Ukuchaza Umthetho Wamakhaya

Umthetho wamakhaya ubumba iqumrhu elilungelelanisiweyo lemithetho elawula amalungelo azimeleyo kunye neembopheleleko phakathi kwabantu kunye nemibutho. Limi ngokwahlukileyo kumthetho wamaRoma osemthethweni, ogweba amatyala ngokuchasene norhulumente, kunye nomthetho kawonke-wonke, olawula ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente nabemi. Kwinkqubo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni.(ii-"ifumaneka kulo lonke ilizwe-Yurophu, i-Latin America, iMpuma Asia, kunye neminye imimandla ephenjelelwa yizithethe zamaRoma zomthetho", umthetho ogunyaziswe kwimimiselo ebanzi esetyenziswa ngabagwebi ekucombululeni iingxabano. Imimandla engundoqo iquka ukubophelelela izivumelwano, ezimisa umthetho omisa izivumelwano; i-carrt, ethetha iimpazamo zoburhulumente kunye nokuhlawula; umthetho wempahla, ochaza ubuni kunye nokudluliselwa kwamalungelo emakhaya; kunye nomthetho wentsapho, olawula umtshato woqhawulo mtshato, kunye nokugcina abantwana.

Isithethe somthetho wamakhaya sangoku silandela imvelaphi yaso ukuya kwiNtlanganiso yesithandathu iCorpus Julpian Jultian kaMlawuli uJunian, kamva wavuselelwa kwiiyunivesithi zamaxesha aphakathi kwaye watshintshelwa kwimithetho yesizwe enjengeyomthetho wamaFrentshi [ Covermon [[FLT]] [184]] [iiiiisiseko] kunye noweJamani [[FLT]] Bürgerlichess Gesech[[[FLT] [iiiindlela] yomthetho eqhelekileyo]. Ngokungafaniyo, apho imithetho eqhelekileyo, apho imithetho yezomthetho ibambe imigaqo yenkundla yezomthetho, iphatha izigqibo zemithetho yephondo njengemithombo esezantsi echaza indlela esisiseko yomsebenzi yomthetho woluntu. Lomthetho oqhelekileyo, isenokusebenzisa imigaqo yobulungisa yobulungisa yobulungisa yobulungisa esetyenziswa phambi kolu mthetho oluqhelekileyo, isebenza ngokusetyenziswayo oluqhelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa ngumthetho

Ukuqonda Umgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Inkqubo kawonke wonke ibhekisela kwiseti yemigaqo, imimiselo, kunye nezenzo ezimkelwa ngurhulumente ukucombulula iingxaki ezidibeneyo nokufikelela iinjongo zoluntu. Ibonisa amaxabiso nezinto eziphambili zepolitiki, ngokufuthi ilungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo ezifana nempumelelo yezoqoqosho, ukulingana kwentlalo, kunye nenkululeko yoluntu. Inkqubo kawonke-wonke ayiphelelanga; ivela kwinkqubo yenkcubeko equka ukumisela, ulwamkelo, ukwamkelwa, ukuphunyezwa, uhlolo, kunye nokuhlaziywa. Abaququzeli baquka amagosa akhethiweyo, amaziko eencwadi, amaqela enkquthazo, iitanki, amadiza, amajelo, kunye nempembelelo yejajiko-agcontiantss.

