Amandla Oorhulumente Kumgaqo - siseko Wokusingqongileyo

IRhuluneli zikwisikhundla esikhethekileyo kwimithetho-siseko yaseMerika njengezilawuli eziyintloko zamazwe azo, zisebenzisa igunya elithe kratya kumthetho wemekobume kunye nomthetho. Ukhokelo lwazo lungakhawulezisa ukuphinda lufumaneke ngamandla avuselelweyo, ukuqinisa iinkqubo zokulondoloza ungcoliso, kunye nemilinganiselo eqinileyo yongcoliso-moya (okanye ingaphazamisa, ilibaziseka, okanye yenze buthathaka imigudu efanayo. Ukuqonda iindlela apho iziphumo zenkqubo yokhokelo lwegabernerator ziyimfuneko kubafundi, abenzi bemithetho-nkqubo, nakubemi abafuna ukujika indlela entsokothile yokulawula imekobume yemekobume karhulumente.

Izixhobo zerhuluneli ziquka imiyalelo yegunya, amandla oqingqo-mali, iziphakamiso zoqingqo-mali, izindululo zomaqumrhu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho-siseko. Ngasinye kwezi zixhobo sinokusetyenziswa ukunyanzela inkqubo yokusingqongileyo ngendlela ethile. Ngaphezu koko, umongo wezopolitiko //partisan ulawulo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho, uluvo lukawonke-wonke, ukuxhomekeka kobuncwane bendalo, kunye nemiqondiso yemithetho yezorhulumente . Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela abalawuli abachaphazele ngayo umthetho wemekobume, banikela iingxelo zemeko ngaphaya kolawulo lwezopolitiko, kwaye bahlola iziphumo zexesha elide zolawulo lwabo.

Amagunya oMgaqo-siseko neZiko leeRhuluneli kuLawulo lokusingqongileyo

Imiyalelo yabalawuli kunye nomgaqo we-arhente karhulumente

Irhuluneli zisebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukumisela inkqubo yokusingqongileyo ngaphandle kokulinda ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho. Umzekelo, irhuluneli ingayalela iSebe loKhuselo lokusingqongileyo ukuba lamkele imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhutshwa komsi wezityalo zamandla okanye imisele imvume etshayelela imisebenzi yamandla ehlaziyekayo. Le miyalelo ithwala amandla omthetho wamaziko karhulumente kwaye ikwazi ukuvelisa iinguqu ezikhawulezileyo. Imiyalelo yegunya legunya inamandla ngokukodwa xa imigaqo yowiso-mthetho ibotshelelwe okanye ilawulwe liqela eliphikisayo, ivumela irhuluneli ukuba isebenze ngaphandle kwemidanganiso yomthetho karhulumente.

Umbane noLawulo

Irhuluneli ibamba ingawuvala umthetho wemekobume odluliswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Le mithetho igunya inyanzelisa abenzi bemithetho ukuba bathethele okuqulethwe yimali ehlawulwayo ukuba abanako ukuphumelela kwemali efunekayo ukuphelisa i-veto. Ngokuchasene noko, irhuluneli ingasayi tyikitya ityala lokuqhubekisela phambili iinjongo zemekobume, ukuphawula izinto eziphambili kumaziko esizwe kunye noluntu. Ulawulo loqingqo-mali lunika elinye igosa: iinkcaza zemali ezinika imali ezibhaliswe ngokweenkqubo zokusimo, ukunyanzelisa, kunye nophando. Ngokwandisa okanye ukuncipha kwezixhobo zesebe elinjengeSebe leZibonelelo zendalo okanye i-Airbugrounce Board, irhulurbu, irhuluneli iphembelela igunya elingqalileyo lorhulumente lokuzalisekisa imo yemekobume.

