Ukwazisa

Imithetho ye-Indiya elwa nobunqolobi imela enye yezona ndawo zilwayo kwisakhiwo esisemthethweni selizwe. Izimisele ukulwa nezisongelo ezintsonkothileyo zangaphakathi nezeencam ezinqamlezileyo, le mithetho inika amandla apheleleyo okubanjwa, ukuvalelwa, kunye nokujongwa. Ngoxa urhulumente esoloko ewakhusela njengeyimfuneko kukhuseleko lwesizwe, abagxeki baphikisayo baphikisa ukuba bawajongela phantsi ngokucwangcisiweyo amalungelo asisiseko afana nenkqubo efanelekileyo, ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, kunye nemfihlelo. Emashumini eminyaka, le ngxoxo iye yaqina kuphela njengoko imithetho iye yalungiswa yasetyenziswa kwaye ayisetyenziswa ngokuchasene nabagrobi kodwa kwaphela nabaxhasi, iintatheli, nabagxeki bezobupolitika. Eli nqaku lihlola indale yendale yendale yomthetho echasene nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, iziphumo zayo kwinkululeko yoluntu, kunye nokulwa nolungelelanisa inkululeko phakathi kwe-demodemokhtiki.

Imbali Yomthetho Olwa Neenkqubo Zobuphekula EIndiya

Amava obugrogrisi aseIndiya aqala emva kwemikhosi yeengxamiseko ePunjab, eKashmir, naseMntla-mpuma ngeminyaka yee- 1980 kunye nee-1990. Urhulumente waphendula ngemithetho ekhethekileyo yexeshana, eyathi kamva yaba yimimiselo yomthetho osisigxina.

Umthetho (TEDA), 1987

ITADA yamiselwa ngowe-1995 njengomlinganiselo wokwexeshana wokuqhubana nokunyuka kwe-miliance ePunjab kunye neminye imimandla. Yavumela ukuvalelwa ixesha elide ngaphandle kwebheyile, ubungqina obungaziwayo, kunye nemilinganiselo encitshisiweyo yobungqina. Ngexesha eyaye yaphelelwa ngalo ngo-1995, i-TADA yayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi, ngokufuthi nxamnye nezaphuli-mthetho eziqhelekileyo kunye nabachasi bezobupolitika. Ingxelo yowe-19959 yeNational Human Rights Commission yaphawula ukuba amatyala e-TADA aphela ngokugwetywa, ebonisa ukusetyenziswa kakubi komthetho. Ukutshona komthetho kwabonisa iingozi zamandla olawulo oluphezulu.

Ukuthintelwa koMthetho wobunqolobi (POTA), 2002

Emva kokuba i-TADA iphelelwe, umsantsa wezixhobo zomthetho wavakala emva kohlaselo lwama-2001 lwePalamente. Urhulumente wamisela iPOTA ngo-2002, wamisela i-TADA kodwa wafumana inkxaso encinane. I-POTA yagunyazisa amagunya ukuba achaze imibutho njengeegrogrisi, ikrokrele ngeentsuku ezingama-90 ngaphandle kwentlawulo, kwaye ibeka umthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuba imangalelwa. Izityholo ezigqugqisiweyo zokusetyenziswa kakubi kweqela elincinane nakwiingxwabangxwa zezobupolitika zakhokelela ekubeni i-palthi ye-palthi ye-palthi ye-yo ngo-2004. Kodwa ke, amalungiselelo angundoqo ePOTA athe afakwa ngokukhawuleza kwiMithetho (Pretiontion) Act (UA) Act) kuMthetho ongenamthetho (A) owenzileyo) kusasa.

