Uhlaziyo yinkqubo eyakhe yasetyenziswa ukuphinda idibane nedemokhrasi yokutsala imida yesithili esibonisa utshintsho lwabemi olubhalwe ngu-U.S. Ubalo. Nangona le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa umelo olulinganayo, ukuphunyezwa kwayo okuzimo eziziintlobo eziphezulu zezobupolitika, impembelelo yovoti, kunye nempilo epheleleyo yokhuphiswano lwedemokhrasi. Indlela edityanisiweyo iyakwazi ukugqiba ukuba yimaphi iqela eliphethe amaziko amakhulu omthetho, lamazwi aviweyo, nokuba unyulo lukhuphi na ngokwenene okanye lumiselwe kwangaphambili.

Ubuchule Bokwenza Umgangatho Omfutshana: Indlela Ezitsalwa Ngayo Imimandla

Kwiminyaka elishumi, uthetha ukuba kufuneka kuphinde kudityaniswe izithili zowiso-mthetho nezorhulumente. Imfuneko esisiseko yeyokuba isithili sinoluntu olulinganayo ``````````iFLT']] sinye, sinye isivote, sinye sivote'. Ngaphezu komthetho welitye lebhedi, ithetha ukuba imilinganiselo eyongezelelekileyo eyahlukayo ngegunya: umanyano, ukudibana, ukuhlonela amaqela angaphantsi kwezobupolitika (amalizwana, izixeko, iidolophu, iidolophu], kunye nezinye iimeko, ukulondoloza intlalo.

Uninzi lwamazwe luyekela ukwenziwa kwemithetho-siseko yesizwe, okuthetha ukuba iqela elilawulayo lilawula inkqubo. Ngenxa yokuba abamisi-mthetho bebophelelekile kwisiphumo, le nkqubo idala ingxabano engokwemvelo yomdla. Amazwe ambalwa asebenzisa iikhomishini ezizimeleyo okanye ezi-bipartisan ukukhupha ipeni ezandleni zezopolitiko, kodwa inkoliso isaxhomekeka kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo yemithetho-mthetho . Ngokufuthi incedwa yingxoxo yegumbi elivaliweyo kunye ne-software entsonkothileyo yokubhala.

Ukulingana Kwabemi Nobalo

Ubalo lunika ulwazi olungalungiswanga olubangela ukunyuka kwemimandla. Ukutshintsha kwemibutho yabemi . "iindawo eziphezulu], idolophu, imimandla yedolophu, okanye ukufuduka kwengingqi(iingingqi) ukuze itsalwe kwakhona. Imimandla etsala abantu ifumana izihlalo ezongezelelekileyo zombutho, ngelixa abo baphulukana nabemi. Oku kutshintsha kwezibalo kungaguqula ukhuphiswano lwelizwe, njengoko amazwe akhulayo ebona ukudalwa kwemimandla emitsha, engaqikelelwanga.

Uqeqesho Olusemthethweni Olokugqibela

Ngaphandle kokulingana kwabemi, ukuqinisekisa kufuneka kuvumelane noMthetho wamaLungelo, olwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwimigca. ICandelo 2 lomsebenzi lifuna ukuba amaqela amancinane abe nethuba elifanayo lokunyula abo bakhethwayo, maxa wambi elifuna ukuba kubekho imimandla encinane. Noko ke, iinkundla zikwalawula ukuba uhlanga lungabi yiyo i- elungelelanisiweyo [[[FLT: 1]] ifekta yomzobo wemihlathi, ekhokelela kwizenzo ezintsonkothileyo.

Umatshini wokubala:

IGrerymandering iyenzeka xa imida yesithili itsalelwa ngabom ukuxhasa iqela elinye lezobupolitika, i-arhente, okanye iqela elithile labemi. Eli gama liqala ngo1812 xa iGaveneli yaseMassachusetts Elbridge Gerry yavuma ukuba imo yesithili ifane nesalamander, kodwa lo mkhwa ukho ixesha elide kakhulu kwaye usasazekile.

