Indima Yeenkundla Ekuguquleni Imithetho: Ukuphazanyiswa Kwemithetho Nokutshintshwa Kwayo

Inkqubo yomthetho asiyondawo emileyo; sisakhiwo esiphilayo, esiphefumlayo esimele silungelelanise nokutshintsha kwemilinganiselo yesografi, inkqubela yobugcisa, nokuqonda okutsha kokusesikweni. Iinkundla, njengesebe lesithathu likarhulumente, zisemgangathweni kule ndaleko. Kude nokusebenzisa nje imithetho ekhoyo ngobuchule, iinkundla zichaza imithetho, ukucombulula iingxabano, kwaye, ngokucacileyo, kwaye "_ukuvelisa indlela elungeleleneyo yokulungisa, yokungalungisi, okanye yokungalungisi mithetho ekhoyo, kunokucetyiswa ize itshintshwe ekugqibeleni. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabemi ababotshelelweyo, ukuqonda indlela le nkqubo esebenzayo ekuqondeni ulwalamano phakathi komthetho noluntu. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa inkqubo, imizekelo yendalo, kwaye lithanda ukuphikisa okuchaza indima ye-judiary esemthethweni.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yejaji Kutshintsho Olusemthethweni

Kulawulo-mGaqo-siseko, akukho sebe likarhulumente elinegunya elipheleleyo. Amasebe ejaji asebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente ziyavumelana nomgaqo-siseko kunye nemigaqo esisiseko yokusesikweni. La mandla asemthethweni anegunya lokuvakalisa umthetho ongagunyaziyo umelo------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------bekulawula alawulayokulawulayokukhupha [i------------------------

Iinkundla azithi "ewe" okanye "no" kumthetho; zinika utoliko olucatshuliweyo oludla ngokubeka imizekelo elandelelanayo kumatyala exesha elizayo. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa njenge stares decis, yenza uzinzo nokuzimela nokuzimela ngexesha lokwenzeka kwalo, lo gama ivumela utshintsho oluthe lwabakho ngokuthe ngcembe njengoko amatyala amatsha enikela izibakala ezahlukeneyo okanye ukuvavanya izigqibo ezindala. Indima ye-judicariary kutshintsho lungaphungulwa kwimisebenzi emininzi engundoqo:

  • [[NTL: 0] Ukukhusela amalungelo ngamanye kunye nenkululeko: Iinkundla zingumgca wokugqibela wokukhusela abantu abamalungelo abo aphulwe ngurhulumente okanye ngabadlali babucala. Ngokumangalela, abamangali bangafuna ukupheliswa, kwaye, kule nkqubo, banyanzelise iinkundla ukuba zihlolisise kwakhona umgangatho wokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.
  • Ukuveza umatshini wokunika idilesi: Inkqubo yomthetho inika inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo, enoxolo ekucombululeni ingxabano. Esi siqhagamshelanisi sithintela ukungquzulwano ekunyukeni kogonyamelo okanye kokusesikweni okubukhali kwaye sivumela ukwenziwa kobuchule beengxoxo zomthetho.
  • Ukujika-jika Imithetho Engalungiyo: Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho imisela umthetho ochasa amalungelo akhuselwe ngokusemthethweni, iinkundla zinamandla okuyibetha. Lo msebenzi ubonakala kakhulu xa umthetho ungqubana noBhili yamaLungelo okanye amanye amalungiselelo asisiseko omgaqo-siseko.
  • Imithetho etshintsha-tshintshayo: Ngokufuthi, intsingiselo yomthetho ayicacanga. Iinkundla zicacisa injongo yomthetho kwaye zizalise izithuba, ngokuphumelelayo ukubumba indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo. Lo msebenzi wokutolika ungatshintsha ngokubhekiselele kwisiphumo somthetho sehlabathi.

Inkundla ephantsi kwengcinezelo yezopolitiko okanye ikhethe lobuqu ayinako ukuyifeza indima yayo njengomphathi-nxaxheba nonogada womgaqo-siseko. Ukuzimela ngokwamajaji kuyimfuneko ukuze kuhlaziywe ngokusemthethweni kwiinkundla.

Indlela Imithetho Ebethwa Ngayo: Iindlela Zokuya Enkundleni

Imithetho ayichatshazelwa. Kukho iindlela ezikhethekileyo ezisemthethweni ezisetyenziswa ngabantu, imibutho kwanoorhulumente ukuzisa umthetho phambi kwenkundla ukuze kuhlolwe. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kutyhila indlela elungele ukuhlaziywa nokuguqulwa kwemithetho.

Ukwenziwa Kwesingqiniso: Ingxowa Ephambili

Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokuvavanya umthetho kukumangalelwa. Umthetho uthi ungxwelerha ubangela isikhalazo kwinkundla yamatyala. Ukufumana ime, umchasi-mthetho makabonise ukuba bafumene intlungu ecacileyo exhotyiswe ngumthetho kwaye isigqibo senkundla esilungileyo siyakubuyisela umonakalo. Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla azikhuphi mbambano ezicacileyo zemibuzo engokwasemthethweni kodwa endaweni yokusombulula iimpikiswano ezikhoyo.

Ukutyhalela umlomo kusenokuthatha iindlela eziliqela:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ucelomngeni olukhoyo: IPlacttiff iphikisa ngelithi umthetho awulunganga kuzo zonke iinkqubo zayo. Ezi zezona zinzima ukuphumelela kuba umcebisi makabonise ukuba akukho seti yeemeko apho umthetho uzakusebenza khona.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Njengaxa kuxakekiswa: I-Placttiff iphikisa ngelithi umthetho awuhambelani nemithetho njengoko usetyenziswa kwimeko yabo ethile, nokuba ingaba ilungile kwezinye iimeko. Le nto iqheleke kakhulu kwaye iphumelela kakhulu.
  • I-Class Action Lawsuits: Xa umthetho utyholwa ukuba wonakalisa iqela elikhulu labantu ngendlela efanayo, omnye okanye ngaphezulu komelo olungummeli lungamangalela udidi lonke. Le nkqubo inciphisa impembelelo yetyala elinye kwaye isetyenziswa rhoqo kumalungelo asekuhlaleni, ukhuseleko lwabathengi, kunye nokuchasana kwemekobume.

Xa ityala lithe laqukunjelwa, inkundla iza kugqiba ukufaneleka komthetho ngemiqathango, ukufumanisa, kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ityala. Ukuba inkundla echongiweyo iwisa umthetho, urhulumente angabhena; ukuba inkundla evavanyayo ixhasa umthetho, umcebisi angabhenela. Le nkqubo isenokuthatha iminyaka emininzi kwaye ibandakanya imigangatho emininzi yohlalutyo lwezomthetho.

I-Amicus Curiae Imifutshane

curasiae (ngesiLatini se "iqabane lenkundla") mfutshane luxwebhu olusemthethweni olugcinwe ngumntu okanye umbutho olungengolungu kwityala kodwa olunomdla onamandla kwisiphumo. Ezi mfutshane zinika inkundla ulwazi olongezelelekileyo, uhlalutyo, okanye iimbono ezinokuthi angazichananga ngokupheleleyo. Imishwana yeAmicu iqheleke ngokukhethekileyo kwimigangatho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo.

Amaqela enzayo .afana ne-Dominic Liberties Union ye-American Livil Liberties, i-National for the Grived People Legal Defement, iCamber of Commerce, kunye nemibutho yenkululeko yonqulo (iifayile ze-amicus ezishwadayo ukuphembelela utshintsho olusemthethweni. Iplanga elilungiselelwe kakuhle lingabalaselisa iziphumo ezibanzi zetyala, ezikhoyo zogcino-lwazi lwezomthetho, okanye ukutsala izivumelwano kwezinye iindawo zomthetho. Ngoxa inkundla ingabotshelelwa zezi mpikiswano, isoloko ibumba indlela yenkundla yokucinga kwaye ingathiwe kwimbono yokugqibela.

Iimbono Zoluntu Nezentlalo

Iinkundla azikhuselwa ngokupheleleyo kwiimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke. Ngoxa abagwebi kufuneka bagqibe amatyala asekelwe kumthetho nakwiinyaniso, imeko-bume yentlalo neyopolitiko ingaphembelela indlela ecelw'ekileyo ngayo kwaye, ekugqibeleni, indlela eguqulwa ngayo. Imibutho engokwentlalo (ukusuka kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu ukuya kumbutho wokulingana komtshato) / kwaye isebenzisa umxube wokudityaniswa kwemitshato, imfundo kawonke-wonke, kunye nezinyuko zengca ukuzisa imicimbi phambi kweenkundla.

Amaphulo acwangcisiweyo adla ngokuqala ngokukhetha ngenyameko ii-partiff kunye namatyala okuvavanya. Abameli bakhangela abathathi-nxaxheba abanovelwano ababalisela amabali abonisa ingozi ebangelwa ngumthetho ongekho sikweni. Bakwakhetha amagunya alungileyo apho umthetho usenokuba usenokuba utshatyalaliswe khona. Kwangaxesha linye, ukuqhankqalaza, ukukhutshwa koluntu, intelekelelo yezemfundo, kunye namaphulo emfundo akhuthaza ukuphakanyiswa kwemigaqo, kuquka abagwebi. Brown v. Board of Education[[FLD:1], umzekelo, yayiyintshaye yamashumi eminyaka enkqubo yomthetho kawonke, idityalo lwe-NaACP, idityaniswe nabenzi benkqubo yemfundo, kuquka nabenzi beenkqubo ezithelelayo ezithelela abantu ngokubanziswano zoluntu, kuquka nabagwebo ezithelela abantu ngokubanziswa.

Inkqubo yoTshintsho loMgaqo-siseko ngeNkundla: Ukuwohloka Kwenyathelo Ngenyathelo

Utshintsho olusemthethweni olukwicandelo lejaji asisosiganeko esinye kodwa yinkqubo eneqonga elinokuthatha iminyaka emininzi okanye amashumi eminyaka. Ukuqonda iqonga ngalinye kunceda ukuphelisa indlela ucelomngeni kumthetho olusuka kwisikhalazo ukuya kumzekelo osisigxina oguqula indlela ezime ngayo izigidi zabantu.

Ukujija Igama

Le nkqubo iqala xa iqela eliququzelelweyo lifakela isikhalazo kwinkundla yamatyala. Isikhalazo kufuneka sichaze ngokucacileyo izibakala ezibangela impikiswano, umthetho ochaziweyo ocelw'ekwinjululwayo, kunye nesiseko esisemthethweni socelomngeni (umz., ukwaphulwa koMphetho wokuqala okanye ukhuseleko olulinganayo). Umchasi-mthetho kufuneka acele isicombululo esingqalileyo, esifana nesibhengezo sokuba umthetho awuvumelani nomthetho okanye uthintele ukunyanzeleka kwawo.

Inkqubela-phambili yangaphambili

Emva kokuba ityala libekwe, ityala lingena kwinqanaba lokufumana. omabini amaqela aqokelela ubungqina, athatha, atshintshiselane amaxwebhu, kwaye angahamba ngefayile (kuquka intshukumo yokurhoxa (ukuqinisekisa ukuba izibakala ziyinyaniso, akukho ngqiqweni esemthethweni) okanye intshukumo yokufumana ugwebo olufutshane (ukuvuma ukuba akukho nyaniso impikiswano kwaye ityala linokugqitywa njengombandela womthetho). Ucelomngeni oluninzi olusemthethweni luyasombululwa kweliqonga ngaphandle kokuvavanywa, ingakumbi xa iziphene zesiseko somthetho zicacile ebusweni balo.

Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala liqhubeka lichotshelwa, umgwebi kufuneka anikele ubungqina bokungqina izityholo zabo. Kwezinye iimeko, ijaji iyodwa iyabuva ubungqina; kwezinye, ijaji igqiba ngemibuzo eyinyaniso. Xa ubungqina bukho, ijaji isebenzisa umthetho ofanelekileyo ize inikezele umthetho. Ukuba ijaji ifumanise umthetho ungekho mthethweni, urhulumente usenokungavunyelwa ukuba awunyanzeli.

Izibheno

Iqela eliphulukana phantse ngamaxesha onke linelungelo lokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Kwinkqubo karhulumente, oku kuthetha ukuba kutsaleleke ukusuka kwinkundla yesithili ukuya kwinkundla yesiphaluka yezibheno, kwaye kunokwenzeka kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Kumgangatho wenkqubo enika izibheno, kugxininiswa kwiimpazamo ezisemthethweni ezenziwe ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala, hayi ekuzihloleni kwakhona izibakala. Iinkundla zibhenela kwizigqibo ezingo zenkundla esemthethweni de novo (entsha) kodwa zibambe inyathelo elichanile ngaphandle kokuba zikho.

Inkqubo yezibheno ingathatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka. Izibheno ezininzi zingafakwa ``urhulumente''. Ungafaka isibheno sokubetha umthetho, kwaye umcebisi angabhena umthetho owuxhasayo. Inkundla yezicelo ingaqinisekisa inkundla esezantsi, iguqule, okanye iphinde iphinde imisele ityala lazo ezibhekele phambili. Isigqibo sokuba umthetho awuvumelani nomgangatho we-appellette sisebenza jikelele kulowo mjikelezo, ibangela ingxabano nezinye iziphaluka ukuba zimisele ngokwahlukileyo.

Impinda yeNkundla ePhakamileyo

Inyathelo lokugqibela kwinkqubo karhulumente lisicelo setyala leCertiorari kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States. Inkundla ayinyanzelekanga ukuba iphulaphule isibheno ngasinye; yamkela malunga ne-1% yezibongozo. Amatyala anikela imibuzo ebalulekileyo engokomgaqo-siseko, okanye eso sisombululo senkundla yesiphaluka, anokunikwa uhlolo.

Ukuba iNkundla inika iCertiorari, amaqela anikela ingxubusho epheleleyo, kwaye iimpikiswano zomlomo zibanjelwe. Izigwebo zangabom zize zinikezele uluvo olubhaliweyo. Isigqibo seNkundla siba ngumthetho welizwe, esibopha zonke iinkundla ezincinci. Isigqibo sokuba umthetho wesizwe awuvumelani nomthetho owiso mthetho uphelelwa ligunya elo lizwe lonke. Ukutolika umthetho wesizwe ngokunempumelelo "ukubhala" umthetho wezicelo zexesha elizayo, ngaphandle kokuba kamva iBhunga liwulungisele umthetho wokuphelisa ukutolika.

Ukuphumeza Izenzo Nemiphumo

Nasemva kwesigqibo senkundla, utshintsho olungokwasemthethweni alukhawulezi. Isebe eliphetheyo kufuneka livumelane nesigqibo, kwaye iinkundla ezisezantsi kufuneka zisebenzise umzekelo omtsha. Kwezinye iimeko, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zingagqithisa imithetho emitsha ukuphendula izithuba ezisemthethweni ezenziwe yinkundla. Umzekelo, emva kokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibethelele imimiselo engundoqo yamaLungelo eVoting County in Shelby County v. Hander (203), iKhomishini yeNgqungquthela yasithela yahluleka ukudlulisa imigaqo emitsha, ishiya umngxuma omkhulu ekunyamelweni kwamalungelo emalini kwenkundla. Eli qonga libalaselisa ukusetyenziswa komthetho nezenzo zokuvota.

Iimpawu Zasezweni Ezaguqula Imithetho

Imbali izele ngamatyala apho iinkundla, ingakumbi iNkundla Ephakamileyo, zaguqula indlela esemthethweni neyoluntu.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Mhlawumbi owona mzekelo udumileyo wotshintsho olusemthethweni kwiinkundla, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yaphelisa ukukhetheka kohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, ibhukuqa "ukudibanisa kodwa ilingana" imfundiso esungulwe ePnelly v. Ferguson (1896). Isigqibo esidibeneyo, esibhalwe nguNkulumbuso uEarl Warren, sathi i-evavavavaval ukdededenti, sathintela ngokugqibeleyo i-Clausleeste of the I 14,59th Amendment. Ityala yaba ngumphumo wokulungele ukuququzelo we-nayilo olulungelelanisiweyo yi-NACPNCIP, ekhokelwa nguThregrangelwa yiThreg. [2]

Roe v. Wade (1973)

[[Nkundla: 0] Isigqibo seNkundla sayenza yaphelelwa lixabiso imithetho emininzi yezombuso eyathintela ukuqhomfa, ibangela ukuba kungabikho mpikiswano yezopolitiko neyomthetho. Ityala lihlala lingumgaqo-siseko wendlela yokukhetha ukuqhomfa, omiselwe kwilungelo lobuqu eliboniswa yi-Century Procesme Claus eMgrandment. Isigqibo seNkundla senza ukuba imithetho emininzi yelizwe ithinte ukuqhomfa, ibangela impikiswano ehlala ihleli yezopolitiki kunye neyomthetho. Ityala lihlala lingumgaqo wengxubusho emalunga nezenzo zomthetho, umzekelo, nendima yenzululwazi nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ekutolikeni komGatho-siseko. Nangona kamva iNkuquluko ePhakamileyo yaguqula umgangatho kwiKlay Breavedbse v.[3] IKLD [12]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

[[NTL:0] Isigqibo esi-5-4 se-Obergefell v. Hodges, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi izibini ezingokwasemgangathweni zinelungelo elisisiseko lokutshata phantsi kweNkqubo ePhakamileyo ne-Uthelelel Programme ye-145th Commerce. Isigqibo esi-5-4 sasifuna ukuba onke amazwe aqaphele imitshato efanayo eqhutywa kwamanye amazwe kwaye enze imitshato enjalo ngokwawo ngokwawo. Umthetho wawuyincophotho yenguquko ekhawulezileyo kuluvo lukawonke wonke nokhuphiso lweziso olucwangcisiweyo lwe-LGBTQ+ imibutho yamalungelo, kuquka imeko ye-United States v. Windstor (2011), eyayibangele ukhuselo lwesizwe loMgaqongqo womtshato. [FLD:] malunga ne-OLD [2]

UGideon . Wainwright (1963)

Gideon v. Wainwright wamisela ilungelo lokunika abamangalelwa abagwebi abangomanyuswayo ngokwetyala likarhulumente phantsi koMphetho-mvakalisi weSithandathu. UClarence Earl Gideon, indoda elihlwempu etyholwe ngokuqhekeza igumbi lenqanawa, emva kweFlorida yala ukunikezela ngegqwetha. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yabamba ngamxhelonye ukuba kumele kunikwe amagqwetha abamangaleli abangenakukwazi ukuwahlawula. Esi sigqibo sakhokelela ekudalweni kwenkqubo yendlela kawonke ngaphaya kwelizwe kwaye ngokusisiseko saguqula inkqubo yobulungisa. [[FLT.2] Yafunda ngakumbi ngoGidiyon. v. Winwright on Oyez.[FFF]

Iingxaki ZeNkundla Nempembelelo Yazo Kutshintsho

Ngelixesha iinkundla zinamandla okuguqula umthetho, zijongene nemiqobo ephawulekayo enokuzithintela. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile kwimbono yokwenene ngendima yejaji.

Inkululeko Yejaji Iphantsi Kwesoyikiso

Ijaji ezimeleyo ibalulekile ekwenzeni izigqibo ezingakhethi buso, kodwa iya isoyikwa ngakumbi. Ukuhlasela kwabagwebi, ukuzama ukumisa iinkundla, kunye neenkqubo zokumisa eziba ziindawo zokulwa ezilwayo zonke zijongene nedemo-mfene. Xa iinkundla zigqalwa njengabadlali bezopolitiko kunokuba zibe ngabaxhasi bezobundilele, amandla azo okubangela ukungathandwa kodwa utshintsho oluyimfuneko olungokwasemthethweni ayancipha. Kwamanye amazwe, ukuzimela ngokwezomthetho kuyahlaselwa ngokuthe ngqo ngokususwa kwabagwebi okanye ngokungavumi ukuthobela imiyalelo yenkundla.

Ukufikelela Kwimiqobo Yokusesikweni

Ukuqhatha kubiza imali eninzi. Ngokukhohlisayo amagqwetha, ukuhlawula iindleko zemali, ukuvelisa intelekelelo, nokunyusa isibheno kungabiza amashumi amawaka okanye amawaka eerandi. Abantu abaninzi abajamelene nokuphulwa kwamalungelo banokungakwazi ukubeka ityala. Nangona amaqumrhu angenamdla womthetho, imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, neenkqubo ze-probono zinceda ukugcwalisa lo mngcelele, abanako ukuhlangabezana nayo yonke into efunwayo. Umphumo ngukuba imithetho emininzi engekho sikweni ingabi nako ukubhaliswa kangangeminyaka ngenxa yokuba akukho mntu unokufumana inkxaso yemali. Le yimbambano ebalulekileyo ekuguquleni imigaqo engokwasemthethweni.

Umgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke-wonke Nokuthemba

Ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke kwimigwebo yomthetho kuye kwancipha kumazwe amaninzi, kuquka neUnited States. Xa inxalenye ephawulekayo yabemi ijonga iinkundla njengeneenkundla ezijongene nocalucalulo, ezingekho mthethweni, okanye ezingekho mthethweni, amandla eenkqubo zokulawula ancipha. Abantu basenokungayinaki okanye bayichase imiyalelo yenkundla, njengokuba kubonwa kwezinye iimeko ukukhutshwa kwesikolo okanye ukukhutshwa komgangatho wemali emtshatweni. Ukwakha nokulondolozwa kwentembelo yoluntu kufuna iinkqubo ezicacileyo, ihambo engokokuziphatha okuhle, kunye nonxibelelwano olucacileyo ngendima yejaji.

Ukukhawulelana Nokuthetha Ngemibandela Ethile

Iinkundla maxa wambi ziyathandabuza ukusingatha imicimbi enzima yezopolitiko okanye yentlalo, zicaphula iimfundiso ezifana ne nombuzo wezopolitiko okanye imile[ ukuphepha ukulawula ngemisebenzi. Oku kuthintela kugwebo kusenokuba luhlobo lobungcali bobuqu, kodwa kwakhona kungashiya imibuzo ebalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni ingaphendulwanga. Ngokungakumbi, iinkundla zibotshelelwe kwityala phambi kwazo; azikwazi ukufuna ukungabikho kobulungisa ngokusesikweni ukuze zilungise. Oku kuthetha ukuba iingxaki ezininzi zenkqubo zingakwazi ukufikelela kwinkundla.

Ikamva Lotshintsho Olungokwasemthethweni Ngeenkundla

Njengokuba ibutho liqhubeka liguquka, imida emitsha yotshintsho olusemthethweni iyavela, kwaye iinkundla ziza kucelwa ukuba zilungelelanise. Izimo eziliqela zisenokubumba ikamva lenguqulelo elungiselelwe yikomiti.

Ubuxhakaxhaka namalungelo amanani

Iinkundla zixabana neengxelo zomthetho ezintsha ezivela kubugcisa bamanani: ukhuseleko lwexesha lokuhlola, umlinganiselo wokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwimigangatho yezentlalo-ntle, ukusetyenziswa kobuchule obungeyoyabo ekugwetyweni kolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nempahla yolwazi kwimekobume yamanani. Ityala elifana I-Carpenter v. United States[FLT] [2018], efuna isiqinisekiso se-stative ye-data yendawo yeselfowuni, ibonisa indlela iinkundla eziqala ngayo ukuchaza kwakhona ukhuseleko lwezikomkhululo lwezingcingo zamanani. Kulindele ukuba ii-iprojective systems, i-fietingkes, kunye ne-algnometic coltivement provices provices providectivesting systnation syntial.

Intshukumo yoNtlalo kunye noMdlalo

Imibutho yentlalo iza kuqhubeka iqhuba imposiso. Umbutho weBlack Lives Matter uye wabangela ucelomngeni kuqheliselo lwamapolisa nakukhuseleko olufanelekileyo. Inkqubela-phambili yemozulu iye yabangela ukuba kumangalelwe oorhulumente neenkampani ngenxa yokusilela ukuthatha inyathelo engonakalisa imeko-bume. Le ntshukumo idla ngokudibanisa ukuqhankqalaza kwezitrato, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zejelo zixhobo, kunye nokumangalelwa kweenkundla ezilawulayo ngokufanayo. Impumelelo yemigudu enjalo ixhomekeke ekuvumeni kweenkundla ukuma koorhulumente nokuthobela iimfundiso ezintsha ezingokwasemthethweni.

Umthetho Wehlabathi Lonke Nokudityaniswa Kwehlabathi

Iinkundla zicelwa ngokwandayo ukuba ziqwalasele imithetho yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nemithetho yenkundla yamazwe angaphandle. Iingxelo, umthetho wesithethe, kunye nezigqibo zeenkundla zezizwe ngezizwe zingaphembelela ukutolikwa komthetho wasekhaya, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana namalungelo abantu kunye norhwebo. Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi elinye kukwathetha ukuba utshintsho olusemthethweni kwelinye ilizwe lunokuba neziphumo ezimaza, njengokuba abaxhasi nabaxhasi beneenkqubo eziphumelelayo ngaphaya kwemida. INkundla ePhakamileyo yahlulwa ngokweqondo umthetho wamanye amazwe omele wazise ngayo inkcaciso engokomGaqo-siseko, kodwa intsingiselo yokuchaphaza komnqamlezo-juriontion icacile.

UKhetho loMgwebo noLawulo

Ukuqanjwa kweenkundla, ingakumbi iNkundla Ephakamileyo, kuza kumisela ulwalathiso lohlaziyo olusemthethweni kangangamashumi eminyaka. Oomongameli kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ngokuqhubekayo basebenzisa izindululo zokwahlulela ukuphuhlisa iingcamango. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa iye yaba yeyokuphikisana kakhulu, kwaye ukumiswa okude kweejaji zikarhulumente kuthetha ukuba ukumiswa komthetho omnye kungawumisela isizukulwana esithile. Indlela uluntu olukugqala ngayo ukugunyaziswa kwezi zicatshulwa kunye nokuqululo lwenkundla okuphumele iziphumo ziya kuchaphazela igunya leenkundla lokuqhuba utshintsho.

Isiphelo

Iinkundla zingamaziko abalulekileyo okuvavanya nokutshintsha imithetho. Ngokuguqula imithetho. Ngelixa, i-amicu, kunye noxinzelelo loluvo lukawonke-wonke, abantu kunye namaqela bangazisa imimiselo engekho sikweni phambi kwejaji kwaye bafune uncedo. Inkqubo ````kufakelela isikhalazo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo elawulayo, enzima, ecothayo, kodwa ivelise utshintsho oluninzi olusemthethweni embalini. [FLT: 0] Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo, [FLT:], ee. v[FLT]

Kanti inkundla yejaji ayiyondlela egqibeleleyo yokusesikweni. Imiqobo enjengezisongelo zokuzimela ngokwaselugwebeni, imiqobo yokufikelela, kunye nokuncipha kokuthembana kukawonke-wonke ingaphazamisa utshintsho. Ikamva lenguqu engokwasemthethweni ngenkundla liya kuxhomekeka kwindlela ezi ntlawulo eziya kulungiswa ngayo kakuhle nendlela ezi nteko eziziqhelanisa ngayo nobugcisa obutsha, imibutho yentlalo, kunye neempembelelo zomhlaba wonke. Kubafundisi-mfundo abafundisa amaqumrhu, umthetho, okanye urhulumente, kunye nabafundi abafunda ngomthetho, ukuqonda oku kusetyenziswa kwemithetho phakathi kweenkundla nezindlu zowiso-mthetho kuyimfuneko. Kusikhumbuza ukuba umthetho awuyiyo inkqubo emiselweyo kodwa ifuna ukuqwalalisa, ukuphatha, ukuphatha umthetho, kunye nezihlandlo ze-(at) kunye nezoweeweeweewezomthetho ukuhlala.