Umngcipheko ophindwe kabini ngumgaqo oqinileyo womthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho okhusela abantu ekuzanyweni kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo. Osekelwe kwiSigqibo sesihlanu soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Le miyalelo yokhuseleko yokuba akukho mntu oya "kubekwa phantsi kwetyala elifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yobomi okanye umlenze." Le mfundiso isebenza njengendlela enzima yokuhlola ukuphamba abamangalelwa, ithintela urhulumente ekusebenziseni ubuncwane bakhe obukhulu ukulala ummangalelwa, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ugqibele ekumangalelweni ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuqonda indlela ezikhuselwa ngayo ngokuphindwe kabini iingozi ezinyanzelelwayo ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho ezingengomthetho.

Ngeli xesha lomgaqo ubonakala uthe ngqo , ungenatyala, ungaze uphinde uzame kwakhona. Inkundla zophando kufuneka ziwahlulele kakuhle amatyala ukuze zigqibe ukuba ityala liza kulwaphula na icandelo eliphindiweyo, ingakumbi xa iinguqu ziphenduliwe. Eli nqaku lihlola ingcamango yokuzibeka engozini kabini enzulu, lihlola indlela elinyanzeliswa ngayo ngexesha lokuvavanywa nokubhena, lixubusha ngokuchasene kwemfundiso ephindiweyo yolawulo, lize libalase ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ephakathi kwesiphelo nesigwebo.

Ingcamango yeNkqutyana: Imvelaphi neMigaqo yeCore

Iingcambu ezibini zengozi zibuyela kumthetho wamandulo wamaGrike namaRoma, kodwa uhlobo lwayo lwangoku lucaciswe kumthetho oqhelekileyo wesiNgesi. Abaseki bawujonga njengobaluleke kakhulu ukuba bawuquke kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yafaka ukhuseleko kumaphondo nge 1449 uMphetho-Mdambiso Bton v. Maryland [1969]. Enentliziyo yayo, imfundiso ikhusela abamangalelwa kwiingozi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo: isimangaliso sesibini solwaphulo-mthetho emva kokuba bevalelwe, isimangaliso sesibini emva kokugwetywa, isohlwaywa okwesibini emva kwetyala, kunye nesohlwayo esiphinda-phinda-phinda.

Ukugqiba ukuba izityholo ezimbini zenziwa "ityala elifanayo," iinkundla zisebenzisa uvavanyo lwe-' lwe-statburger , lumiselwe ku i-hatburger v. United States (1932]). Phantsi kwalo vavanyo, ukuba ummiselo ngamnye ufuna ubungqina bento engafunwayo yinye, zizinto ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ingozi eziphinda-phindeneyo azizibambi iingtshutshiso ezilandelelanayo. Umzekelo, isenzo esinye sokuthengisa iziyobisi singangqubana nomthetho womanyene nomthetho, kodwa ngenxa yokuba umlawuli ngamnye uneemeko zakhe, imfundiso edibeneyo ivumela iimvavanyo. Ngokungafaniyo, ii-eacengss.

Ingcamango engundoqo yile xa imposiso idibanisa. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ingozi idibanisa xa i-avareji ibekwe kwindawo efanelekileyo kwaye igqityiwe. Kwityala lebhentshi, idibanisa xa ingqina lokuqala lifunghiwe. Phambi kwelo nqaku, urhulumente angakhupha izityholo ngaphandle kokukhupha ityala lamva likhuphelwe kwakhona. Emva kokudibanisa, i-exex-ethe/enye esekelwe kwimposiso esemthethweni yomgwebi, eyokugqibela kwaye engenakubhenwa. Ngokufanayo, ukuthembeka kunokuba kokugqibela ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa owenziwe ngempumelelo nokukhutshelwa kuguqulwa kwemposiso ye-procrivelgration (njengoko kuchasene nobungqina obunganelanga)).