Idinga leeNtloko ze-arhente yokusingqongileyo

Irhuluneli imisela abalathisi bamasebe okusingqongileyo karhulumente, kwakunye namalungu eebhodi ezininzi kunye noorhulumente abajongele ulawulo lwendalo, ulawulo longcoliso, kunye nenkqubo yamandla. Aba bamisela ukhetho babumba indlela yokulungisa umgaqo kangangeminyaka. Irhuluneli emisela ukhuseleko lwemekobume iza kukhetha iinkokeli ezinengxelo ezingqinelanayo zonyanzelo olunamandla kunye nobuchule benzululwazi. Irhuluneli exhasa ukuthotywa kwemeko-bume iya kukhetha abatyunjwe yintanda-ntanda-bulumko, ngokufuthi ekhokelela ekubeni bangabi nako ukuvelisa imithetho engakumbi kunye nezigwebo ezimbalwa. IBhunga lombuso lombuso wesizwe linika inkqubo eshwankathelayo ebonisa indlela okubalulekileyo kwemeko-bume yolawulo oluphezulu.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Zezobupolitika Nemeko - bume

Ulawulo lweziko lwemekobume luxhomekeke kwimiba emininzi yezobupolitika, ukusuka kwisenzo semozulu esinzima ukuya kuxhathisa imithetho yemekobume. Ukuqonda oku kuluncedo ekuchazeni isizathu sokuba amazwe angoommelwane amkele iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zemekobume nangona iimeko zelizwe zinjalo.

Iirhuluneli Ezihambela Phambili Nendlela Ezonwabisa Ngayo Imozulu

Irhuluneli ezikumaphondo anjengeKhalifoniya, iWashington, iNew York, kunye ne-Oregon ziye zamisela imithetho yemozulu efuna amabhongo, zamisela imilinganiselo ekhutshwayo, zaza zasungula inyathelo lokufumana ubundilele bekharbon. Ezi jaji zidla ngokuyila inkqubo yemekobume njengemfuneko yokuziphatha kunye nethuba lezoqoqosho, ziphikisa ukuba ungeniso olucocekileyo lwamandla ludala imisebenzi kwaye lunciphisa iindleko zempilo zexesha elide. Imiyalelo yezolawulo olulawula inkqubela-yo iseke ukunciphisa igesi yeqondo lobushushu be-atroieas irlyces, inyanzelela ukusetyenziswa kwezithuthi ezihamba ngenqwelo-oyile yokusebenza, kwaye ikhuthaza iinkqubo zokugweba ezifuna ukunciphisa ungcoliso kumazwe azimeleyo.

IGatya eziBalulekileyo noLuhlu loMsebenzi wezeNtlalo

Abalawuli abalawulayo batyekele ekubekeni phambili uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, amandla, kunye nolawulo. Bangaxhathisa imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhutshwa kwegesi ukuba bakholelwa ukuba imithetho enjalo iza kuyonakalisa ishishini njenge-oyile negesi, ezolimo, okanye ezokwenza. Abanye baye bakhupha imiyalelo yokuba imigaqo yezolawulo ibuyele kwimimiselo yokusingqongileyo ezuzwe ngelifa kubaphathi belizwe bangaphambili, njengokudodobalisa ukhuseleko lwamanzi okanye ukulinganisela umgangatho wokonakaliswa kwemekobume bemeko-bume. Noko ke, iijaji ezithelekelelayo ngamanye amaxesha ziyakuxhasa izicombululo zemekobume ezisekelwe kwintengiso, ezifana nokuzinziwa kokuzithandela okanye ukuhlawulwa kwerhafunxa yekharbo, ingakumbi xa loo migaqo ihamba ngezoshishino okanye iinzuzo zoqoqo.

Indima Yempembelelo Neembono Zebutho Loluntu

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nolawulo loququzelelo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho luthoba isidima esiphawulekayo samandla erhuluneli ukubumba inkqubo yokusingqongileyo. Irhuluneli ejongene nendlu yowiso-mthetho elawulwa liqela elichaseneyo isenokuzama ukudlulisa amatyala angundoqo okusingqongileyo okanye ixhomekeke kakhulu kwimiyalelo yabalawuli enokuthi kamva icelwe ucelomngeni enkundleni okanye ngabaphathi abalandelayo. Iirhuluneli zorhulumente abahambayo zisoloko zihamba ngononophelo, zisebenzisa amanyathelo athile okusingqongileyo ukubhena nabavoti abanokuchasa izijungqelo eziphambili.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Impembelelo Yemingxuma Ehamba Ngamaza

EKhalifoniya: UJerry Brown, uGavin Newsom, neSlimate Leadership Agenda

IKhalifoniya ikhonze ixesha elide njenge-bellowether kwinkqubo yemekobume. IRhuluneli uJerry Brown (2011-2019) isayina umthetho owandisa inkqubo yephondo, ibeke ixhoba lamandla avuselelweyo angama-50% ngo-2030, kwaye ikhokele amaziko karhulumente ukulungiselela ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle. I-Gavin Newsom, iqhubele phambili okokuba ukuthumba, ukukhupha umyalelo wegunya eliphetheyo othintela ukuthengiswa kwe-petroli-a amandla ama-enjini ngo-2035 kwaye ilawula i-Caliafor Moyers Burboard ukuphuhlisa imithetho enciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezolimo. Izenzo zendaba zibonisa indlela yokulawula ixesha eligqwesileyo ngaphandle kokuxhasa kwemeko-oknvolu.

EFlorida: URick Scott, uRon Desantis, neNjengameko - bume njengeNkundla Yezobupolitika

Abalawuli be-Florida baye bafikelela kwinkqubo yemeko-bume eyahlukileyo, ngokuya kwilensi yokukhenketha, umhlaba, kunye nezolimo. URick Scott (2011-2019) wagxekwa ngokusika inkxaso-mali kumbutho wemekobume yelizwe kunye nokungavumelani nemithetho ecocekileyo yemithetho yamanzi. Noko ke, ilandela lakhe uRon DeSantis, wathatha indlela eyahlukileyo, wasayina ulawulo olulawulayo ngo-2019 olwadala umkhosi omtsha we-eatholthis, owabiwe ngokuhlawulela i-Everglades, wabeks ukubuyisela, wabeka usukelo lwezentengo zemali kwiMisinga esezantsi. UDesantis ubonisa ukuba ukhokelo lwemekobume yendalo lungatshintsha ngokukhawuleza phakathi kweqela elifanayo ne-2019 kawonke-octiveat shoptic kunye nolunts, nto leyo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo kwimeko ye-Florida.

UTexas: UGreg Abbott Nokungabikho Kwamandla

ITexas, eyona ndawo inkulu ye-oyile kunye negasi-s, inika umzekelo owahlukileyo. IRhuluneli uGreg Abbott ijolise ekulondolozeni amandla karhulumente lo gama ixhasa ulwahlulo oluthile lomoya namandla elanga. Texas ikhokela ilizwe kwimveliso yomoya, iziphumo zombini imikhosi yezorhwebo kunye nemithetho yelizwe emileyo ekwakukudala ixhaswa yirhuluneli enjengeGeorge W. Bush noRick Perry. Kodwa ke, uAbtott uxhase imigaqo yomgangatho womoya ophezulu kwaye uxhathisa imithetho yolawulo lwe-metain, ephikisa icandelo lombane. Indlela yakhe yokubonisa indlela abalawula ngayo ushishino lwemali oluninzi olubonisa ngayo inzuzo kwizinto zelahle elininzi kumalizwe okuxhasa izinto zelahle, ukulungisa izilangazelelondla, ukulungisa izilangazelelo zoshishino zezoshishino zezo zelizwe.

Washington: Jay Inslee noModeli weGunya lemozulu

Jay Inslee, irhuluneli yaseWashington ukususela ngo-2013 kuse phambili, waguqula imozulu ephakathi yolawulo lwakhe ./ewe wenza iphulo lobumongameli kulo mbandela. Wasayina i-Washington Clean Energy Transformation Act, efuna ikhulu elinamakhulu amahlanu umbane ococekileyo ngo-2045, kwaye wasebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo ukuthetha ngekharbon ekhutshwayo kwizithuthi nangezakhiwo. Ukhokelo lwe-Inslee lubonisa indlela umphathi we-ofisi yokusingqongileyo angayisebenzisa ngayo inkqubo yokwakha iprojekthi yesizwe kwaye atyhalele imida yento oorhulumente abangayifikelela kwimo yezulu. Impumelelo yeWashington ikwaxhomekeke kwindlu exhasayo kunye novotisombululo, izinto ezingenakubakho kwamanye amazwe.

Izinto Ezibangela Ukuba Ingxaki Ibe Ngumnqakathi

Umthetho weRhulumente

Ukusekwa komququzeleli wendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe kuchaphazela ngokungqalileyo ukukwazi kwerhuluneli ukudlulisela umthetho wokusingqongileyo. Irhuluneli ephethe omabini amagumbi ingawasusa lula amatyala ngekomiti, inkxaso-mali ekhuselekileyo, kwaye iphephe ukuwalawula. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, urhulumente owahluleleneyo udla ngokukhokelela ekuwisweni kwemithetho-mthetho, iijaji ezisebenzisa imiyalelo yabalawuli abalawulayo njengomsebenzi ojikelezayo. Kwamanye amazwe, abavoti bakwayale amanyathelo agunyazisa inkqubo yokusingqongileyo ngokuzimela ngaphandle kwerhuluneli nendlu yowiso, njengemilinganiselo ehlaziya imilinganiselo yamandla okanye irhafu yekhabhoni.

Uguquko lwenkqubo yokusingqongileyo yomanyano

Iinguqu kulawulo lukarhulumente zidala uvulo ukwenzela ukuba abalawuli bandise okanye bavume imigudu yokusingqongileyo. Ngexesha lolawulo lweTrump, abalawuli abaninzi beDemocratic basebenzisa imiyalelo kunye nemithetho karhulumente ukuxhasa amaxhoba olawulo lwe-Paris Agreement kunye nokulwa kwemiqathango yamanzi acocekileyo kunye nemithetho yomoya. Xa ulawulo lweBiden luphinde lwangenisa isivumelwano seParis kunye nesenzo semozulu esimiselwe ngokucwangcisiweyo, abalawuli abahambela phambili bafumana iqabane elixhasayo lorhulumente, ngelinye ixesha abamele ukuba bachase imithetho emitsha karhulumente, bacaphula igunya neziphumo zezoqoqosho. Oku kubuya emva-funyanise indlela ukhokelo lwe-gabernargator olusebenza ngayo kwisenzo solawulo lwe-glonke esivumela ukuba kubekho nezenzo zezomthetho nezomthetho.

Uxinezeleko Lwezoqoqosho

Urhwebo lwelizwe lwezoqoqosho oluxhomekeke ekufunyanisweni kwamafutha angaphantsi, kwezolimo, okanye ekuveliseni kakhulu ukuma kwerhuluneli ekusingqongileyo. Ngokomzekelo, iRocky Mountain West, irhuluneli ziye zaxhasa amalahle negesi yendalo njengoko zikhuthaza umoya kunye nokukhanya kwelanga. KwiMidwester, iijaji zelizwe elilima ziye zalwa nokukhuselwa kwemiqathango yerhafu kunye nemithetho yemichiza ebulala izinambuzane, zibanga ukubeka ubomi bemali esebenzayo. Urhwebo lwezoqoqosho lunciphisa ezi zizinto ezizinzileyo; ulawulo olukhulayo okanye amaziko obugcisa okanye amaziko enkonzo asoloko ekulungele ukwamkela imithetho engqongqo yemeko-oklothe ngenxa yokuba ziyaqonda ukuba akukho mngcipheko kwirhafu yabo.

Intshukumo eziqhutywa ngesondo kunye noxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nokungalawuleki kwemekobume amaqela anokunyanzela iirhuluneli ukuba zithathe amanyathelo kwanaxa bekuya kuba kukhetha ukungathathi-nxaxheba. Ukuvela kwemozulu yolutsha, ukuchaswa kokukhuthuzwa, kunye nenkxalabo ngomgangatho wamanzi zinyanzele zombini iirhuluneli zeRiphabliki kunye ne-Democratic ukuba zicombulule imicimbi yemekobume. Kwezinye iimeko, iijaji zephondo ziye zasabela ngokudala iibhunganiso zolawulo, ukwanda kwenkxaso yeenkqubo zezobulungisa bokusimo-bume, okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba kwii-atmosmenti ezininzi. .S. U. U. UD.U.U.[FLT.[FLT.1], umbutho wamajajini weejalathi ozi kwimithetho ye-Paris ye-Oventi e-Oventi, i-ccoactives, i-Arectionment, i-octivearacractivement, i-agement, eenzation, e-

Ilifa Lexesha elide Lobukhokeli Besigulo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo edla ngokusetyenziswa ngabalawuli abasoloko besenza ixesha elininzi beseofisini, kodwa hayi ngalo lonke ixesha. Imiyalelo enamandla yeSigqeba saseKhalifoniya ingatshintshwa ngabathathi-nxaxheba, ngoxa umthetho omiselwe kumthetho karhulumente uhlala uqinile. Izibophelelo zoqingqo-mali kwiinkqubo zokusingqongileyo zingatshintshwa xa irhuluneli entsha ithumela imali kwezinye izinto eziza kuqala. Kodwa ezinye imigudu ifumana ingeniso ehlala ixesha elide: umzekelo, imilinganiselo yemoto yaseKhalifoni i-okrania iye yamkelwa ngeziphumo zemekobume ezininzi, idala intengiso enamandla yokuba kwanorhulumente wesizwe angenakukwazi ukutshintsha lula. Ngokufanayo, irhuluneli yephondo lombuso yombuso, ikhusela iipasethi, okanye yenza iipasethi zemali ezicocekileyo ishiye iziphumo ezingokwasemzimbeni kunye neziquluko ezikhoyo zemekobume zemekobume kangamashumi eminyaka.

Ngokuchaseneyo, abalawuli abawenza buthathaka ulawulo lwemekobume okanye abanciphisa amandla ombutho bangenza umonakalo owenziwe ixesha elide obiza imali ephinde wahla. Amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, indawo yokuhlala ethobayo, kunye neendleko zoluntu ezinyusiweyo zingaqhubeka emva kokuba ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lwezikhuphiso luye lwaphela. Ilifa lokhokelo lomlawuli lilinganiswa kungekuphela nje kwimithetho egqithiswe okanye kwimiyalelo yegunya eligunya elityikisiweyo, kodwa kumphumela othe kratya kumgangatho womoya, oovimba bamanzi, izityalo, intlalo, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabantu.

Isiphelo: Indima eBalawuli bakaRhulumente kwiNtlanganisobume

Ukhokelo lwe-gubernator lungumsebenzi ongundoqo kumthetho wemekobume. Ngemiyalelo yabalawuli, amandla oqingqo-mali, kunye neziko, abalawuli bamisela ulwalathiso kunye nesantya somgaqo-nkqubo wemekobume. Impembelelo yabo ilawulwa liqela lezopolitiko, ukwenziwa kwemithetho-siseko, inkqubo yezoqoqosho, kunye nengcinezelo kawonke-wonke. Njengoko iingxaki zemekobume zikhula . Ngokutshintsha kwemozulu zisuka kwilahleko yokungcoliswa kwendalo.

Ukuphinda kufundwe, [[FLT: 0] I-Environmental Protection Agency yombuso kunye noovimba basekuhlaleni inikela ushwankathelo olubanzi lwendlela amasebe karhulumente azalisekisa ngayo imithetho yemeko-bume yelizwe, ngelixa iNgqungquthela yesizwe yeRhulumente Legislatures ihamba ngomlinganiselo wetyala lokusingqongileyo eliveliswe kwaye liqululwe ngamazwe angamashumi amahlanu.