Ukupakisha Nokujika

Iindlela ezimbini zodidi oluqhelekileyo zokupakisha nokuqhekeka. Ukukhangela kugxininisa abavoti beqela elinye kwisithili ezimbalwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ukuqinisekisa ukuba elo qela liphumelela ezo phondo ngokugqwesileyo kodwa lilahleke ngokungqongileyo. Ukujija ukusasaza abavoti beqela kuzo zonke imimandla ukuze babe bambalwa kuzo zonke iindawo, bangakwazi ukuchonga ummeli.

Umzekelo, ukuba urhulumente une 40% yabavoti bedemocratic kunye nama-60% eRepublican, imaphu yobundilele inika i Democrates malunga nama-40% ezihlalo. Kodwa ngokukrazula, amaDemocrat angaqhekeka ukuze agcine kuphela 25% yezihlalo; ngokupakisha, asenokulinganiselwa kwi-20% yezihlalo ezinezihlalo eziphezulu ezikwi-majority. Isiphumo yimaphu enciphisa amandla okuvota elinye iqela.

Ubuchule Obuchuliweyo

  • Ukukhupha: Ukutsala isithili esikwisixa sokudibanisa inani elikhulu labavoti beqela eliphikisanayo, kubanyanzelisa ukuba babaleke kwimekobume enobutshaba.
  • Ukubeka ipeyinti: Ukubeka ezimbini kwiqela elinye kwisithili esinye, ukuzinyanzela ukuba zijongane kwenye kwenye kwintloko, nto leyo ebangela ukuba zibe buthathaka kwindawo ephakathi.
  • Ukudibanisa okucwangcisiweyo: ukudibanisa isithili ukuphelisa utshaba olukwizikhuseli ngexesha lokukhusela amahlakani.

Impembelelo Engqalileyo Kukhuphiswano Oluneenjongo Zokusebenza

Xa uhlaziyo lusetyenziswa kakubi, ukhuphiswano oluneengozi zonyulo luyeyona ndlela yokuqala yokungxwelerha. Unyulo olungakhuphiyo luneziphumo ezichaphazelekayo kumelo, ukuziphatha kovoti, nentetho yezobupolitika.

Ukhuseleko lwemingxuma kunye neenqanawa ezikhuselekileyo

Iimaphu ezitsalwa kakuhle zenza inani elingenakulinganiswa leesihlalo ezikhuselekileyo, --iidishini apho isiphumo siphantse siqinisekiswe. Kumazwe akhuselekileyo ajongene nomngcipheko wonyulo oluncinane jikelele, olunciphisa impembelelo yawo yokuba nobuchule okanye ukuxakeka nezixhobo ngaphandle kwesiseko sawo. Oku kunegalelo kwimibutho yowiso-mthetho esabela kancinci kukhetho olubanzi.

Izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo zikwakwenza unyulo oluphambili lube lubalulekileyo kunonyulo oluqhelekileyo, kuba ukhuphiswano lokwenene luyenzeka kwiqela elilawulayo. Olu tshintsho lutsala ngokubhekele phaya kubude bendlela yengqondo ukukhusela abaceli-mngeni abaphambili, ukuphelisa ukwanda

Ukungalawuleki komgangatho wesijikelezi-langa kunye noMphantsi weNqanawa

Xa abavoti bekholelwa ukuba ivoti yabo ayiyi kutshintsha iziphumo, abanakuthatha inxaxheba. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba ukujika kusezantsi kwisithili ezithe gqi kunezo zokhuphiswano. Oku kudida kuyingozi kakhulu kubavoti abapakishwe kwimimandla apho iqela labo lilawula khona.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuphembelela abantu abambalwa kunokuphelisa ukumela ibala ngokuthomalalisa amandla okuvota abantu abanombala, kwanaxa imaphu ihambisana noMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Ohlobo oluthile.

Ukwenziwa Kwenkcazelo Yezobupolitika Nokuxinana

Izithili ezingaqhankqalaziyo zikhuthaza abo batshayo ukuba babalasele ngaphandle kwiinkampu ezigabadeleyo zengqiqo kunokuba batshate nabavoti abaqengqelekileyo. Kwisithili esikhuselekileyo saseRiphabliki, umceli ophambili osuka ekunene usisisongelo; kwisithili esikhuselekileyo seDemocratic, ingozi isuka ekhohlo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kunamandla kutyhalela amaqela omabini ngokwahlukeneyo, kwenza ulalanisa nokulawula kwe-bipartis phantse ukuba kungenakwenzeka kwiindlu zowiso.

Indlu yabameli yase-U.S. ingumzekelo onzima: inani elandayo lamalungu avela kwisithili apho abalawuli berhabaxa besohlwaywa kakhulu kangangokuba ubungcathu bohlwaywa ngokwezobupolitika. Umphumo ukwenziwa komthetho kwaye abantu abathembani kwimimandla yedemokhrasi.

Imeko Yembali Neyomthetho

Ukuhlaziywa kuye kwaba sembindini wamatyala abalaseleyo eNkundla Ephakamileyo abumba indlela ezitsalwa ngayo iintambo noko inkundla zinokukuhlolisisa.

Baker . Carr (1962) noReynolds v. Sims (1964)

Ngaphambi kwale miba, amazwe amaninzi ayengazange aphinde atsale izithili zowiso-mthetho kangangamashumi eminyaka, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungahlalini okugqithisileyo kwemimandla yasemaphandleni apho iziqithi ezinabavoti abambalwa zazinomelo olufanayo nezithi ziziziqithi ezininzi. INkundla yaseWarren yawisa umthetho wokuba iinkundla zikarhulumente zazinokuva iingxaki ezibomvu phantsi kwe-Exvilt Protection Clause, ziseka umntu omnye, umqathango wokuvota omnye. Ezi zigqibo zazibalulekile ekunyanzeni rhoqo ukuncitshiswa nokuhambelana kwabemi.

UReno (1993)

Eli tyala libhekise kwigalelo lobuhlanga. Umntla Carolina wenza isithili esibuncinane obungaqhelekanga, kwaye iNkundla yathi ugqatso alunakuba yimeko ephambili [[[FLT: 0] yokwenza imigca yesithili ngaphandle kokuba imo enyanzelisayo ikhona. Umthetho wavula ucango oluchasene nemephu ezisebenzisa uhlanga njengekhompyutha esebenza njengomqobo yokukhetha i-RGB.

Vieth v Jubeler (2004)

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yalwa nokuba ngaba amatyala abangelwa ngabalawuli abalawuli anokufezekiswa. Uluvo oluninzi lwathi akukho mgangatho ulawulekayo, ushiye i-graviti ingekho ijongwe iminyaka. IJaji Kennedy, kwisivumelwano, yashiya kuvuleke ithuba lokuba uvavanyo olusebenzayo luvele kwixa elizayo.

Isizathu Esiqhelekileyo (209)

Kwisigqibo esi-5-4, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi iingxelo ezilawulayo ze-arhente yimibuzo yezopolitiko ayiqwalaselwa ziinkundla zikarhulumente. Uninzi lwamatyala luphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko unika izikhululo zowiso-mthetho amandla okumisela imithetho yonyulo kwaye iinkundla azinandima ekuvavanyeni okusesikweni. Esi sigqibo savala ngokuphumelelayo ucango lwendlu yenkundla yenkundla yenkundla yephondo kucelomngeni lwe-ccursergergergermanning, ukutshintshela inkundla yedabithi neenkundla zonyulo.

Ukufumana imvelaphi engakumbi kwezi nkqubela-phambili zomthetho, bona i [[FLT: 0] Brennan Center ukwenzela uhlalutyo lobulungisa lwe gerrymaning litigation[[FLT: 1].

Izifundo zomzekelo wemeko kaRhulumente

Iziphumo zokulungisa ibala-langa nedabi elingaphaya kokusesikweni kwalo, ````````Imeko-bume''''''. Imizekelo emininzi ibonisa izibonda.

UMntla Carolina: Ishumi Leminyaka Lokuvumisa

Inkqubo yokulungisa imimandla yaseMntla Carolina iye yaba yenye yezona zingxabano kuhlanga. Emva kobalo lwama-2010, indlu yowiso-mthetho elawulwa yiRiphabliki yazoba iimaphu ezavelisa uninzi lwabathunywa abalishumi-3 beRiphabliki, nangona urhulumente wahlula phakathi kwamaqela amabini. Iinkundla zangquzulana ngokungathi zisuka zangqubana ngokungathi zingenaziququ zobuhlanga. Iimaphu zangquzulane njengeengwenya zesizwe, kodwa iimaphu ezilandelayo zadityaniswa. Ngo-2019, iinkundla zelizwe zathi maphu zazingavumelekanga ngokwesigqenduva phantsi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe, zikhokelele kwiimaphu ezintsha ezidweliswe yingcaphephe yenkundla emiselwe yinkundla. Ilizwe libonisa ukurhoxina okunzulu kokuditya koluko, ukurhoxa kwe-pdia, ukurhoxa-politiko, kunye nezobupolitika.

Ukubona ukuba izithili zaseMntla Carolina zavela njani, tyelela iNgqungquthela yesizwe yeLegislatures yelizwe kuMntla Carolina rediforming.

EKhalifoniya: Imodeli yeKhomishini Ezimeleyo

Ngo-2008, abavoti baseKhalifoniya bapasisa uMthetho weSivumelwano, ukulungiselela iKhomishoni yeMasipala iRedicoliging, iqumrhu elinamalungu ali-14 labavoti ababhalisweyo elingaquki amagosa anyuliweyo okanye iqela elingaphakathi. Ikhomishini izoba imigca yesithili isebenzisa imigaqo engqongqo elinganayo: abemi, ukuthobelana noMthetho wamaLungelo, ukudibana kwelizwe, ukudibana, nokulondolozwa koluntu olunomdla. Ukubhaliswa kweQela nokhlulo akunanzeki. Isiphumo siye saba lulwando oluphawu kwimimandla ekhuphisanayo kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho emela i-ofisi yesizwe. Imodensi yeKhalifoni iye yaba ngumqondiso kubameli abaxhasi bezibhexeshiciso

IPennsylvania: Ukusuka kwiGrerymander ukuya kwiNkundla

Imaphu yePennsylvania emva konyaka wama-2011 yagqalwa ngokubanzi njengenye yezona nkcukacha ziphambili kwelo lizwe, ivelise inzuzo yeRiphabliki eyi-13-5 kurhulumente owahlulwe ngokulinganayo. Ngo-2018, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasePennsylvania yawisa imaphu njengokwaphula umgaqo-siseko wesizwe okhululekileyo nolinganayo wonyulo. Inkundla yayalela ukuba kubekho imaphu entsha edweliswe yingcali yezobundili. Imaphu ephumele i-9-9 yokwahlulwa konyulo, kufuphi kakhulu necandelo lo-19201862. Eli tyala labonisa amandla eenkundla zikarhulumente njengemvume yokuvavanya uRGrenderman evavanywa i-Rocerquerman emva kweRoch.

IMichigan: Inkcazo Ephambili Engathethekiyo

Ngo-2018, abavoti baseMichigan bagqithisa ifomu yokuvota benza ikomishini yokuzimela efana neyaseKhalifoniya. Utshintsho lwaye lukukukuphendula okugqithisileyo kwe-gerrymandering nguRiphablikins emva konyaka ka-202020. Ikhomishini, eyayilwa ngamaDemocrates amane, amaRiphabliki amane, kunye nezihlanu ezizimeleyo, yazoba nemephu zonyulo oluzinzileyo ezathi zanyusa kakhulu inani lenginyaphini. Uhlalutyo lwangaphambili lubonisa ukuba iimaphu ezintsha zibonisa ngcono ukuwohloka kombuso. iMichigan ibonisa ukuba utshintsho lwengca lungamelana nokuzisebenzela konyuko.

Indima yobuxhakaxhaka nogcino-lwazi

Uhlaziyo lwangoku luxhomekeke kakhulu ku i-software ecwangcisiweyo yokuzoba kunye nogcino-lwazi lomvoti. Iintlanganiso ngoku ziyakwazi ukufanisa izigidi zoqwalaselo lwesithili, ukulungelelanisa uncedo lwe-ccult, ukhuseleko olugqithisileyo, okanye nayiphi na enye injongo. Oku kuyenze ukuba igerrymander ethe ngqo neyingozi kakhulu.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwemithetho Yokwenza Okuthile

Ubalo lwendawo lusebenzisa ii-algorithis ukuzoba iimaphu eziphumeza iinjongo ezithile. Iqela elinonikezelo kunyulo lomgangatho ophezulu wonyulo lwamanani oluntu, ugcino-lwazi, kunye nezixhobo zokufuzisela zingenza iimaphu ezitshixayo eziluncedo ngeshumi leminyaka. Isithuba esinegama elibi [ sokungafezeki i-metric [elinganisa inani lokuvota okulahlwayo kweqela ngalinye] laphuhliswa ukuqulungela ukuchasana kodwa lasetyenziswa ekuyileni iimaphu ezidibaniselwayo ezidityaniswe ngomthetho ngexa kusenjalo kusenziwa inkcaso.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bukwanceda [[FLT: 0] ukubamba izithuba zabavoti: izithili zingatsalelwa ukuquka okanye zingabikho imimandla ethile okanye kwanebloko nganye. Lo mgaqo wobukho bobugocigoci wawungenakuthelekelelwa phambi kokuba iinkqubo ze-GIS ezinamandla kunye nogcino-lwazi olukhulu zifumaneke.

Vula Imaphu

Ngempendulo, abaxhasi botshintsho baye baqhubela phambili iinkqubo zokuvala imaphu ngezantsi, ii-software ezibonisayo, kunye nabenzi bamamaphu abazimeleyo. Amanye amaphondo afuna ukuba ukuzoba imaphu kwenzeke phambi kombulo kawonke-wonke, nazo zonke iimaphu ezicetywayo ezipapashwa kwi-intanethi. Noko ke, uncedo olungelulo ludla ngokukhokelela kwiintlanganiso ezivaliweyo zendlu apho iimaphu ziqhutyelwa kude nophando lukawonke-wonke.

Xa ujonga kubunzulu bendlela ubugcisa obuyimo ejika ngayo ipedilication, funda [[FLT: 0] Ingxelo yogcino-lwazi kunye nokuzinza kokukhanya [[FLT: 1].

Imigudu Yotshintsho: Iikhomishini Zokufuna Ukuzimela Iinkonzo Nenkohliso

Ngenxa yokuba iinkundla zikarhulumente aziyi kuphulaphula amatyala achaseneyo emva kwe-Rucho, utshintsho luye lwashenxiselwa kumgangatho wesizwe. Amanyathelo nezenzo zowiso-mthetho zibangele iikhomishini ezizimeleyo okanye ezizi-bipartarian kumaphondo amaninzi. Ngonyaka wama-2024, malunga nama-14 amazwe asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile logunyaziso lokulungisa i-divili elinguququ, kunye nolwahlulo kwinkululeko kunye negunya.