Imisebenzi Engekho Mthethweni (Isenzo) Act (UAPA), 1967 – I-Current Backbone

Umthetho wokuqala wokuvala imibutho ekhuthaza ukuvalwa kwe-secession, i-UAPA yanwetshwa ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela unyaka wama-2004, 2008, 2012, kunye no-2019 wokubuyiselwa kwemali. Utshintsho lwanika urhulumente ulawulo lokuchaza abantu ngabanye njengabagrogrisi, hayi imibutho nje. Ngoku iquka amalungiselelo okufumana ibheyile, ukuvalelwa kwangaphambi kwemali de kube yientsuku ezili-180, kwaye ukuvumela ukuxelwa kwezo zikhutshelwa amagosa amapolisa ukuba asetyenziswe njengobungqina. UADA ucwangciso lwemibutho evaliweyo luye lwakhula ukusuka kwiqela elimbalwa ukuya kumaqela angama-40 adwelisiwe. Sisixhobo esiphambili sokuhlola ubugrogrisi namhlanje, kunye neNational Revestigation Agency (NIA) njengengalo lawo lokuphatha.

Ukuqhelisela Imisebenzi Engekho Mthethweni (Ukuziqhelisela)

UAPA wahlukile kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho oqhelekileyo kuba utshintsha umlinganiselo wendlela elungeleleneyo kakhulu kwiphondo. Ukuqonda amalungiselelo angundoqo kubalulekile ukuvavanya impembelelo yawo kwinkululeko yasekuhlaleni.

Iimeko Ezimxinwa

Icandelo 43D (5) le-UAPA lithi ibheyile ayizukunikwa ukuba inkundla, kwingxelo yedayari yetyala okanye kwingxelo yesebe lokuhlola, yanelisekile kuba kukho izizathu ezifanelekileyo zokukholelwa ukuba isityholo esibekwa umntu siyinyaniso. Oku kuguqula ukubekwa kwetyala eliqhelekileyo lokungabi natyala; abamangalelwa mababonise ukuba abanatyala lokukhusela ibheyile. Ekuqheliseni oku kunokukhokelela ekubeni ityala elilula likhokelele ekuvalweni ixesha elide. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwityala elinjengo i-Unionts. K.A. Naeb[FFLF:1] [20]

Ityala Elide Ngaphandle Kokulitya

Phantsi kweCandelo 43D(2), umntu obanjiwe phantsi kweUAPA angavalelwa iintsuku ezingama-30 ngaphambi kokuba aveliswe phambi komantyi, kwaye ixesha elipheleleyo lokuvalelwa ngaphambi kokuba kukhutshwe ityala linganyuselwa kwi 90 ukuya kwi-180 yeentsuku. Oku kungaphezulu kakhulu kunomlinganiselo weeyure ezingama-24 phantsi kweKhodegi yonxibelelwano lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ingqino yokuhlola ifuna kuphela ukuba ifune ixesha elininzi ukuqokelela ubungqina. Imibutho yamalungelo abantu inikela ingxelo yokuba ababanjwa abaninzi bahlala bevalelwe ekhuselweni iinyanga phambi kokuba ibekwe, ngokufuthi babanjwe bodwa phantsi komgaqo wokuthintela unxibelelwano kunye ne-accuse.

Ukuyila Abantu Njengamahlologu

I-2019 yongezelelwe kwicandelo 35A, ivumela urhulumente osembindini ukuba achaze abantu njengabagrogrisi ngesaziso kwi-Offaial Gazette. Eli gama lisekelwe kwinkcazelo yobulumko kwaye liphantsi kohlolo oluncinane logwebo. Xa sele lumisiwe, izinto zomntu zinokuqaliswa, kwaye zijongene nemiqathango enzima kunye nemiqathango yonxibelelwano. Abahlalutyi baphikisa le nkqubo ukuba ayinakuba cace; urhulumente ungenza ngokusuka kubukrelekrele obufihlakeleyo ngaphandle kokunika umntu ithuba lokuviwa. Ngokwama-2024, abantu abangaphezu kwama-50 baye badweliswa, kuquka nabaninzi ababengabanjwangabanjwangabo.

Ukusetyenziswa KweeMvumelo Neentetho Ezidityanisiweyo

UAPA uvumela iingxelo ezibhalwe ligosa lamapolisa elikwisikhundla esiphezulu samaPolisa okanye ngaphezulu ukuba zivunywe njengobungqina, nokuba azizange zenziwe ngokuzithandela. Eli lungiselelo liye lagxekwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba ukugcinwa kwamapolisa eIndiya kusoloko kubandakanya ukunyanzeliswa, njengoko kuchazwe ziingxelo ezininzi ezivela kwi-Amnesty International kunye neCommonwealth Human Rights Intection. Lo mthwalo utshintsha ngoko ubhekisa kubamangalelwa ukungqina ukuba ukuvuma akucetywanga, umsebenzi ofanelekileyo ophantse wafuneka xa usentolongweni.

Impembelelo Ekukhululweni Kwabemi

Ukuphunyezwa kweUAPA nemithetho enxulumene nayo kuye kwabangela inkxalabo enzulu kwiindidi eziliqela zenkululeko karhulumente.

Ukukwazi Ukuvavanywa Ngokufanelekileyo Nokufumana Ithuba Lokujamelana Netyala

Ukuguqulwa kwebheyile kunciphisa ukubekwa kwemiqathango yokungabi natyala. Iimeko ezininzi eziphezulu zibonisa oku. kwiBhima Koregaon-Elgar Parishad ityala [, abaxhasi nezikolo zabanjwa ngo-2018 ku-UApas kunxulumano lwamaqela amaMaopist. Kungoko ekuqaleni konyaka wama-2025, abaliqela baye bachitha iminyaka emithandathu bevalelwe ngaphandle kwesombululo sokugqibela. Iinkundla ziye zasoloko zikhaba ibhele naxa ubungqina betyala bubonakala bubuthathaka. Imigaqo yeNkukhosi ePhakamileyo . A.[FLT] A.[FLT] A.[FFFLT] A.[FT]

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nezaphuli - mthetho

Ingcaciso ebanzi ye- “umsebenzi ongagunyaziswanga” phantsi kweCandelo 15 le-UAPA iquka nasiphi na isenzo esiceba okanye esixhasayo, ukuthandabuza ulawulo lwe-Indiya, okanye ukukhuthaza ubutshaba phakathi kwamaqela. Olu lwimi luye lwasetyenziselwa ukujolisa iintatheli, abafundi, kunye nabaxhasi bamalungelo abantu. Imizekelo engacacanga iquka ukubanjwa koonobangela be-Raybub[[FLT] [iiibhethrifisme], [[FLT:]] i-ishthistuastssss Conventianta Calla Calle na Narnal [Fluer:] kuthelelwa ulawulo olugqithisileyo lwe-Unices, i-UTPlancestingsssssss arceptions arception, i-Activepointercip, i-Actives. ngoku i-Actives.

Imfihlo kunye noMdla

UAPA ivumela ukuqwalasela okungeyonkqubo efana nokunqanda unxibelelwano (i-SAC 47A) nokukhangela ngaphandle kwemvume. Urhulumente uluvo lwesizwe lwe-Grid (NTGRAD) kunye neNteko ePhakamileyo yoHlomelo lweMbali (CMS) iqokelela kwaye ihlole imetameterting metam ukusuka kwinkonzo zonxibelelwano kunye ne-Internet. [FLT3] ukungabikho komthetho wogcino-lwazi olubanzi de kube ngumthetho wokhuseleko lwe-Dicial Data yobuqu, 2023, isakhiwo esisemthethweni sokuhlola ihlala imfiliba. Inkundla ephakamileyo kwi [[FLT:] KGenet.S. i-vs v. i-Union.[FLT] ivakalise i-evity .[FFFF]

Impembelelo Kunqulo Oluncinane

Imibutho yamalungelo kudala ibhale ukusetyenziswa okungatshintshiyo kwemithetho elwa nama-inshorensi. Uhlolisiso lwama-2020 oluthatyathwe yi- Commonwealth Rights Human Rights Initive[ lufumanise ukuba ngaphezu kwama-60% e-UAPA Prapeestees angamaSilamsm, nangona amaSilamsi enza kuphela i-14% yabemi base-Indiya abalwa nama-inshorela. Imizekelo ephawulwe ngexesha le-TDA ne-POTA ibonakala iphindaphindwa. Izenzo ezingaphantsi komthetho zidla ngokulandela ugonyamelo okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo, kodwa zidla ngokuchatshazelwa phantsi komda we-UAAAtary.

Ukukhulula Kwabemi: Imbono Karhulumente

Urhulumente waseIndiya uphikisa ngelithi imithetho eyomeleleyo echasene nezono ibalulekile kumhlaba wesisongelo. IIndiya ijongene neziganeko zobugqwirha ezinxulumene noloyiko phakathi ko-2010 no-2023, ngokutsho koBungameli beMicimbi yaseMumbai. Ezi ziquka uhlaselo lwangowangowango ka 2008, u2016 Patankantot, kunye neziganeko ezininzi ezincinci kwi Jammu ne Kashmir, kunye nogonyamelo lwamaMaoist ukunqumla embindini weIndiya. Urhulumente umish umiss enika izihlunu ezisemthethweni ukuphazamisa iziqwenga zobugrogrisi phambi kokuba zidibaniswe, ingakumbi ezo zidityaniswe kumaqela asekelwe kwi-Pakistan-Airkar-e-Taibahmad.

Amagosa akwalatha kwijaji ezimeleyo njengendlela yokukhusela. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ingabetha iziqinisekiso ezingekho mthethweni ize inike ibheyile kwiimeko ezingekho mthethweni. Aphawula ukuba inani leenkolelo eziphantsi kwe-UAPA lincinane ngokuthelekisa nokubanjwa, kodwa lithi oku kubangelwa kukungaqiniseki kokwenza iyelenqe kwiimeko zobugrogrisi kunokuba isetyenziswe kakubi. Ukuma kukarhulumente kukokuba nakuphi na ukuthotywa kwenkululeko kusisisongelo sokwexeshana nokulungelelana.

Noko ke, le mpikiswano iphikiswa ziingcali zomthetho eziphawula ukuba amazwe amaninzi anabanqolobi abancinane (umz., Canada, Ostreliya) aqhuba ngemithetho enika ukhuseleko olomeleleyo. Ugcino-lwazi lukarhulumente olusuka kwiNational Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) lubonisa ukuba inani lamatyala e-UAPA abhaliswe linyuke ukusuka kuma-900,000 ngonyaka ka-2016 ukuya kutsho kuma-3 000 kwi-20222, lo gama intengiso lushiyekile malunga ne-2-5% ngelo xesha.

Ulawulo Neenguqu Zakutshanje

Iinkundla zama-Indiya ziye zangenelela ngamaxesha athile ukumisela ezinye zezicelo ezigqithisileyo ezichasene nemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa isakhiwo sihlala singenasiphelo. Union of India vs. K.A. Najeeb, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela ekubeni ukubanjwa okungapheliyo ngaphandle kokuvavanywa kusenokuba lilizwe lebheyile kwangaphantsi kwe-UAA, imisela ibhethracle yebhethracmark yokuvavanya. .[FLT]Vnon Gonsals v. State of Mahtratra[FLT:] 2023], iBombay ephezulu inikwe ibheyile ye-Elgargless ebekwe ngokungaqini kwetyala elingaqondakaliyo. Ityala elingoyena uGawulayo.

Ngo-2022, urhulumente wazisa iMicimbi engekho mthethweni (Prevention Amendment Bill, 2022 ukuqinisa amalungiselelo, kodwa ukugxeka okusasazekileyo kwanyanzelisa ukurhoxa kwayo. Endaweni yoko, urhulumente waseka ikomiti emileyo yokuhlola UA, eyancomelayo ngo-2024 ukuba umthetho ugcinwe kodwa ugcinwe ngezixhobo ezingcono, njengokuhlola komthetho okusikelweyo nemiqathango ekwimiqathango yangaphambi kokuvalelwa. Ezi zincomelo azikaphunyezwa.

[[UMTL: 0] Uqhagamshelwano 1: PRS Indiya- UAPA uhlalutyo [Umzekelo we-ankile: ibhekisa ku- PRS Legisdate Research

Ikhonkcotha 2: Isigwebo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi K.A. Najeeb (Umzekelo odadayo: Inkundla yeIndiya [])

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Indlela Imithetho YaseIndiya Engasasebenzi Ngayo

Ehlabathini lonke, amazwe amaninzi edemokhrasi aye amisela imithetho echasene nezenzo zobuphengululi elungelelanisa ukhuseleko nenkululeko yabemi. Ngokomzekelo, uMthetho wePatriot eUnited States, waveliswa ukujonga okuphezulu kodwa uquka iirejista zokutshona kwelanga kunye nolawulo lwemithetho yokulawula imigaqo-siseko. UMthetho wobuGrogrisi we-UK ka-20000 ufuna imiyalelo yokugweba ixesha elide iintsuku ezingaphaya kwe-14 (ususwe emva kweentsuku ezingama-28 emva kokugxekwa). I-UA yaseIndiya i-A ayinazondla zokutshona kwelanga kunye nolawulo lwepalamente ibuthathaka, kunye nengxelo ye-NIA kuphela kuBulungiseleli baseKhaya.

E-Australia, imithetho elwa nezobuphengululi ivumela imiyalelo yolawulo kodwa ummangalelwa unelungelo kwigqwetha kunye nohlolo lwexesha. I-UAPA yaseIndiya ayinikezeli ilungelo lokucebisa ngexesha lophendlo lokuqala, kwaye ummangalelwa usoloko ebekwe elukhubeni. Ingxelo ye-2023 ye- i-International Commission of Julism ye-Indiya echasene nesiseko somthetho wobugrogrisi iphumeza iimbopheleleko eziliqela zamalungelo abantu ehlabathi, kuquka i-International Convention on Civility and Political Rights (ICPR) kumalungelo okunganyaniswayo nakumatyala asesikweni.

[[Uqhagamshelwano: 0] Unxulumano 3: IKomishini yezizwe ngezizwe yeJurist inikela ingxelo ngeIndiya (Umzekelo odadayo: ICJ])

[[UMTL: 0] Unxulumano 4: Amnesty International Indiya 2023 ingxelo nge UAPA (Umzekelo odadayo: Amnesty International[])

Ukusabela Nogunyaziso Lotshintsho Loluntu

Imibutho emininzi yamalungelo abantu yase-Indiya, njenge-, i-Union of UAPARF for family Liberty (PUCL) kunye ne-[FLT]Human Rights Resolution Law Network (HRLN), isoloko isenza iphulo lokuhlola i-UAPA. Baphikisana ngokubuyisela ukubekwa kobutyala, benciphisa imiqathango yangaphambi kokuvalelwa, befuna ugunyaziso lomthetho, kwaye bemisa ukuphatha iqumrhu lequ lequ le-qulunqe elizimeleyo. I-‘UAPAPUPURN, umbutho wamagqwethawe-mthetho nabaxhasi, ungenisenziswa umthetho kuMthetho we-Indiya. Kodwa, imode yanikwa umthetho wokhuseleko lwezopolitiki apho ukhuselwa khona ukhuphiso lwezo lwezomthetho, iinguqulo yeNkuhlela enzima.

Isiphelo

Imithetho ye-Indiya echasene nezenzo zobuphekula, ingakumbi i-UAPA, imela uxinezeleko oluqhubekayo phakathi kwemfuno yokhuseleko nogcino-lwazi lwenkululeko yabemi. Nangona isisongelo sobugrogrisi sisesona siyinyaniso, isakhiwo sangoku somthetho sicwangcisa inkqubo efanelekileyo: ukuvalelwa okungagqibekiyo ngaphandle kwentlawulo, ukukhanyelwa kwebheyile, ukungavunyelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho kuyinto eqhelekileyo. Ngaphandle kwemigaqo ekhoyo kumaqela amaqela aphantsi kwamalungu esizwe kunye nabaxhasi bobugcuba baphambili basekuhlaleni icebisa ukuba umthetho usoloko usetyenziswa njengesixhobo sezopolitiki kunokuba ube sisixhobo esichanekileyo sokhuseleko. Iinguququ zizisa ulawulo olungqongqo, imiqatha yokutshono, kunye nelungelo lokwenyaniso lokuvala ibhethsi kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa umthetho kunye nemilinganiselo yomgaqo-siseko kunye neenguquko lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ngaphandle kotshintsho, imithetho elungiselelwe ukukhusela umgangatho we-demodemokhni.

Ikhonkco 5: NCRB idata kwiimeko ze UAPA (Umzekelo odadayo: Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwe-NCB kwingqokelela yamanani yeIndiya]))