Ulawulo lwezonyango oluqhelekileyo luquka ukunyanzelwa kwempilo (umz., ukunikezelwa kwemiqathango yemali efikelelekayo), imfundo (umz., imigangatho yezifundo zokufundisa, iindlela zokuxhasa inkcitho yemali), ukhuseleko lwemekobume (umz., imida yokukhupha, intlalo-ntle yoluntu, intlalo-ntle yoluntu, iingenelo-ntle-ntle yoluntu, uncedo lwezindlu zezezimali, kunye nolawulo lwezoqoqosho (umz., ukunqanda ukugcinwa kwabathengi, ukhuseleko lwabathengi). Umgaqo-nkqubo ongundoqo wolawulo lwanamhlanje wokulawula i-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni ngowokuba uxhomekeke kwizixhobo zikawonke-wonke-wonke ukufikelela iinjongo zayo. Imithetho ayivumeli nje imigaqo ekhoyo yezenzwe; i-enza isimilo ngokukhuthele ngezikhundla, imiqathango yemithetho, imiqathango, kunye negunya le mithetho-ofisi yegunya ithetha ukuba nayiphi nayiphi naleyo elungele ukutshintshayo kumthetho wemibutho yemibutho yesizwe, i-ecuba yemithetho, okanye i-eprogrony.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Komthetho Wamakhaya Nomgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Ukusetyenziswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni kunye nenkqubo kawonke-wonke akuyiyo eyalathisa okanye engqubanayo. Abaphengululi bomthetho kunye nabahlalutyi benkqubo bayichaza njengenkqubo yolwimi oluqhelekileyo: ummandla ngamnye uqhubekeka umila kwaye unyanzelisa omnye. Kumgangatho wemacro, umthetho wasekuhlaleni unika isiseko sokwakha apho inkqubo kawonke-wonke ibeka khona amalungelo empahla, ukulindela ukudityaniswa kwemiqathango, kunye nemilinganiselo yetyala yokuba inkqubo yezomthetho ingenelele uwiso-mthetho kunye neenguqu zomthetho ezilungelelanisa ulwalamano lwamatyala. Umzekelo, isigqibo sokukhuthaza amandla anokukhokelela kwimithetho emitsha engenisa amandla okuthenga amandla kawonke wonke, ngokunjalo utshintsha izivumelwano ezikhoyo kunye nempahla.

Olu lwalamano lunokubonwa ngamacala amaninzi: ukuqulunqwa kwemithetho, ukucaciswa kwezomthetho, ukwenziwa kolawulo, nokuguquka kweemfundiso zomthetho. Amacandelwana alandelayo ahlolisisa iindlela ezimbini zempembelelo ecacileyo.

Impembelelo Yomgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke - wonke Kumthetho Wamakhaya

Umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente udla ngokusebenza njengesixhobo sokuguqula umthetho wasekuhlaleni.

  • [[Umthetho:0] Isivumelwano somthetho esigunyazisayo: iPalamente idlulisela imimiselo ukuze iphumeze iinjongo zenkqubo, njengezenzo zokhuselo zabathengi ezandisa amalungelo esiqinisekiso, okanye imithetho elwa nohlanga elungisa isivumelwano kunye nemithetho yemisebenzi. Ezi ziseko ziphumeza ngaphandle phambi kokungamiselwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni ukucwangcisa ulungelelwano lwabucala kunye namaxabiso kawonke-wonke.
  • I-Deregion yoLawulo: Abameli bolawulo, abagunyaziswe ngumthetho, ingxubusho enenkcukacha eziba yimithetho ebophelela umthetho wasekuhlaleni. Imizekelo iquka i-Evironmental Protection Agency emisela imigangatho yokukhutshwa komjelo wokhuselo lwendawo evelisa imisebenzi emitsha yabangcolisi namalungelo angqinelanayo amaqela awonzakeleyo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Ukutolikwa kwemithetho: Iinkundla zisoloko zicela inkqubo kawonke-wonke njengesikhokelo xa kucocwa amagosa emimiselo yasekuhlaleni okanye kuphuhliswa imigaqo yomthetho eqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, abagwebi bangala ukunyanzelisa isivumelwano esigqalwa njengesivumelwano sokusenza i-tort", ngokuguqula imfundiso yokungavumelekanga.
  • Impinda yeConstigal:[ iinkundla zomGaqo-siseko zingawisa imithetho yabemi engqubana namalungelo asisiseko okanye iinjongo zenkqubo ezifakwe kumgaqo-siseko, zinyanzelisa iindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba zenze ezinye iindlela ezinceda uluntu.

