umahluko ongundoqo kwimbono yehlabathi phakathi kwamaqela ezobupolitika.

Amaqela athe gqolo agxininisa ukubaluleka komntu ofudukayo owamkela imilinganiselo yemikhosi yeJamani kunye nezithethe, osoloko efunyaniswe njenge "Leitkultur" (isithethe). Amaqela aqhubela phambili agxininisa imvelaphi yentlalo kunye notshintsho oluphakathi, ajonge iinguqu njengolwanelisayo kunokusongela ibutho labantu baseJamani. Le mibono yahlukeneyo yemeko yexesha elizayo yeJamani ayiyiyo nje kuphela imigaqo-nkqubo yokufuduka kodwa ikwayingxoxo ngemfundo, ulwimi, unqulo, kunye nokumanyana kwabantu.

Umelo lwamajelo eendaba neNtshukumo yesidlangalala

Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba iphembelela iimbono zikawonke-wonke zokufuduka nokutshintsha iingxoxo zobupolitika. Iingxelo ezichanekileyo zolwaphulo-mthetho olubandakanya abaphambukeli zinokuphembelela iimvakalelo zokulwa nokufuduka, ngoxa amabali abantu athetha ngokumanyana okunempumelelo anokukhuthaza inkxaso yeenkqubo zokwamkela abantu. Amaqela ezobupolitika asabela aze azame ukubumba ingxelo yamajelo eendaba ngokufuduka.

Izixhobo zonxibelelwano zoluntu zongezelele imiqathango emitsha kwezi ngxoxo, zivumela incoko eyakhayo kunye nokusasazwa kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Amajelo asebenzisa ijelo leengxoxo zoluntu ngokuqhubekayo ukunxibelelana ngqo nabavoti ngemibandela yokufuduka, maxa wambi abangenisi isango sonxibelelwano lwemveli. Olu nxibelelwano lungqalileyo lungacacisa iindawo zeqela kodwa lunganegalelo ekusubeni kwethamba nakwiigumbi zokuvala isandi.

Isiphelo

Amaqela ezobupolitika aseJamani ayaqhubeka elungisa indlela yelizwe yokungena nokudibanisa abantu ngomahluko ophakathi kwawo kwaye esoloko ekhuphisana. Ukusuka kwiCDU/CSU's ukuma okungqongqo ngakumbi ukuya kugxininiso lweNtlalo yeLungu, ukusuka ekuchaseni kwe-AfD ukuya ekungeneni kwe-SPD, ezi ndawo zibonisa umahluko ongundoqo kumaxabiso, izinto eziphambili, kunye nemibono yekamva leJamani.

Ukuqonda ezi zikhundla zamahlelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ezopolitiko nebutho labantu. Ukutshintshana nokudibana kwezobupolitika kuya kuhlala kusekho kwimibandela engundoqo yekamva elinokubonwa kwangaphambili, iqhutywa zizinto ezikhoyo, iimfuno zezoqoqosho, iingxaki zobuntu, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nokuzibiza kobuzwe nokudibana kwentlalo.

Ucelomngeni lwedemokhrasi yaseJamani kukuvelisa imigaqo-nkqubo yokufuduka nokudibanisa abantu ekhuphisanayo ngokufanelekileyo: iimfuno zezoqoqosho zabasebenzi, iimbopheleleko zokunceda iimbacu, iimfuno zokhuseleko, amandla omanyano, kunye nokudibana kwentlalo. Akukho qela linazo zonke iimpendulo, kwaye imigaqo ephumelelayo iya kufuna amalungu asuka kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo, aququzelelwa ngoorhulumente abalungelelanisiweyo abamele banxibelelane.

Njengokuba iJamani iqhubeka iguquka njengelizwe elifudukayo, izikhundla zamaqela ezobupolitika ziza kuqhubeka ziphuhliswa ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko, uluvo lukawonke-wonke, namava asebenzisekayo emigaqo eyahlukeneyo. Abafundi bezobupolitika nebutho laseJamani kufuneka baqonde kungekuphela nje izikhundla zeqela langoku kodwa kwanomongo wembali, imilinganiselo ephantsi, kunye nocelomngeni olusebenzayo olubumba ezi mpikiswano ziqhubekayo.

Kubo bafuna ukuqonda iJamani yanamhlanje, imigaqo-nkqubo yokufuduka nokudibanisa inika iinguqu kwimibuzo ebanzi malunga nedemokhrasi, ubunikazi, izoqoqosho, kunye nokutshintsha kwentlalo. Umahluko wezikhundla zamaqela ubonisa ukuntsonkotha kwezi ngxaki kunye nengxoxo yedemokhrasi ebalaselisa ubomi bezobupolitika bamaJamani.

Ulwazi oluninzi ngemigaqo-nkqubo yokufuduka nenkqubo zomanyano lwamaJamani, tyelela eJamani, unxweme olusemthethweni lwabasebenzi abanobuchule, okanye iFoderal Office for Hugration and Refugees (BAMF)[FLF] ukwenzela ubuncwane obubanzi kwizifundo zolwakhiwo kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko.