Imozulu YaseJapan: Indlela Imikhosi Yezobupolitika Elichaphazela Ngayo Ikamva Lesizwe Lemekobume

Njengendawo yesihlanu enkulu yehlabathi ekhupha ikharbon diokside kunye neG7 yezoqoqosho exhomekeke ngokunzulu kwizinto zokubasa, iJapan ime kwisixhobo esinempembelelo enzima kwimozulu yayo. Amaqela ezobupolitika aphambili elizwe ngabona bakha imbonakalo ecacileyo elungelelanisa uzinzo lwezoqoqosho, amandla kunye nephondo. Oku kuhlolisisa indlela amajoni ezobupolitika aseJapan azibeka ngayo kwimo yemozulu etshintshayo (kusukela kwi-Rommantracta ebanzi yeLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) kumaqela amancinane aphikisayo ahambela phambili kwaye oko kuthethwa kukungahlanga lwawo ukuhlangabezana nobuchule bokungathabathi carbon.

Umhlaba Wezobupolitika WaseJapan Nomgaqo - siseko Wemozulu

Ukususela ngo 1955, inkqubo yezopolitiko yaseJapan iye yamiswa yiLiberal Democratic Party ebambelele kwisithethe, eye yalawula phantse lonke ixesha lasemva kwemfazwe, ngokufuthi isebenzisana neCentrist Komeito. Ulawulo lwe-LDP luvelise inkqubo evumela utshintsho lolwandiso, izilangazelelo zenkampani, kunye nobuchule bokuyila izakhiwo ezikhawulezayo. Amaqela enkcaso (iiindawo ephantsi kwedemocratic Party (CDP), i-CP), iQumrhu lobuKomanisithi laseJapan (JP), iNippon Is no no no no no no no Kai, Reiwa Shinshongumi, kunye neDidemocratic Partivey yezakhono zoluntu (DFP).

Inkqubo yemozulu eJapan ibunjwe ziimeko ezingaqhelekanga: ilifa lentlekele yenyukliya yonyaka ka-2011 iFukushima Daiichi, evala inkoliso yemikhosi yenyukliya yelo lizwe; ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kwigesi yendalo enyibilikayo evela kwamanye amazwe (LNG), amalahle, ne-oyile; ulwaluko olunyanzelisa i-dynams; kunye nebhedi yezoshishino yezoshishino elwayo elwa nokukhutshwa kwezixhobo zemfazwe. Amaqela ezobupolitika ahamba ngelixa ajongana nengcinezelo yehlabathi, uluvo lwamakhaya, kunye nokwanda kweziganeko zemozulu enzima njengemitshitshitshi nobushushu.

Uhlalutyo lwexeshana lwezikhundla zeQela elikhulu

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) – Technological Pragmatism esetyenziswa ngeGear eCothayo

I-LDP izimisele ngokusesikweni ukufikelela ubundilele obukhoyo ngo-2050, usukelo olubhengezwe ngoko-Prime uMphathiswa Yoshihide Suga ngo-Oktobha 2020. Kodwa indlela yeqela iphawulwa ngokukhetha “utshintsho oluluhlaza” (GX) kunokufuna unciphiso okanye ulawulo. I-LDP ixhasa utyalo oluqhubekayo ku- ukuthatha, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokugcinwa (CUS), i-hydrogen kunye ne-ammon-fiecham kwizityalo ze-masko, kunye nolwandiso lwe-nyukliya, kuquka nee-moreaterss (MLT.M.) ezincinci (CUS.).

Ngokwendlela esetyenziswayo, iLDP ixhathise isigaba samalahle adityanisiweyo. IJapan isaceba ukwakha amatyala amatsha avutha amalahle ezityalo ezitsha ze-marasha ```Astyle'''''' kwaye ijongene nogxeko-lwa kwi International Energy Agency kunye ne-igticators zemali yezityalo zamalahle phesheya koomeli bayo abathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ukuxuba kwamandla alo maqela kujolise kujongo lwenjongo yama-2030 ehlaziweyo, 20/222%, kunye nolunye umlinganiselo wezinto ze-afly yeractoast, umlinganiselo abahlalutyi abaninzi abathi bephikisana nawo awunele ukuhlangabezana ne-1,5.C.

Ulwahlulo olungundoqo ngaphakathi lukhona phakathi kwe-LDP. I- “procenting" elungelelaniswe noshishino olunzima njengentsimbi, isamente, kunye nepetrorochemicals, abameli botshintsho olulawulayo olukhusela izinto ezikhoyo kunye nemisebenzi. Ulwahlulo olukhulayo“ oluthiya---"indawo-kanye nento encinci yoDiet-aizelo kunye noxinzelelo olusuka kwi-injini ye-Keidanren (ngoku kuxhasa ukukhutshwa kwemibhobhobho enzima), iqhubela phambili yokutsha nokukhutshwa kwe-carbon enzima. I-LDP'P'P'2023 GX Antickic yazisa i-Primey encinane [[FLT:] i-prignognogn esezantsi [[FLC1]) elinganayo ku-2000] ukuguqula umlinganiselo worhwebo (injini elingu-203] ukunyuka kwe-2001) ukunyuka kwe-omatityibili)

Iqela likwagcina ukuma okuqinileyo kwe-pro-accol, likhuthaza ukuqaliswa kwakhona kwezixhobo zokusebenza ezingasebenziyo emva kokhuseleko lwasemva kweFukushima. Malunga ne 10 kumaphepha asebenzayo akwi-33 eJapan aqaliswe kwakhona, kodwa aphinda aqalise kwakhona ukuchaswa ngokusemthethweni nakummandla. I-LDP ibona i-nyukliya njengepetroli enzima ukufikelela kokubini ukukhutshwa kwezixhobo zombane kunye nokhuseleko lwamandla, ingakumbi emva kokuhlasela kwe-Ukraine elNG imarizini yomhlaba wonke.

Iqela ledemokhrasi le-Dimocratic Partium (CDP) – Iinjongo ezingqubanayo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo weJaji-Framed

Iqela elikhulu lenkcaso eJapan, iCDP, ifake iqonga lemozulu elithe ngcolise kakhulu. Inkqubo yalo esemthethweni ifuna ubundindilele be-carbon ngo-2050 kunye nexhoba le-interim engamashumi amathandathu% eenkqubo zokukhutshwa komphunga ukusuka kwi-60% kumyinge wama-2013 ngo-2035.

ICDP igxininisa ubulungisa obudityanisiweyo kunye notshintsho, kunye neenkqubo zokuqeqesha abasebenzi kushishino lwefosili ye-afosili, ixhasa iintsapho ezifumana amandla, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ukukhutshwa kwamandla okusebenza akuwathwalisi umthwalo wabemi abangenayo. Iqela lixhasa irhafu yekharbon edityaniswe nenkqubo yokulungisa ikharbon, uhlolo olunamandla olusemdeni lweproject, kunye nesigaba se-afly erpost shorts (ayithi ye-20,000 yezigidi zezigidi ngonyaka. I-CDP ikwalwa nolwandiswa kwamandla enyuselo lwenyukliya, ixhasa umlinganiselo osetyenziswayo ngokuhlaziya.

Ngaphandle kwezi ndawo zinamandla, iCDP izama ukuphelisa ukuxhathisa kwe-LDP kumandla. Kunyulo lwendlu olusezantsi lwama-2021, iqela lafumana izihlalo ezingama-96 kuma-LDP' 261. Iinkqubo zemozulu zalo, ngoxa zithandwa ngabavoti abaselula basedolophini, zijongwa ngokuthandabuza ngamaphandle kunye noovimba bezoshishino bezoqoqosho abanoloyiko lokuphazamiseka kwezoqoqosho. Iqela liye lafuna ukwenza izivumelwano ezibanzi zangaphambi komsantsa nezinye imikhosi echasayo, kodwa ukungavisisani ngaphakathi kwimi efana namandla enyukliya kunye nekharbon-neural cortrivery irbin contring

Komeito – Ibhulorho Engaqhelekanga

Njengokuba iqabane elincinci le-LDP elingumbutho omncinci ukususela ngo-19, iKomeito liphembelela ngobungcathu nangesazela soluntu. Lisekelwe kwintlangano yamaBhuda iSoka Gakkai, iqela ligxininisa uxolo, intlalo-ntle, kunye nemvisiswano yemekobume . Imo-zulu yalo, ngelincinci kune CDP, iqhubela i-LDP kwisenzo esinamandla kunaleyo isenokuthatha sodwa.