Iimpikiswano Zeentlanganiso Nezo Zichasene Nezo

Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi iikhomishini zinciphisa ungquzulwano lwenzala ebangelwa kukuzifumanela intsebenziswano xa abamisi-mthetho betsala izithili zabo, nto leyo ekhokelela kukhuphiswano oluthe tye. Abachasi bathi abanyuliweyo abanawo amakhomishinala abangenawo uxanduva lokuphendula ityala kwaye abasayi kubonakalisa ukulingana kwesizwe. Noko ke, ubungqina obuvela eKhalifoniya, eArizona, namanye amagunya agunya abonisa ukuba iimaphu eziveliswa yimizimba ezizimeleyo ngokuqhelekileyo ziyakhuphisana kwaye zisenokungaphumeleli kwiziphumo ezinyuliweyo.

Uphando lweNkundla yeRhulumente

Emva kweRucho, iinkundla zikarhulumente ziye zaba yindawo yokuqala yokucel ’ umngeni igalelo lobuhlanga. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uliqela uqulathe iziqinisekiso ezicacileyo ezicacileyo zokukhululeka nokulingana nonyulo, okanye ukhuseleko ekusetyenzisweni konobumba abahlukeneyo. Imithetho iphumelele eFlorida, Pennsylvania, emntla Carolina, nase Ohio, inyanzelisa ukutsalwa kwakhona kweemaphu. Noko ke, la madabi akhuthaza iinkcitho zolawulo kwaye angakhokelela ekutsalweni kwemilo esemthethweni, njengoko kuboniswe kwishumi leminyaka lokukhutshwa komthetho kuMntla Carolina.

Abaguquleli bakwaqhubela phambili ukutshintsha iprocedry inguqu ezifana ne imilinganiselo edibanisayo kumthetho wesizwe: iimfuno zobumbano, ukudityaniswa, kunye nokuvalwa kokusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi. Amanye amazwe amkele imimandla eninzi okanye ukuvota okumiselwe umda ukunciphisa impembelelo yokuzotywa komgca.

Isiphelo: Ikamva Lokuvuselelwa

Ukuhlenga-hlengisa asikokwenza ubuchule obungobundilele, yisenzo sezopolitiko esibumba ummandla wedemokhrasi kangangamashumi eminyaka. Xa sisenziwa kakuhle, kuqinisekisa ukuba ukutshintshana kwabemi kuboniswa kwaye ukuvota kommi ngamnye kuthwala ubunzima obulinganayo. Xa kusetyenziswa, kuxhobisa umdlalo wokuxhasa iqela elinye okanye abaxhasi, kucutha ukhuphiswano lwezikhundla, inxaxheba yovoti, kunye nokuthemba urhulumente.

Ikamva lokulungisa lizakubona imfazwe eqhubekekayo phakathi kwabaguquli abaqhutyelwa ukuqhutyelwa ulawulo oluzimeleyo kunye nokubonakala, kunye nosukelo lwabaququzeleli olufuna ugcino-lwazi lobume bemeko. Ubugcisa buza kuqhubeka bunika izixhobo ezinamandla zokusebenzisa ikhompyutha kodwa zobungameli obutsha njengesithuba sobuchule kunye nomlinganiselo wobuqhetseba okwenza kube nzima ukufihla isantya esigqithisileyo. Iphulo lomntu elixhotyisiweyo kumazwe anjengeMichigan, Colorado, kunye no-Utah libonisa ukuba uwonke-wonke uyakwazi ukukhulula ulawulo kubenzi bemithetho yokuzilawula.

Ekugqibeleni, impilo yedemokhrasi yaseMelika ixhomekeke ekuqinisekiseni ukuba unyulo lukhuphisana ngokwenene kwaye abavoti bakhetha abameli babo qha, hayi enye indlela ejikelezayo. Ukuqonda intsingiselo enzulu yokulungisa idemokhrasi linyathelo lokuqala ekufuneni inkqubo elungileyo.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya ngotshintsho oluhlaziyayo kunye nefuthe lalo, bona i [[FLT: 0] Common Isizathu sobuphini bemali obukhoyo.