Ukunyanzeliswa Ebudeni Bezilingo Zezaphuli - mthetho

Ukhuseleko olubini lwengozi lunyanzeliswa kuqala kumgangatho wokuvavanya. Amagqwetha okhuselo angaphakamisa imiqathango ukuba urhulumente uzama ukutyhola ummangalelwa okwesibini kwihambo efanayo. Ukuba imeko karhulumente ibuthathaka kangangokuba akukho mgwebi ufanelekileyo onokuba negunya, ummangalelwa angamthumelela [ ukugwetywa kwe-Elevation phantsi koMthetho we-Federal we-Creversal Procedre 29. Ukuba uvumelekile emva kokuba ijaji ibuyisela ityala, ukuba ityala liphinde livalelwe nayiphi na ityala. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ijaji ifumani ukuba ubungqina bokumangalelwa bunga ngokwaneleyo ngokusemthethweni, isigwebo esiyalelweyo somgwebo sikwakubulala ingozi ephinda-phinde yabini.

Obona bungqina bubonakala buyenzeka xa ijaji ibuyisela isigqibo esingesiso somthetho. Ijaji ayinakusifaka esi sindululo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isigqibo setyala siphosa kusini na. Esi sithintelo sigqibelele sibonakalisa umgaqo wokuba ummangalelwa angafanele anyanzeleke ukunyamezela uvavanyo lwesibini emva kokuba enikwe ithuba elipheleleyo lokukhusela. Nokuba ngaba ijaji iyalela abagwebi ngokuphosakeleyo kumthetho, umgwebi ogwebayo ume ngoo-8/66, urhulumente angafaka imibuzo ebhenelayo yomthetho, nto leyo yokuba isibheno asinakukhokelela kwityala kwakhona ukuba ityala lejaji alikho siphelo. Ngoko ke, ukuba ngabagwebi balahla ityala kumabala asemthethweni phambi kwesigwebo sinikezelwa (umz., ngoko umthetho ongalunganga), urhulumente angabhenela loo mthetho ungafaka isibheno ngaphandle kokwaphulo, ngenxa yokuba ugxobo.

Ubuxoki Neentsomi Eziphindwe Kabini

Iimeko eziphosakeleyo zibangela uxinzelelo olungaqhelekanga. Ukuba ityala livakaliswe ngenxa "yemfuneko" ````````FLT''''''' enjengeyokugweba ityala elifileyo''' okanye isiganeko sengozi esingalindelekanga'. ummangalelwa angaphinda abekwe ngaphandle kokwaphula ityala eliphindiweyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi United States' v. Perse[[FLT][1] [1824] iqinisekisa ukuba ijaji yetyala lineqhinga lokuchaza ityala eliphosakeleyo xa kukho "imfuneko eninzi," nemvume yommangalelwa ayifuneki kwityala elisemthethweni. Noko ke, ukuba ukunxala iziphumo ezingalunganga zifuna ukuhlasela ityala elingalunganga nokufumana iingozi eziphinda-phinda-phindene, iingozi eziphindidi ezingaphantsi phantsi kovavanyo [Fog.][2][3]

Ukunyanzeliswa Kwezibheno Zezaphuli-mthetho: Indlela Iinkundla Zokucela Izicelo Ezibini Ezikhusela Ngayo Utyekelo Olubini

Xa ummangalelwa egwetyiwe, bangafumana isibheno. Kumgangatho wesibheno, imibandela ephindwe kabini idla ngokuvela kwimo: xa urhulumente ecela ukugxothwa kwangaphambi kwesigwebo, xa ummangalelwa ebhena ityala kwaye ephumelela ekuvulweni, kwaye xa urhulumente ezama ukuphinda aphinde abekwe ityala emva kokutshintsha. Umgaqo-siseko ngowokuba iinkundla ezilawulayo zichase ukugqibela kwabagwebi kwaye zingaphindi ziphinde zifumane izibakala. Endaweni yoko, ziphinda zihlole iimpazamo ezingomthetho.

Izibheno Zikarhulumente Ezivela Kukuxolelwa

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu siyalela urhulumente ukuba angamkhokeli ummangalelwa. Lo ngumthetho oqinileyo. Noko ke, urhulumente angabhenela kwisigwebo sokugxothwa sangaphambili esisekelwe kwimithetho esemthethweni (umz., ityala aliyivumeli ityala) kuba akukho ngozi idibeneyo. Ngokunjalo, urhulumente angafaka isigwebo esilula kakhulu, lo gama isibheno singabandakanyeki kwityala elingaphantsi okanye ukuba umsulwa. Kodwa ukuba ijaji yejaji ithetha-jaji ityala, okanye ukuba iphumeza isigwebo sokugweba emva komgwebo onecala ngenxa yokungafumani bungqina obungenayo, urhulumente uvalelwe ngokupheleleyo ekukhangeni.