Komeito uxhasa usukelo lwe-[2025 OSA World Explore [[FLT: 0]2050] lobundindi bekharbon. IKomeito ijolise kwimpumelelo yamandla emandla, ikhula ngamandla ombane nokukhanya kwelanga, kunye nokukhuthaza “iingingqi ezikhoyo” nezakhiwo eziluhlaza. Iqela liye laba ngummeli ophambili wamalahle [2025 Osaka World Ex] ukuze lisebenze njengesixhobo sobugcisa obuzinzileyo. Impembelelo yeqela iye yabizwa kwakhona ukuba ibonelele ngesisa kwizixhobo ezithengwa kakhulu zendlu kunye nezithuthi zombane zokwamkhenke, kunye nokwamnandiswano wokhuseleko lwezentlalo, kunye nohlobo lwe-Koctmeto, olunethi lwezikhalo.

IKomeito ixhasa ngokuqhelekileyo amandla enyukliya njengendlela esezantsi yokukhetha, kodwa yenza uqeqesho lokulumkisa ekuqaliseni kwakhona kufutshane nemimandla enabemi. Ikomiti yengingqi yengingqi ifuna imithetho engqongqo yokhuseleko kunye nonxibelelwano olucacileyo nabantu basekuhlaleni. Ngelixesha iKomeito ingaqhubeli inkqubo yemozulu ngokungqongqo njengamaqela athile achasayo, indima yayo edibanisayo iyenza ibe ngamandla abalulekileyo enkqubela-phambili kwicandelo elilawulayo laseJapan.

Iqela lamaKomanisi laseJapan (JCP) – Radical Decarbonsion and Social Transformation

I-JCP ixhasa ucwangciso lokukhutshwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya olubanzi nolukhawulezileyo phakathi kwamaqela amakhulu. Iqonga laso lifuna isigaba esipheleleyo esiphuma kwilahle zelahle yelahle yelahle ye-afaksi ngo-2030.

Iinguqu zemozulu yeqela leqela njengengxaki yobukapitali, iphikisa ngelithi amaqumrhu amakhulu kunye namandla eJapan athintela ukutshintsha okuqhelekileyo. Izicelo ze-JCP ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwamandla esizwe, ukuhlaziywa kwentsebenziswano yenyukliya yaseJapan ne-U.S., kunye nokubuyisela inkcitho yezomkhosi kwizinto ezintle. I-JCP ichasa zonke iimali zelahleko zamathambo ezinto zokuxhasa amafutha kwaye ifuna irhafu yobutyebi obugqithisileyo ukuze ixhase imozulu.

Ngeli xesha iJCP iphethe izihlalo ezilishumi kuphela kwindlu yabameli abangama- 465 ezele i-odoli, i-smosfect yayo yemozulu itsala umtsalane okhulayo phakathi kwabavoti abaselula kunye nentsebenziswano yemekobume. Noko ke, izicelo zayo zesigaba esikufuphi nesokuphuma kwemiqathango yelahleko zijongwa ngokubanzi njengezingamkelekiyo ngokwezoqoqosho nakwezobupolitika, zithintela impembelelo yayo ekuyisweni kwenkqubo esebenzayo.