Umzekeliso oqinileyo yindaleko yomthetho wengingqi kumazwe amaninzi. Inkqubo kawonke-wonke ixhalabele ukumanyana kwezindlu nokulunga ikhokelele ekubonakaliseni imfuneko yokuhlala, imiqathango yokugxothwa ngaphandle kwesizathu, kunye nemiqathango ekugcinweni kwemali yokhuseleko (konke okulungisa iprojekthi yesithethe nemigaqo yesivumelwano. Ngokufanayo, ukuguqula imigaqo eqhutywa ziimpikiswano zemithetho emalunga nokuzinzisa ngokugqithisileyo kuye kwavelisa iintambo zokonakaliso, imilinganiselo yokuncela, kunye nemithetho yokukhusela iprojekthi yemisebenzi ethile.

Impembelelo Yomthetho Wamakhaya Kumgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Icala elibuya umva libaluleke ngokulinganayo. Umthetho wabemi ungamisa i-ankile, umjelo, okanye uphazamiseko lwenkqubo ngeendlela ezininzi:

  • [[NTLA:0] Amalungelo apheleleyo njengeeNkqutyana: umGaqo-siseko onamandla okanye ukhuseleko olusesikweni lwamalungelo empahla lungamisela ummiselo wolawulo lukarhulumente. Inkqubo ejolise ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa komhlaba wolondolozo lungacelw'elwa njengokuthatha, ukunyanzelisa abenzi benkqubo ukwenza inkqubo yokuyila iinkqubo zokulungisa.
  • Icala elisemthethweni neStar Decisis: kwiinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo, phambi kwezigwebo zenkundla ezitolika umthetho wamakhaya udala imizekelo edibanisayo imigudu yemigaqo yezomthetho elandelayo emele iqhube. Imodeli yenkcazo elawulayo enika imveliso ekhulayo ingcengce ingxengxezo yemithetho-mthetho yokwenza okanye ukuxina umthetho omtsha.
  • [[NT.0] Umthetho wamakhaya unika izixhobo ezifana nezenzo zodidi, imiqathango, kunye nezigwebo zokukhupha ityala ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela azimeleyo ukunyanzelisa amaxabiso kawonke-wonke. Ngokomzekelo, amaqela okusingqongileyo, angagweba abangcolisi phantsi komthetho onenkathazo, ngokunempumelelo inkqubo yokulungisa ngelixa lilo.
  • Amalungelo azimeleyo njengooDyivi boMgaqo-nkqubo: ukhusela amalungelo phantsi komthetho wasekuhlaleni, ngokusuka kwinkululeko yesivumelwano ukuya kwingqibelelo yomzimba, /ingasebenza njengendawo zokuhlanganisa inkqubo yokungafundi. Ukuqonda ilungelo lokufumana ilungelo lobuqu kumthetho wetort, umzekelo, kuye kwaphembelela iingxoxo kumgaqo wokhuseleko logcino-lwazi.

Umzekelo ophawulekayo yimpembelelo yokungakhathali kumthetho wempilo kawonke-wonke. Ukugweba iinkampani zecuba ngokusilela ukulumkisa ngeengozi zokutshaya kutshintsha inkqubo enyanzelekileyo efana neemfuno ezingqongqo ezifunekayo kunye namaphulo okufundisa abantu. Ngokufanayo, ukungaqeqeshi kwezonyango kuye kwabangela utshintsho kwimilinganiselo yokhuseleko yomntu onomonde kunye ne-inshorensi.

Uvavanyo Lomzekelo

Imizekelo enenkcukacha icacisa indlela ezi zixhobo ezisebenza ngayo. Imimandla emibini ephikisanayo ````iindawo ezikhuselekileyo'''''.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala 1: Amalungelo omguli notshintsho lwempilo

Ukumiswa kwemithetho yamalungelo omguli kumazwe amaninzi kubonisa indlela inkqubo kawonke-wonke enokuthi yandise ngayo ukhuseleko lomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, ukwamkelwa kwemithetho yezonyango evumela ubuchule bokufumana ulwazi.