Izibheno ezikhuselweyo kunye nokufunyanwa kwakhona kwetyala

Xa ummangalelwa ebhenela ngokunempumelelo ekuvumeni, icandelo lengozi eliphindiweyo alikwaleli ngokuzenzekelayo ukuqulunqwa kwakhona. Umahluko ongundoqo yi- unomluvo wokuguqulwa kwento . Ukuba inkundla ye-appellate iphendulisa ngenxa yokuba ubungqina bokuvavanywa babungakwanelanga ngokusemthethweni ukuxhasa ukunyanzeleka, utshintsho olulinganayo nokukhulula /ityala, ityala eliphindiweyo lingaphaya, kwaye iingcinga-ngozi eziphindiweyo yi-'ityala eliphindwe kabini. buburs v. United States (188]), apho inkundla ephakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba xa ityala lipheliswe ngenxa yobungqina obunganele, urhulumente akanakuphinda umvaniso. Oku kungenxa yokuba ityala lungaphinde lubonise ukuba netyala.

Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba ukubuyiselwa kusekelwe kwimpazamo esekelwe kwimposiso ebhaliweyo . "njengokungavunyelwanga kakuhle kobungqina, imiyalelo ephosakeleyo, okanye ukuziphatha okubi kwabachopheli-tyala" elityala libuyiselwa kwakhona ukuze libe lityala elitsha. Kwimeko ezinjalo, ummangalelwa "waved" ukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini ngokunomtsalane, kwaye urhulumente uvumelekile ukuba aphinde azame. Uqikelelo luba ummangalelwa wakhetha ukuvavanya ukuthembeka, kwaye uvumela urhulumente ukuba abe nelinye ithuba lokunikela elinye ithuba ngokulungileyo, lo gama imposiso ingakhange ibandakanyeke ubungqina obupheleleyo.

Uhlalutyo lwesibheno olukwindawo efihlakeleyo

Xa uvavanyo lugunyaziwe kwakhona, inkundla kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba ityala elitsha lisityala elinye netyala lokuqala. Ukuba urhulumente uzama ukongeza izityholo ezintsha ezingeyonxalenye yetyala lantlandlolo kodwa zivele kwintengiso enye, uvavanyo lwe Blockberger luyasebenza. Umzekelo, ukuba ityala lokuqala lalikubulele kuqala kwaye ukumangalelwa kwarhoxiswa kutshintshiwe ngenxa yempazamo ye-procedtura, urhulumente akanakuphinda atyhole ngokutsha ngetyala lesibini lokubulala ukuba oko kuqukwa ngumbanano loqobo, ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa uyavuma. Noko ke, urhulumente udla ngokuphinda aphinde avume ngenxa yetyala elifanayo okanye nayiphi na into encinci ebekwe icala ekuqaleni.

Ezikhethekileyo Neemeko Ezikhethekileyo

Ngaphandle kwamandla ayo, icandelo eliphindiweyo lengozi aliphelelanga. Iindidi eziliqela ezingaziwayo zivumela ukutshutshiswa okanye isigwebo esilandelelanayo esibonakala ngathi siyaphula lo mgaqo.

Imfundiso Yolongamo Olumanyeneyo

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo yimfundiso yolawulo olubini. Ngenxa yokuba urhulumente wesizwe kunye norhulumente ngamnye bebohlukeneyo, isenzo esifanayo singamangalelwa ngabo bobabini ngaphandle kokwaphula iingozi eziphindwe kabini. Umzekelo, umntu ophanga ibhanki ebotshelelweyo ngurhulumente angalingwa ngurhulumente ngenxa yokuphanga kunye norhulumente welizwe ngenxa yokuphanga ebhankini, zombini ezi zikhutshwe kwihambo efanayo. Oku kuthintelwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, oku kukhulu kakhulu kumthetho owenziweyo. . [FLT:] [185]] [185]), apho iNkunye iNkulawula ingqinela ukuba ukumangalelwa okulandelelanayo kokubini okungaphulanga kulwaphulo-ngozi ngenxa yamatyala ngenxa yamatyala amabini okubulalayo kuba imeko nganye yayingumlawuli. Abagxeki abachani abawuthisi beluthiseluthise lo mthetho.