Nipton Ishin no Kai – Fiscal Discipline and Technology System

Isekelwe kakhulu kummandla weKansai, ishin (iQela leNtshukumo laseJapan) ithatha indlela yokuzimela ngokungaqhelekanga, yokuzimela kwe-pro-macrecta kwimo yezulu. Iqela lixhasa usukelo lwama-2050 ekharbon kodwa ligxininisa iziphumo zentengiso, iindlela zentengiso, kunye nophuhliso lwezobugcisa.Ishin i-hin i-system exuba ikhargin nge-carbon etshintsha iintsapho, ukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kwamandla enyukliya (kuquka i-SMRR kunye ne-gen-awers), kunye nophuhlisobhobho we-hydrogen.

Ishin ilwa nokuxhaswa kwenkxaso-mali yobugcisa obuthile njengelanga elihlala abantu, iphikisa endaweni yayo ukwenzela izihlomelo ezisekelwe kwimisebenzi kunye nokusungulwa kwezinto zobucala. Iqela liye lacela ukuba kuthotywe izihlalo ezizii-atmosfera ukuze kuvunyelwe ii-antir ezintsha zemali zinciphe iindleko zabathengi. Ngoxa i-Ishin ivuma imfuneko yokuthoba, intanda-ntanda-bulumko yayo yezoqoqosho ibeka phambili kunye nokhuphiswano kunciphiso olunamandla olukhutshwayo. Iqela libamba izihlalo ezingama-44, lizenza zibe zizihlalo ezinkulu eziphezulu kwindlu esezantsi kunye neqabane elisembutho we-LDP.

Reiwa Shinsengumi – Ubulungisa Bemozulu NeFossil Uphumo Lomoya

Iqanjwe ngo-2019 lilungu leCDP uTaro Yamamoto, Reiwa Shinsengumi liqela elisekhohlo lepopustum elijoliswe kwindawo engqongileyo eyomeleleyo. Iqonga lalo lemozulu liquka uvalelo olupheleleyo kulwakhiwo olutsha lwezityalo zamalahle, isigaba esingaphandle kuzo zonke izityalo zamalahle ezikhoyo ngo-2030, ikharbon levy of 0310 000 per ton, kunye “i-Flueac New " eza kudala izigidi zemisebenzi kumandla avusemgangathweni, uthutho, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwendalo.

Iqela elixhasa ukungabikho kwamandla lisenza inkxalabo ephambili, likhupha umbane osisiseko kwizinto ezinokuhlaziywa kwizindlu ezifumana imali ephantsi. UReiwa Shinsengumi ukwaxhasa imodali yohlaziyo lwenyukliya kunye neqondo elipheleleyo lenyukliya kwishumi leminyaka elizayo. Ngezihlalo ezi-3 kuphela ezisezantsi zendlu, iqela lisebenza njengendawo ephantsi ebangela ukuba inkqubo iqhutywe ingxoxo ngaphaya kweLDP-CDP.

Iqela Ledemokhrasi Labantu (DPFP) – I-Centrist Night - Relitant

I-DPFP, eyakhiwe ngamalungu angaphambili eDermocratic Party edemocratic ngoku, ithatha indlela ephakathi, yetechnocratic. Iqela lixhasa imix yezinto ezinokuvuselelwa, inyukliya, namandla acocekileyo ashushu [ njengeyona ndlela yokwenene ukuya ku 2050 yobundilele. Inkqubo yeDPFP icela ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwezityalo zenyukliya ngokhuseleko kunye namathuba olwamkelo lukawonke wonke, ngelixa unyusa umoya wonxweme kunye nowendalo olandelayo.

I-DPFP ikhuthaza inkqubo ye-carbon primp engqamene, enonyuko oluthe chu kwishumi leminyaka elizayo, kwaye igxininisa ukhuseleko oluchasene nexabiso nozinzo . Iqela libamba izihlalo ezilishumi kwaye liye lasebenzisana neLDP kwiindleko ezithile zamandla. Ngelixesha i-DPFP imele isiziko eliphakathi elisoloko libumba ukulalanisa kwiDiset eJapan.

Iimpikiswano Eziyintloko Zenkqubo Nezikhundla Zokulwa Kwezobupolitika

Intambo engaphandle: Nini yaye njani?

IJapan ihlala ilelinye lamazwe axhaphakileyo ngamalahle, anenani elimalunga nama-30% esizukulwana sombane. I-LDP imisele “incopho eyi2030 kwaye ihla” kodwa ayikhange ijongene nomhla opheleleyo wesigaba esingaphandle. ICDP kunye nezothutho ezishiyekileyo zifuna umhla wama-2030, ukukhankanya i-IPCC transports. Ingxoxo ekwimeko yezoqoqosho: amalahle aphezulu njenge Fukui ne Niigata ijongene nelahleko yomsebenzi, ngelixa ishishini lenqanawa nentsimbi zifuna amalahle anokulingana nokhuphiswano. [[FLT: 0] ukuchasana okunamandla e-malahle e-OLD [FP] e-FP:1]

Carbon Pricing: ETS v. Carbon Taxis

Isicwangciso se-LDP se-GX singenisa inkqubo yorhwebo oluzenzekelayo [IEFTS] iqala ngo-2026, ngemvume enikezelweyo ekuqaleni kwimiqathango emikhulu. ICDP ne JCP ixhasa ibhanile, irhafu yekharbon yekharbon eninzi nentlawulo eqhubekayo. I-Ishin ixhasa ixabiso lemali-ne-carbon edityanisiweyo elidityaniswe irhafuthelwe yi-compation. Ukhetho oluphakathi kwerhafu ne-ETS lubonakalisa ukwahlulwa okunzulu kwendima karhulumente nentengiso. Abagxeki bephikisa ukuba ixabiso langoku lekharbon lihlala lisezantsi kakhulu kune-5) ukufikelela kwi-EUS (external) kwi-ES (exbonbon) ukuya kwi-ES (70).

Amandla enyukliya: Iqala kwakhona u- v. Phase- Phuma

Amandla enyukliya ayahlula amaqela ngokukrakra. I-LDP, i-Komeito, i-Ishin, kunye ne-DPFP ijonga inyukliya njengemvelaphi esezantsi esisiseko. ICDP ne JCP zifuna isigaba, zicaphula iingozi zokhuseleko, inkunkuma engalungiswanga, kunye namaxabiso aphezulu. uluvo lwePublic luhlala luxubene, kunye nabemi abaninzi abaphikisanayo baqala kwakhona kufutshane namaziko edolophini kodwa bamkela kwiindawo ezininzi ezikude. I-calculus yezobupolitika ibandakanya ukuphuma kwemiba yemozulu, amandla okuzimela, kunye nocotho lwezigoso.

Ukukhula okuluhlaza okuchaseneyo.

I-LDP yemozulu eqinileyo njengethuba lokukhula `````GX' njengomqhubi womsebenzi osebenzayo, othunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kunye nokudalwa komsebenzi kwiibhetri, i-hydrogen, kunye nezithuthi zombane. Amaqela asekhohlo alwa nalo matshini wokutsala, ephikisa ukuba iindlela ezizinzileyo zifuna ukunciphisa amandla kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo. I-JCP ne-Reiwa Shinsengumi baxhasa ukusebenza okufutshane kweveki, izinto zikawonke wonke ezithengwa ngasese, kunye nokusikwa okunzulu kwezixhobo zenqwelo-moya kunye nenqanawa.

Iingxaki Zokutshintsha Kwemozulu EJapan

IJapan ijongene nemiqobo yesakhiwo edlula imigca yeqela. Indawo yayo eneentaba kunye nolwandle olunzulu olusuka elunxwemeni kunye nomoya osisigxina osisigxina. Ukuchaswa kukawonke-wonke kwiifama ezinkulu zelanga eziselunxwemeni kukhule phakathi kwemfazwe yomhlaba. Igridi ihlala inqanyulwe phakathi kwempuma ye-50 Hz nentshona (60 Hz) iinkqubo zokulungisa usasazo. Intlekele yowama 2011 yenza ukuba ingasebenzi ishishini lenyukliya, kwaye ukubuyela kumandla empumekweni ka-Fushima akunanzeki. Okwangoku, ishishini lezithuthi zezoqoqosho, iye yacotha ukuqhela ukuqhela ukuhambela isithutho sezithuthi sombane sombane somhlaba wonke, kunye noToyata kunye nezinye izikhuthane ze-hydrogen.

Olunye ucelomngeni lu [[NT: 0] ulawulo lwe-interea kwi-bugrafi. I-mistinsi enjenge-METAI (Uvavanyo lwe-Economy, Urhwebo ne-Intecration) kunye neMOE (Ubuchule bokusingqongileyo) zisoloko zingqubana izinto eziphambili ezingqubanayo . .METI i-MOE iqhubela phambili ukwenzela umgaqo onamandla ongcono wemekobume. Amaqela ezobupolitika kufuneka ahambele phambili la mathala amaqela eemputha e-metaucracy ukuze asebenzise inkqubo edityaniswayo.

Amathuba Okukhokela

Ngaphandle kwale miqobo, iJapan inobuchule obubalulekileyo. Ikhokelela kubugcisa be-cell yepetroli ye-hydrogen , kunye neenkampani ezinjenge Kawasaki Industries neToyota ivelisa iH2 yezithuthi nezithuthi zepetroli. IJapan yinkokeli yomhlaba wonke ekwindawo yokugcina i-engileyo [ [ii-vita] [i-Panasonic ne-Murata]) kwaye inemimoya emikhulu edadayo elungele amanzi anzulu onxweme. Urhulumente ucebeko lwenqanawa oluneenqanawa elwayo.

Unyuko lwe lomnatha-nethi onesikwere lukwadala indawo yezopolitiko ukwenzela inkqubo yobundlobongela. I-Keidan, eyayikhe yachasa ulawulo lwemozulu, ngoku ixhasa ikharbon crimplication kunye nosukelo lwama-2050. Abanikazi abakhulu bezakhiwo njenge GPIF baqalisile ukudibanisa umngcipheko wemo-zulu kwizibuko zabo. Oku kuguqula onke amaqela ukomeleza amaqonga abo, ingakumbi njenge ntshukumo yemo yezulu ephambili kwibhokisi yebholaota.

Indlela Engaphambili: Ithemba Lobugorha NeloMthetho

Olunyulo lwendlu lulandelayo luza kunyulwa ngo-2025, nangona kunokwenzeka ukurhoxa komtsha. Iziphumo zicebisa ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu lukwinkxalabo ephambili kubavoti abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-40 ubudala, kodwa lusoloko lugqunywa kukunyuka kwexabiso lexabiso, ukhuseleko lobuzwe, kunye nabemi be-LDP kwindawo yonyuselo jikelele. Ukuxhathisa kwe-LDP emaphandleni kunye nabavoti abakhulu kuhlala komelele, kodwa inkcaso kunye namaqela asekhohlo angenza inkqubela kwimimandla yasedolophini apho inkxalabo yemozulu iphezulu khona.

Intshukumo yolwelo lulwelo. Ukuba i-LDP ilahlekelwa luninzi lwayo, inganyanzelwa ukuba ibe ngumnqophiso obanzi neKomeito kwaye mhlawumbi i-Ihin okanye i-DPFP, enokutyhalela ucwangciso kulawulo kwimigaqo yemozulu eninzi. I-CDP edityanisiweyo, nangona ingaqhelekanga ngexesha elifutshane, ingayinyusa ngamandla idecarbon compotion tratory yaseJapan, kuquka isigaba selahle elingaphandle kunye nekharbon.

Ikamva lemozulu laseJapan liya kumiselwa ukuba liziphi izihlalo ezaneleyo ezinokulawulwa yile ngxaki. Izibonda ziphezulu: njengoko enye yezona zoqoqosho zikhulu ehlabathini, imikhosi yembali, ukhetho lweJapan luza kuchaphazela uqingqo-mali lwekharbon yehlabathi, iimarike zobugcisa, kunye nokuthembeka kweParamente yeParis. /Iingingqi zezobupolitika zifumana izilangazelelo zezoqoqosho, izibalo ezinyuliweyo, kunye nezibophelelo zenkcubeko zembali, kwaye zizezona ziphambili kumdlalo oqhubekekayo.