Amava aseYurophu anika ingqiqo eyongezelelekileyo. EJamani, uMthetho wamaLungelo wabaguli wowama-2013 ogunyazisiweyo wonyango lwezamayeza, ukufikelela koxwebhu, kunye netyala leempazamo ze-$ukungagunyaziswa kweemfanelo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni kunye nemigaqo ye-inshorensi yempilo yoluntu. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba utshintsho lwezempilo luyenzeka ngokunqabileyo kumthetho wasekuhlaleni okanye kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke; endaweni yoko, ngamnye uphembelela omnye ngomthetho, umthetho, umthetho, kunye nemithetho yenkundla.

Isifundo semeko 2: Ukulungelelaniswa kokusingqongileyo nokuhlala kwabantu

Ukhuseleko lwemekobume lunika isilanga esinamandla sokuhlola i-interlive. Ukuphuhliswa kongcoliso lwe-torts/nuisance, ityala elingqongqo kwimisebenzi eyingozi ngokungaqhelekanga, kwaye ityala elingqongqo kwimisebenzi eyingozi, libunjwe ngqo yinkxalabo yenkqubo enxulumene nengozi yemizi-mveliso. EUnited States, iComprehensive Environmentation Refection, i- Compensation, kunye nomthetho weLisability Act (I-CERCLA okanye i-Supergrad) yadala isicwangciso somthetho wasekuhlaleni sokucoca inkunkuma eyingozi, isenza imithetho eqhelekileyo engokwesithethe ukufikelela usukelo lwenkqubo yokulungisa. Iinkundla zadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni "iwo ngokubalulekileyo iqela elinoxandulo" ngokugqithisileyo, ikhokelela kwimiqatha yemiqatha yenkqubo ephenjelelwayo ngokutshintsha inkqubo yengxoxo yemibambo elandela inkqubo ye-manto.

ISindululo seLio on Environment and Development kunye nezivumelwano ezilandelayo zeRio Declaration eUnited States zikhuthaze amazwe ukuba amkele iinkqubo zomthetho zabemi zokonakaliswa kwemekobume. Umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu aye asungula ulawulo olungqongqo lwetyala lomonakalo wemekobume, efuna abangcolisi ukuba balungise indalo nokuba kukho impazamo. La malungiselelo omthetho karhulumente ayizizixhobo zikarhulumente ezilawula urhulumente, ukanti adala amalungelo amatsha abantu kunye namaqela achaphazelekayo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho inkqubo enyanzelisa inkqubo ephambili. Uxinezeleko lwezoqoqosho nokhuseleko lwemekobume yemekobume idla ngokuphuma kwiimeko zenkundla apho abagwebi kufuneka balungele ukumelana nemilinganiselo enxulumene nempahla kunye nokulindela kwabo.

Iingxaki Endinazo Xa Ndincokola

Nangona zixhomekeke kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, zininzi iingxaki ezingapheliyo ezibangela ukuba kubekho umgaqo - siseko nolawulo.

  • Inkxalabo kunye nemilinganiselo yoluntu: Inkqubo yoluntu idla ngokubeka intlalo-ntle yengingqi, ngoxa umthetho wamakhaya ugxininisa ngokwesithethe amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko yangasese. Ukuzilungisa ezi zinto kusenokuba nzima, njengokuba kuboniswa kwiingxoxo zemithetho yokugoma enyanzelekileyo (impilo yoluntu) ngokuchasene nomthetho womzimba (ukuzilawula ogunyaziweyo). Iinkundla kunye nemithetho yowiso-mthetho kufuneka zilinganisele imigaqo ephikisanayo, maxa wambi ishiya ingxabano ingapheliswa.
  • Imida egqibelelayo kunye nentsingiselo esemthethweni: Imithetho emiselwe kakuhle ingasilela ukufikelela iinjongo zayo ukuba unyanzelo lolawulo lubuthathaka, ubuchule bolawulo bulahlekile, okanye iimfundiso zomthetho wasekuhlaleni ziyayidibanisa. Umzekelo, umthetho obeka ityala elipheleleyo kwimveliso enesiphene unokuthi unikezelwe kungabikho mpumelelo ukuba iinkundla ziphazamisana neemfuno zokoqobo okanye ukuba iimarike ze-inshorensi azikwazi ukulungisa.
  • Isivumelwano somthetho sobuJudicial ngokuphikisana nomthetho ochaseneyo nolawulo: Umlinganiselo abagwebi abafanele ukuwutolika umthetho wabemi ngokubhekiselele kwimigaqo ekhethwayo uyancitshiswa. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba izigqibo zemigaqo-mthetho ezigunyazisiweyo zidlula indima efanelekileyo yeenkundla, ngoxa abaxhasi besithi umthetho karhulumente kufuneka uqhelane notshintsho lwentlalo. Ulungelelwaniso luyahluka ngaphaya kwemithetho; kumazwe amakhaya, abagwebi banyanzelwa ngokuqhelekileyo yimithetho, kodwa kwanalapho basebenzisa ubuchule bokucacisa iziphumo zenkqubo.
  • Ukulawulwa kwemithetho kunye nomthetho ogobileyo: Kwinkqubo zomgangatho omninzi (umz., iUnited States, iEuropean Union), ulawulo lomthetho olungenayo kumgangatho wesizwe nowezizwe ngezizwe olunento yokwenza. Inkqubo karhulumente efuna ukhuseleko olufanayo lwabathengi ingangqubana neemfundiso zomthetho wesivumelwano, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqhekekeni nasekucazululweni kwemithetho yesizwe.
  • I-Evolution etshintshayo kunye ne-Enteria eLawulayo: Ikhowudi zomthetho wabemi zinokuba phelelwe lixesha njengoko iimeko zoluntu kunye nenkqubo ephambili itshintshiwe. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho isenokucotha ukuphendula, idala umsantsa phakathi komthetho okhoyo neemfuno zangoku. Ngamanye amaxesha iiNkundla zigcwalisa ezi zikhewu ngokutolika, kodwa oku kungabangela ukungaguquguquki nokungagwebi.

Ukusingatha ezi ngxaki kufuna ukwenziwa ngononophelo: izindululo ezicacileyo zomthetho, ukhokelo lolawulo, uqikelelo oluqinileyo, kunye nobuchule bokulungisa imigaqo-mthetho. Abaphengululi bayaqhubeka bexoxa ngemodeli egqibeleleyo.

Isiphelo

Ukusetyenziswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke kungundoqo wokuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo zomthetho kunye nokuguquka. Umthetho wabemi unika izakhiwo ezizinzileyo zamalungelo abantu kunye nemisebenzi evumela inkqubo ukuba isebenze, ngelixa inkqubo kawonke-wonke ifaka injongo kunye nokuguquguquka kwemiqathango eqinileyo yomthetho ogunyazisiweyo. Olu lwalamano lubonakala kwimimandla yonke ukusuka kumgangatho wempilo ukuya kukhuseleko lwemekobume, kwaye lubumba umsebenzi wemihla ngemihla wemimiselo, abalawuli, abagwebi, kunye noogqirha.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuthatha oku kubandakanya ukuqhubela phambili kwinkcazo encinane yemithetho esemthethweni ukuqwalasela umahluko oqhelekileyo kunye nobume bezobupolitika obunika loo mithetho intsingiselo. Kukwafuna uvelwano kumahluko wokohlukeneyo: umthetho wamakhaya nezithethe eziqhelekileyo ziphatha ujongano-mthetho olukwimithetho elungelelanisiweyo ngokwahlukileyo, kwaye nganye inika izifundo zoyilo lweziko lesizwe. Njengoko amabutho ejongene notshintsho oluvelayo, ukuphazamiseka kwemiqathango yezonyango, unxibelelwano phakathi komthetho karhulumente kunye nenkqubo kawonke luza kukhula kuphela. Ukwamkela umthetho njengamandla amabini enkqubo kunye nogcino-malungelo ayimfuneko ekwakheni nakumgangatho osemthethweni.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, uhlolo lweCurbell Information yolwazi lwemithetho yeZiko loMgaqo-siseko , i Encyclopedia yeFilosofi yongeno kumgaqo kawonke-wonke[, kunye nocalulo lwemeko zophawu olunje [[FLT:]4] i-evenment tort ligitation[ ebonisa igalelo lomboniso wesixhobo sokulinganisa i-media.