Ukubiwa Kwamakhaya Nesohlwayo Sezaphuli - mthetho

Ingozi ephindwe kabini isebenza kuphela kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. .Apho urhulumente athatha izinto ezisetyenziswayo okanye ezithathwe kulwaphulo-mthetho, azithathwa njengesohlwayo ngeenjongo eziphindiweyo zobungozi, nokokuba ukulahlwa kwemali kunxulumene nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, ukuba ukulahlwa kwesizwe kusisohlwayo kwindalo kangangokuba kufikelela kwisohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho, isigwebo seNkundla ePhakamileyo singasebenzisa. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha oku v. United States. Ursery (1966), iphethe ukulahlekelwa kwemiba yoluntu akuyo akuyo "Isijeziso" ngokokuhlola okuphindiweyo ukuba isebenza injongo yokulungisa.

Colletaral Estopel (Ukhupho oluphambili)

Inxulumene nengozi ephindwe kabini yimfundiso ye-literateral estopel, ethintela ukuphinda kuhlaziywe kwemiba eyinyaniso esele igqitywe kwinkoliseko yommangalelwa. Umzekelo, ukuba ijaji ikhulula ummangalelwa ngetyala lokubulala ngokufumana ngokucacileyo ukuba ummangalelwa akawudubuli umdubuli obulalayo, urhulumente akanakuzama kamva ummangalelwa omnye ngokuhlasela ngesixhobo esibulalayo ukuba elo tyala lixhomekeke kwimbambano enye. Lo mgaqo, othathwe ku . Aspe v. Aslowen[FLT][12:70] [1970]), ukwandisa ukukhusela okuphinda kabini kwetyala, hayi nje yonke ityala.

Ukuphinda Ulwe

Isicelo se-habeas corpus esicel ’ umngeni ukunyanzeleka kwenkolo karhulumente singaphumela ekukhululweni ukuba isiqinisekiso safunyanwa ngokwaphulwa komGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, ukuba inkundla ye-habeas ifumana impazamo yomGaqo-siseko enokunyangwa . Ngokungathi uncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko esicaphula ukhuseleko ````Urhulumente uyakwazi ukuphinda azame ummangalelwa. Igalelo elibini alibuyisi tyala ngaphandle kokuba ubungqina bukarhulumente besohlwayelwe yinkundla yehabeas. Lo mmandla unzima kwaye usoloko udityaniswa nemithetho emisiweyo.

Umatshini Osebenzisekayo Wokuphembelela Ingozi Ephindwe Kabini Esibhedlele

Ummangalelwa uphakamisa njani ngokwenene ityala elibini elithenjiweyo ngokubhenela kwityala? Ngokwesiqhelo, liphakanyiswa kumbandela wokuqala njengengxelo yomthetho. Inkundla ihlola ingxelo yokulingwa de novo ngenxa yokwaphulwa. Ukuba inkundla ifumanise ukuba ubungqina bomtshutshisi abunele, buya kuphelisa ukugwetywa ngekhethe, ithetha ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuphinda avume. Ukuba inkundla ifumana impazamo ebhaliweyo, ingajika ize iphinde iphinde iphinde ifumane ivavanywe ngetyala elitsha, kodwa iya kuqwalasela nokuba ngaba imposiso ayilunganga ngaphandlekiyo.

Okubalulekileyo kukuba, amatyala aphindwe kabini anokunyuswa ngentshukumo yangaphambili yokukhupha ityala xa urhulumente eqalisa ukumangalela kwesibini emva kokugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa. Ukuba inkundla egwebayo iyakhaba, ummangalelwa ngamanye amaxesha angathabatha isibheno se-interlox phambi komgwebo wokugqibela (_ngokuba ilungelo lokukhululeka kwingozi ephindwe kabini lingu "kungazanywa" okuya kulahleka ukuba inyanzelekile ukudlula kwityala. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yakwayamkela oku ] Abney v. United States[FLT:]] [127]]), ivumela izibheno ezingxami eziphinda kabiniyo ukuba ziphinde zicingwe.

Ukongezelela, i-habeas corpus ingasetyenziswa ukucel ’ umngeni ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa kwemeko eyafunyanwa emva kokwaphulwa kwengozi ephindwe kabini. Iinkundla zomanyano zinganika isiqabu ukuba inkundla yeli lizwe ngokungekho ngqiqweni isebenzisa umthetho karhulumente owenziwe ngokucacileyo wobungozi obuphindwe kabini. Oku kunika isivalo sokhuseleko xa iinkundla zikarhulumente zingalunyanzeli ukhuseleko ngokufanelekileyo.

Ingqikelelo-magama ethelekisayo: Ingozi ephindwe kabini kwezinye Iinkqubo zomthetho

Ngelixesha iUnited States ilungiselela ukhuseleko oluqinileyo lwengozi, amanye amazwe asondela ngokwahlukileyo kule mbambano. Phantsi komthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, umthetho ochasene nengozi ephindwe kabini wawufana ixesha elide, kodwa emva kweCriminal Justice Act 2003, i-UK yasungula umahluko okhoyo kwiimpazamo ezinzulu (umz., ukudlwengula, ukudlwengula) apho kuvela ubungqina obutsha nobunyanzelisayo. Oku kuvumela ukumiswa kwakhona emva kokuvalelwa kwimeko ezilinganiselwe. ECanada, [FLT: 0] i-Carter yamaLungelo nenkululeko [[FLT:[FFF:1] iquka ukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini kwicandelo (11), oluphindaphindiweyo, oluphinda-phinda-phindiweyo emva kokuvalwa okanye ukuqinisekiswa okungaqinisekiyo, kodwa ngaphandle kobungqina obutsha obungenakuboniswa ngaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, i-UNICONS] i-EFT [2] i-ETR.[2] kukwalelane i-egrole i-omatidiogggggne.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Isiphelo Nokusesikweni

Ukunikezela iingozi eziphindwe kabini ngexesha lokubhena kwesaphuli-mthetho kusisenzo esicekeceke. Imiyalelo yoMgaqo-siseko yokuba kungabikho mntu uzanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo, kodwa inkqubo yetyala kufuneka ivumele ukulungiswa kweempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ngaphandle kokunika ingxengxezo ithuba lesibini elingafanelekanga. Iinkundla zizoba iintambo zononophelo: ukuba ubungqina bokuchotshelwa bubuthathaka kakhulu ukuba kungaxhaswa ityala, ummangalelwa ukhululwe − urhulumente waba nosuku lwakhe enkundleni kwaye walahleka. Kodwa ukuba ityala lona lingcoliswe yimpazamo yeprocedture, urhulumente angafumana ithuba lokwenza ityala, ngenxa yokuba ukumangalelwa kokuqala bekungalungisi.

Imfundiso ephindiweyo yolawulo oluphezulu kunye nokungagqibeki komthetho ibonisa ukuba umngcipheko ophindwe kabini asilokhuselo olupheleleyo, kodwa uhlala ungomnye wezona zinto zinamandla zokukhusela ukuxhatshazwa kwabagxeli nokukhathazwa ngurhulumente. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo iphawulile, "enzulu" umgaqo obonisa "umdla onzulu woluntu kwimigwebo epheleleyo yolwaphulo-mthetho"". Kumntu nabani na olawula inkqubo yokusesikweni. "Uyazi ukuba ngummangalelwa, ummeli, okanye ummi oxhalabeleneyo ) uqonda indlela enyanzelelwe ngokuphindwe kabini ngayo ekubhenenzelweni isibheno kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni igobelo olugcina ityala lingenatyala kwaye ukunciphisa amandla emongokwalo.

Ukufunda okungakumbi, jonga i ICornell Information yeNtsebenzo yoMthetho yeNkqutyana yeNqalo ePhakamileyo yeNkqutyana yeLungu eliphinda-phindeneyo , hlola isigqibo esingundoqo seNkundla ePhakamileyo Bhenton v. Maryland[, okanye hlola [[FLT]] ugcino-mali olukwimfundo olukwiziko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko.